Solid Wastes and Residues. Conversion by Advanced Thermal Processes

Title Page......Page 1
Copyright......Page 2
ACS Symposium Series......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
PREFACE......Page 5
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 7
PdftkEmptyString......Page 0
1 Overview of Solid Waste and Residue Generation, Disposition, and Conversion Technologies......Page 9
SOLID WASTE AND RESIDUE QUANTITIES GENERATED AND DISPOSITION......Page 10
ENERGY RECOVERY OPTIONS......Page 15
Direct Combustion......Page 17
Biochemical Conversion......Page 18
Reasons for Development......Page 20
SYMPOSIUM PAPERS......Page 21
LITERATURE CITED......Page 24
2 Economics Associated with Waste or Biomass Pyrolysis Systems......Page 27
Reasons to Consider Medium Energy Gas......Page 28
Economics of Medium Energy Gas Production......Page 29
Application 1......Page 40
Application 2......Page 42
Application 3......Page 44
Conclusions......Page 47
REFERENCES......Page 49
PROCESS DESCRIPTION......Page 50
Gasifier......Page 52
Secondary Combustion Chamber......Page 53
Air Preheating System......Page 55
DEMONSTRATION PLANT......Page 56
MARKET DEVELOPMENT......Page 57
Commercial Plants......Page 58
ECONOMICS......Page 60
CONCLUSION......Page 62
LITERATURE CITED......Page 65
4 Co-Disposal of Sludge and Refuse in a Purox Converter......Page 66
Codisposal Test Program......Page 72
Projected Economics of the Codisposal Process......Page 85
LITERATURE CITED......Page 90
5 The Caloricon Process for Gasification of Solid Wastes......Page 91
6 A Vertical-Bed Pyrolysis System......Page 97
Wood Waste System......Page 105
Municipal Refuse System......Page 113
Pyrolysis Products from Wood Waste......Page 119
Pyrolysis Products from Municipal Refuse......Page 124
Discussion......Page 126
Literature Cited......Page 128
Process Description......Page 129
Description of Testing Program......Page 131
Process Economics......Page 141
LITERATURE CITED......Page 144
8 Development of Pilot Plant Gasification Systems for the Conversion of Crop and Wood Residues to Thermal and Electrical Energy......Page 145
Gasification Reactions......Page 146
Gasifier Design, Specific Rate of Gasification and Process Variables......Page 150
Ancillary Systems......Page 153
Dual Fueling and Performance of a Standard Turbo-charged Inter-Cooled Diesel Engine......Page 155
Cost Projections......Page 161
Literature Cited......Page 165
9 Stagewise Gasification in a Multiple-Hearth Furnace......Page 166
10 Pyrolyzer Design Alternatives and Economic Factors for Pyrolyzing Sewage Sludge in Multiple-Hearth Furnaces......Page 192
Pyrolysis Process Description and Operating Modes......Page 198
Heat Balance Results......Page 205
Improved Dewatering......Page 208
Char as Supplemental Fuel.......Page 215
Conclusions......Page 216
"Literature Cited"......Page 217
GERE Process......Page 218
Experimental......Page 220
Pilot Plant Experimentation......Page 223
Commercial Biomass Processing Plant Based Upon the GERE Process......Page 231
Conclusion......Page 232
Nomenclature......Page 237
Literature Cited......Page 238
Hydraulics.......Page 239
Reactor.......Page 242
Reactor Operating Condition.......Page 243
Reactor Products.......Page 244
Energy Balance.......Page 246
Comparisions With Other Systems......Page 247
Literature Cited......Page 249
Projected Power Plants......Page 250
Power Cycle......Page 252
Experimentation-MinikiIn......Page 254
Experimentation-Biogasser......Page 260
Pilot Plant Gasifier......Page 264
Economics......Page 269
Acknowledgements......Page 271
14 Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires Using the Tosco II Process—a Progress Report......Page 272
The Key To A Successful Process Is To Maximize Capacity And Maintain Carbon Black Quality......Page 273
Literature Cited......Page 282
Experimental Apparatus......Page 283
Discussion of Experimental Results......Page 284
Literature Cited......Page 302
Synthesis Gas From Manure Process......Page 303
Internal Gas Samples......Page 305
Variable Velocity Fluidized Bed......Page 307
Results......Page 313
Conclusions & Discussion......Page 316
Literature Cited......Page 318
17 EPA's R & D Program in Pyrolytic Conversion of Wastes to Fuel Products......Page 319
Subpilot-Scale Conversion of Mixed Wastes to Fuel (ERCO)......Page 320
The Pyrolysis of Organic Wastes in Inert and Reactive Steam Atmospheres (Princeton University)......Page 335
Chemical Reclamation of Scrap Rubber (University of Tennessee)......Page 342
Conversion of Solid Waste to Polymer Gasoline (The Navy at China Lake)......Page 345
Conclusion......Page 352
Literature Cited......Page 353
Overall Material Balances......Page 355
Literature Cited......Page 365
Objectives......Page 367
Plant Commissioning......Page 369
Process Results......Page 372
Commercial Plant Concepts......Page 375
Economic Analysis......Page 379
Future Activities......Page 383
References......Page 387
Objectives......Page 388
Experimental Procedure......Page 389
Results and Discussion......Page 390
Air Classification......Page 398
Feasibility of Activated Carbon from Solid Waste......Page 402
Conclusions......Page 403
Abstract......Page 404
Literature Cited......Page 405
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C......Page 408
Ε......Page 409
G......Page 410
M......Page 411
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W......Page 416
Ζ......Page 417