Solid Waste Management: Principles and Practice (Environmental Science and Engineering)

Preface
Contents
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Boxes
1 Introduction
	1.1 Need for Solid Waste Management
	1.2 Importance of a Sound Solid Waste Management
	1.3 Change in Quantity and Characteristics Over Time
	1.4 Waste Management in Pre-industrialization Era
	1.5 Waste Management in Post-industrialization Era
	1.6 Integrated Solid Waste Management
	1.7 Waste Prevention and Life Cycle Assessment
	1.8 Producers Responsibility
	1.9 Solid Waste Mangement and Regulation
		1.9.1 Need for Regulation
		1.9.2 International Regulations
		1.9.3 Regulation in Different Countries
	1.10 Framework for SWM
		1.10.1 Elements of a Waste Management System
		1.10.2 Stakeholders
	1.11 Financial Issues in SWM
		1.11.1 Capital Investment
		1.11.2 Operation and Maintenance
	1.12 Waste Generation—Rich Versus Poor
	1.13 Psychology and Waste Generation
	References
2 Waste Quantities and Characteristics
	2.1 Sources of Solid Waste
	2.2 Quantities and Composition
	2.3 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Characteristics
		2.3.1 Physical Characteristics
		2.3.2 Chemical Characteristics
		2.3.3 Biological Characteristics
	References
3 Storage and Collection
	3.1 Storage
	3.2 Collection
		3.2.1 Collection from Low-Rise Detached Houses
		3.2.2 Collection from Medium-Rise Building
		3.2.3 Collection from High-Rise Building
		3.2.4 Collection from Commercial and Industrial Facilities
		3.2.5 Vehicles for Collection and transportation
		3.2.6 Pneumatic Refuse Collection System
	3.3 Transfer and Transport
	3.4 Drop-Off Station
	References
4 Materials Recovery and Recycling
	4.1 Segregation
		4.1.1 Hand Sorting
		4.1.2 Screens
		4.1.3 Air Classifiers
		4.1.4 Sink-Float Separators
		4.1.5 Inclined Tables
		4.1.6 Shaking Tables
		4.1.7 Optical Sorting
		4.1.8 Sorting by Differential Melting Temperature
		4.1.9 Sorting by Selective Dissolution
		4.1.10 Magnetic Separation
		4.1.11 Eddy Current Separators
		4.1.12 Electrostatic Separators
		4.1.13 Shredding
		4.1.14 Pulping
		4.1.15 Crushing
		4.1.16 Baling
		4.1.17 Ballistic Separators
	4.2 Reuse and Recycle
		4.2.1 Aerobic and Anaerobic Treatment
		4.2.2 Road Making
		4.2.3 Removal and Recovery Method
		4.2.4 Stabilization
		4.2.5 Deactivation
		4.2.6 Metal Removal and Recovery
		4.2.7 Aqueous Treatment
		4.2.8 Plastic Granulating
		4.2.9 Recycled Polyester Fibre Manufacturing
		4.2.10 Glass Recycling and Reusing
		4.2.11 Waste to Fuel
		4.2.12 Emerging Technologies
	References
5 Disposal
	5.1 Landfill
		5.1.1 Processes Within a Landfill
		5.1.2 Controlling Leachate and Gas
		5.1.3 Monitoring of Landfills
		5.1.4 Closure of Landfills
		5.1.5 Operation of Landfills
		5.1.6 Use of Old Landfill Sites
		5.1.7 Landfill Mining
		5.1.8 Landfilling Hazardous Waste
		5.1.9 Bioreactor Landfill
	5.2 Co-processing of Solid Wastes
	5.3 Incineration and Waste to Energy
		5.3.1 Heat Value of Refuse
		5.3.2 Combustion and Energy Recovery
		5.3.3 Energy Production from Waste
		5.3.4 Material and Thermal Balances
		5.3.5 Waste Heat Recovery
	5.4 Other Technologies
		5.4.1 Gasification
		5.4.2 Plasma Technology
		5.4.3 Pyrolysis
	References
6 Biomedical Waste
	6.1 Significance
		6.1.1 Household Biomedical Waste
		6.1.2 Biomedical Waste from Rural Area
	6.2 Nosocomial Infection and Health Burden Due to Biomedical Waste
	6.3 Characteristics and Quantities
	6.4 Storage and Transportation
	6.5 Treatment and Disposal
		6.5.1 Encapsulation
		6.5.2 Needle Mutilation
		6.5.3 Sharp Pit
		6.5.4 Incineration
		6.5.5 Autoclaving
		6.5.6 Shredding
		6.5.7 Hybrid Treatments
		6.5.8 Microwaving
		6.5.9 Deep Burial
		6.5.10 Chemical Disinfection
		6.5.11 Frictional Heat Treatment
		6.5.12 Composting
		6.5.13 Burning
		6.5.14 Rendering
		6.5.15 Above-Ground Burial
	6.6 Radioactive Waste
	6.7 Mercury in Biomedical Waste
	References
7 Hazardous Waste
	7.1 Significance
	7.2 Precautions to Be Taken Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Waste
	7.3 Characteristics and Quantity
		7.3.1 Household Hazardous Waste and Special Waste
		7.3.2 Hazardous Waste from Rural and Urban Area
	7.4 Storage of Hazardous Waste
	7.5 Treatment and Disposal
		7.5.1 Stabilization and Solidification
		7.5.2 Incineration and Co-incineration
		7.5.3 Landfill
		7.5.4 Precautions and Practices During Incineration and Land Filling Hazardous Waste
	References
8 Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
	8.1 Significance
	8.2 Characteristics and Quantity
	8.3 Material Recovery, Treatment, and Disposal
		8.3.1 Manual Dismantling and Sorting
		8.3.2 Mechanical Shredding and Separation
	8.4 Metallurgical Processes
	8.5 Recycling of Plastics
	8.6 Recycling of E-Waste Under Uncontrolled Conditions
	References
9 Waste from Industry and Commercial Activity
	9.1 Extractive Industries
		9.1.1 Mining
		9.1.2 Quarrying
		9.1.3 Oil and Gas Exploration
	9.2 Basic Industries
		9.2.1 Metals
		9.2.2 Chemicals
		9.2.3 Paper
		9.2.4 Plastic
		9.2.5 Glass
		9.2.6 Textile
		9.2.7 Wood Products
		9.2.8 Power
		9.2.9 Petroleum
	9.3 Conversion and Fabrication Industry
		9.3.1 Packaging
		9.3.2 Automotive
		9.3.3 Electrical and Electronics
		9.3.4 Paper Products
		9.3.5 Hardware
		9.3.6 Soft Goods
		9.3.7 Food Processing
		9.3.8 Construction and Demolition
	9.4 Service Industries
		9.4.1 Entertainment
		9.4.2 Hospitality
		9.4.3 Software
		9.4.4 Communication
	9.5 Commercial Activity
		9.5.1 Restaurants
		9.5.2 Shops
		9.5.3 Warehouses
	9.6 Source Reduction
	9.7 Zero Waste—Concept and Practice
	9.8 Innovative Technologies
	References
10 Radioactive Waste
	10.1 Significance
	10.2 Classification of Waste
		10.2.1 Mine and Mill Tailings
		10.2.2 Waste from Nuclear Power Generation
		10.2.3 Waste from Institutional Activities
		10.2.4 Defence and Weapon Related Waste
	10.3 Characterization
	10.4 Pretreatment
		10.4.1 Packaging
		10.4.2 Decontamination
	10.5 Treatment
		10.5.1 Compaction and Supercompaction
		10.5.2 Incineration
		10.5.3 Chemical and Thermochemical Decomposition
		10.5.4 Partitioning and Transmutation
		10.5.5 Conditioning
		10.5.6 Immobilization
		10.5.7 Electrochemical Treatment of Radioactive Waste
	10.6 Storage
	10.7 Disposal
		10.7.1 Near-Surface Disposal Facilities (NSDF)
		10.7.2 Stone-Lined Earth Trenches
		10.7.3 Reinforced Concrete Trenches
		10.7.4 Tile Holes
		10.7.5 Geological Disposal
	10.8 Surveillance and Monitoring
	References
11 Health and Safety Issues
	11.1 Required Precautions During Manual Operation
	11.2 Required Precautions for Moving Materials Mechanically
	11.3 Safety During Storage and Transport
		11.3.1 Stacking Materials
		11.3.2 Safety During Transportation
	11.4 Safety During Treatment and Disposal
		11.4.1 Safety Issues During Treatment
		11.4.2 Safety Issues in Dumpsite
		11.4.3 Safety Issues in Landfill Site
		11.4.4 Safety Issues in Incinerator
	11.5 Work Permit System
	11.6 Safety Education and Training
	11.7 Safety Promotion and Publicity
	11.8 Hazards Encountered in Hazardous Waste Handling and Disposal Site
	11.9 Electrical Hazards
	11.10 Heat Stress
	11.11 Cold Exposure
	11.12 Noise and Vibration Hazard
	References
12 Environmental Issues
	12.1 Impact on Air, Water, and Soil
	12.2 Impact on Flora and Fauna
	12.3 Greenhouse Gas Generation and Climate Change
	References
13 Issues in Disaster Affected Area
	13.1 Tsunami
	13.2 Earthquake
	13.3 Haphazard Disposal of Hazardous Waste
	13.4 Flooding
	13.5 Hurricanes, Typhoons, Cyclones, Tornados
	13.6 War and Conflict
	13.7 Wildfires
	13.8 Industrial Accidents
	13.9 Landslide
	13.10 Avalanche
	13.11 Drought
	13.12 Pandemic/Epidemic Disease
	13.13 Hailstorms
	13.14 Volcanoes
	13.15 Windstorms
	13.16 Waste Management
		13.16.1 Emergency Response
		13.16.2 Recovery
		13.16.3 Rebuild
		13.16.4 Waste Storage
		13.16.5 Waste Transportation
		13.16.6 Waste Reuse/Recycle
		13.16.7 Waste Disposal
	References
14 Solid Waste and Livelihood
	14.1 Rag Pickers
	14.2 Scrap Dealers
	14.3 Waste Collectors
	14.4 Sweepers
	14.5 Truck Drivers
	14.6 Waste Handlers
	14.7 Manual Waste Dis-assemblers
	14.8 Waste Recyclers
	14.9 Itinerant Waste Buyers
	References
15 Construction and Demolition Waste
	15.1 Sources
	15.2 Characteristics
	15.3 Quantities
	15.4 Management
	15.5 Specifications for Recovered C&D Debris
	References
16 Legacy Waste
	16.1 Bioremediation and Biomining of Old Municipal Dumpsites
		16.1.1 Processing Bioremediation and Biomining Processing
		16.1.2 Equipments for Processing Legacy Waste
	16.2 Treatment Process
	16.3 Use of Screened Fraction
	16.4 Process Management
		16.4.1 Space Management
		16.4.2 Leachate Management
		16.4.3 Fire Control and Safety
		16.4.4 Use of Recovered Space
	16.5 Biomining Below-Ground Waste
	16.6 Clearing Versus Capping of Legacy Waste
	References
17 Waste Mafia
	17.1 Illegal Trafficking and Unsustainable Waste Management
		17.1.1 Significance of Organized Environmental Crime
		17.1.2 Market Situation and Complexity
		17.1.3 Non-reliable Data and Greatly Varying Data
		17.1.4 Lack of Expert Knowledge
		17.1.5 Inadequate Resources for Enforcement
		17.1.6 Corporate Crime
		17.1.7 Insufficient Cross-Border/Inter-department Cooperation
		17.1.8 Poor Administrative Performance
	17.2 Consequences of Waste Mafia
		17.2.1 Missing Legal Links and Enforcement
	References
18 Management Aspects: Planning, Institutional, and Financial Aspects
	18.1 The Regulatory Framework: Key Requirements
	18.2 Modern Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management: Concepts and Benefits
	18.3 Preparation of a Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan
		18.3.1 Policies, Programmes, and Legal Framework
		18.3.2 Assessment of Current Situation and Gap Analysis
		18.3.3 Stakeholder Consultation for Municipal Solid Waste Management Planning
		18.3.4 Preparation of Draft Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan
		18.3.5 Schedule for Implementation
		18.3.6 Stakeholder Consultation for Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan Validation
		18.3.7 Approval by Concerned Authority
	18.4 Role of State and Regional Level Authorities
	18.5 Understanding Local Solid Waste Management Needs
	18.6 Role of Stakeholders in Municipal Solid Waste Management Planning
	18.7 Establish Appropriate Institutional Mechanisms
	18.8 Ensure Sustainable Financing for Municipal Solid Waste Management
		18.8.1 Basis for Calculation
	18.9 Public–Private Partnership
	18.10 Centralized Versus Decentralized Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems
	18.11 Role of the Informal Sector
	References
19 Siting of Municipal Solid Waste Facilities
	19.1 Ground and Surface Water Protection
	19.2 Presence of Threatened and Endangered Species
		19.2.1 Pathogens Infection Risk
		19.2.2 Toxics and Foreign Body Ingestion
		19.2.3 Impacts on Invasive and Threatened Species
		19.2.4 Indirect Impacts of Rubbish Dumps on Wildlife
	19.3 Land Use Compatibility
	19.4 Water, Sewer, and Electric Utility Availability
	19.5 Hauling Distance to the Facility
	19.6 Proximity to Waste Generators as Well as Schools, Churches, Hospitals, and Other Public Facilities
	19.7 Existence of Natural Buffers Between the Public and the Facility
	19.8 Present and Future Population Density and the Need to Relocate Residents
	19.9 Cultural and Historic Impact
	19.10 Transportation and Traffic Problems
	19.11 Perceived Impact on Property Values
	19.12 Noise and Visual Impact
	19.13 Perceived Risk
	19.14 Environmental Equity (Not Concentrating MSW Site in Low Income and Minority Area)
	References
20 Mathematical Modelling for Solid Waste Management
	20.1 Introduction to Mathematical Modeling
		20.1.1 Types of Mathematical Model
		20.1.2 Steps in Mathematical Modelling
	20.2 Waste Generation Prediction Model
	20.3 Facility Planning and Operation Scheduling Model
	20.4 Operation Yield and Residue
	20.5 Manpower Assignments Model
	20.6 Vehicle Management Model
	References
Glossary
Index