Solid Oxide-Based Electrochemical Devices: Advances, Smart Materials and Future Energy Applications

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Solid Oxide-Based Electrochemical Devices: Advances, Smart Materials and
Future Energy Applications
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Contents
List of contributors
1 Tuning perovskite–based oxides for effective electrodes in solid oxide electrochemical cells
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Perovskite oxides: general structural and electronic features
		1.2.1 Oxygen anion migration: vacancy formation and vacancy hopping
	1.3 Mixed proton–electron conductor for proton-conducting solid oxide fuel cells
		1.3.1 Ba-based perovskite oxides: stability versus hydration
		1.3.2 Electron conduction and catalytic features at doped BaZrO3
	1.4 Toward triple conducting oxides
		1.4.1 Enhancing proton conduction in mixed ion-electron conductor materials
		1.4.2 Electrocatalysis toward bifunctional oxygen evolution reaction/oxygen reduction reaction catalysts
	1.5 Conclusions
	References
2 Solid oxide fuel cell’s interconnectors
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Interconnectors
	2.3 Metallic interconnectors
		2.3.1 Ferritic stainless steels
	2.4 Area-specific resistance
	2.5 Protective coatings
	2.6 Electrodeposition
		2.6.1 Potenciodynamic and potentiostatic electrodeposition
		2.6.2 Galvanostatic and pulsed current electrodeposition
	2.7 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
3 In situ photoelectron spectromicroscopy for the investigation of solid oxide–based electrochemical systems
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 The soft X-ray scanning photoemission microscope at the ESCA microscopy beamline at Elettra
		3.2.1 Operating principle of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
		3.2.2 Operating principle of SPEM and the experimental setup developed at ESCA microscopy
	3.3 Examples of SOFCs SPEM characterization in different configurations and operating conditions
		3.3.1 In situ SPEM characterization of the SOFC anodic systems
		3.3.2 From in situ SPEM studies on SC-SOFCs to the SPEM characterization of self-driven cells
			3.3.2.1 SPEM characterization of a SC-SOFC in a NAP cell
	3.4 Conclusion
	References
4 Protonic-based ceramics for fuel cells and electrolyzers
	4.1 Mechanism of proton conduction
		4.1.1 Proton defect formation
		4.1.2 Proton transport
	4.2 Electrolyte materials
		4.2.1 BaCeO3 perovskite-based materials
		4.2.2 BaZrO3
		4.2.3 BaCeO3–BaZrO3 mixed systems
		4.2.4 SrZrO3
		4.2.5 Other proton-conductive materials
			4.2.5.1 Perovskite-related material
			4.2.5.2 Brownmillerite A2B2O5-based materials
			4.2.5.3 Phosphates, niobates, and tantalates
	4.3 Electrode materials
		4.3.1 Fuel electrode material
			4.3.1.1 Metals and alloys
			4.3.1.2 Ceramic/metal composites
			4.3.1.3 Mixed conductive oxides
		4.3.2 Air electrode material
			4.3.2.1 Mixed O2−/e− conductor
			4.3.2.1 Composite ceramic/mixed conductor (O2−/e−)
			4.3.2.3 Single-phase mixed triple conducting electrode material
	References
5 Multilevel modeling of solid oxide electrolysis
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Theoretical background
		5.2.1 Key performance indicators
	5.3 Materials and micro-electrochemistry
		5.3.1 Kinetic models
		5.3.2 Global kinetics
		5.3.3 Elementary mass-action kinetics
		5.3.4 Equivalent circuit kinetics
	5.4 Multidimensional approaches to cell/stack modeling
		5.4.1 Zero-dimensional models
		5.4.2 One- and two-dimensional models
		5.4.3 Three-dimensional models
	5.5 Typical operating conditions
	5.6 Thermal management of solid oxide electrolyzer stacks
	5.7 Thermal management of solid oxide electrolyzer through the use of heat pipes
	5.8 System analysis and applications
		5.8.1 Operation of solid oxide electrolyzer as a part
		5.8.2 Solid oxide electrolyzer integration with thermal and electric sources
	Acknowledgment
	References
6 Sensors based on solid oxide electrolytes
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Brief history
	6.3 Materials for sensors
		6.3.1 Electrolytes
		6.3.2 Electrodes
		6.3.3 Sealants
			6.3.3.1 Glassy sealants
			6.3.3.2 Glassy-ceramic sealants
	6.4 Types of sensors
		6.4.1 Potentiometric sensors
			6.4.1.1 Equilibrium potentiometric sensors
				6.4.1.1.1 Operation principle
				6.4.1.1.2 Reference electrodes
				6.4.1.1.3 Isotope sensors
				6.4.1.1.4 Humidity sensors
				6.4.1.1.5 Hydrogen sensors
				6.4.1.1.6 Sensors for melts’ analysis
				6.4.1.1.7 Sensors for automotive application
			6.4.1.2 Mixed potential sensors
		6.4.2 Amperometric sensors
		6.4.3 Coulometric sensors
	6.5 Combined sensors
	6.6 Concluding remarks
	References
7 Solid-oxide metal–air redox batteries
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Concept of solid-oxide metal–air redox battery
	7.3 Thermodynamics and kinetics of solid-oxide metal–air redox battery
	7.4 Solid-oxide metal–air redox battery operated on different chemistries
		7.4.1 Fe-based chemistry
		7.4.2 Other metals-based chemistry
	7.5 Performance improvement of SOIARB
		7.5.1 Improving performance of the reversible solid-oxide fuel cell
		7.5.2 Improving performance of the energy storage unit
		7.5.3 Proton-mediated redox activity of iron oxide
		7.5.4 Remarks on the cycling degradation of solid-oxide metal–air redox battery
	7.6 Metal–air batteries derived from solid-oxide metal–air redox battery
	7.7 Summary
	Acknowledgments
	References
8 Solid oxide fuel cell systems
	8.1 Introduction to solid oxide fuel cell systems (benefits and limits)
		8.1.1 Short energy scenario background
	8.2 Solid oxide fuel cell systems current applications
		8.2.1 Power generation
		8.2.2 Automotive applications: auxiliary power units and propulsion
		8.2.3 Power backup systems
		8.2.4 Hybrid systems exploiting biogas/biofuel production
		8.2.5 Combined heat (cooling) and power generation
		8.2.6 Demonstration for critical environment applications
	8.3 Basic system architecture
		8.3.1 Ancillary devices
		8.3.2 Blowers–pumps–reformer–heat exchangers–afterburner–power converter(s)
		8.3.3 Power conditioning devices impacts
		8.3.4 Control algorithms for automatic system optimization
	8.4 Numerical models
		8.4.1 Simulations of specific behavior
			8.4.1.1 System/performance degradation over time
			8.4.1.2 Gas leakage in solid oxide fuel cell system operation
			8.4.1.3 Distributed generation and system dynamics simulation matters
			8.4.1.4 Hybrid biofuel–fed plants simulation approach
	8.5 Solid oxide fuel cell system costs
	References
Index
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