Solid–Liquid Separation Technologies: Applications for Produced Water

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 Produced Water Treatment Technologies: An Overview
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Characteristics of Produced Water
	1.3 Treatment Methods for Produced Water
		1.3.1 Hydrocyclones
		1.3.2 API Separator and Corrugated Plate Separator/Interceptor
		1.3.3 Media Filtration
		1.3.4 Activated Carbon Adsorption
		1.3.5 Gas Flotation
		1.3.6 Membrane Filtration
		1.3.7 Membrane Distillation
		1.3.8 Thermal Separators
		1.3.9 Chemical Precipitation
		1.3.10 Ion Exchange
		1.3.11 Advanced Oxidation Processes
		1.3.12 Electrodialysis
		1.3.13 Other Electrochemical Processes
	1.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 2 Produced Water Overview: Characteristics, Treatment,
and Beneficial Uses
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Chemical, Physical, and Biological Characteristics and
Properties of Produced Water
	2.3 Types of Treatment Technologies
		2.3.1 Pretreatment Technologies
		2.3.2 Desalination Technologies
	2.4 Beneficial Use of Treated Produced Water
	2.5 Policy and Regulation Framework for Beneficial Use of
Treated Produced Water
	2.6 Produced Water Stakeholders
	2.7 Summary
	References
Chapter 3 Standard Water Treatment Techniques and Their Applicability
to Oil and Gas Produced Brines of Varied Compositions
	3.1 Introduction: Managing Produced Brine in the United States
	3.2 Brine Compositions
	3.3 Standard Wastewater Treatment Techniques
		3.3.1 Brine Pretreatment
			3.3.1.1 Removal of Large Particles via Coagulation and Flocculation
			3.3.1.2 Flotation
			3.3.1.3 Disinfection
			3.3.1.4 Media, Micro, and Ultrafiltration
			3.3.1.5 Adsorption
			3.3.1.6 Removal of Scale-Forming Ions
			3.3.1.7 Other Pretreatment Steps (Silica and Boron)
		3.3.2 Water Recovery via Brine Concentration
			3.3.2.1 Brine Thermodynamics
			3.3.2.2 Non-membrane, Thermally Driven Evaporative Processes
			3.3.2.3 Non-membrane, Electrically Driven Evaporative Processes
			3.3.2.4 Membrane, Electrically Driven, Non-Evaporative Processes
			3.3.2.5 Crystallizers
	3.4 Example End-Use Application s
	3.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 4 Transport of Major Elements in Produced Water
through Reactive Porous Media
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Materials
		4.2.1 Produced Water
		4.2.2 Granular Materials
	4.3 Set-up and Experimental Procedure
	4.4 Modeling
		4.4.1 Geochemical Model
		4.4.2 Transport Model
	4.5 Results from Transport Tests
		4.5.1 Tests Using Natural Produced Water
		4.5.2 Tests Using Synthetic Produced Water
	4.6 Modeling and Simulations of Transport through MCS
	4.7 Conclusions
	Bibliography
Chapter 5 Prediction of Barium Sulfate Deposition in Petroleum
and Hydrothermal Systems
	5.1 Mineral Deposition in Petroleum and Hydrothermal Systems
	5.2 Solubility Product Constants and Scaling Tendencies
	5.3 Speciation Models and Predominance Diagrams
	5.4 Barium Sulfate Solubility Measurements at Elevated Temperatures
and Pressures
	5.5 Thermodynamic Model for Aqueous Species at High Temperatures
and Pressures
	5.6 Barite Solubility Models for High Temperatures and Pressures
	5.7 Section Summary
	5.8 Nomenclature
	References
Chapter 6 Membrane Technologies and Applications for
Produced Water Treatment
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Pressure-Driven Membrane Separation
		6.2.1 MF and UF Membranes
		6.2.2 NF and RO Membranes
	6.3 Osmotically Driven Membrane Separation
		6.3.1 Fundamentals
		6.3.2 Draw Solutes Development for FO Process
		6.3.3 FO Applications to Produced Water Treatment
	6.4 Thermally Driven Membranes
	6.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
	References
Chapter 7 Assessment of Oil Fouling by Oil–Membrane
Interaction Energy Analysis
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 DLVO and XDLVO Interaction Energy
		7.2.1 LW Interaction
		7.2.2 EL Interaction
		7.2.3 AB Interaction
		7.2.4 Surface Tension Component, Contact Angle, and Zeta Potential
	7.3 Usage in Nonoil Membrane Fouling
	7.4 Usage in Oil Membrane Fouling
		7.4.1 Fouling Studies
		7.4.2 Antifouling Validation of Modified Membrane
		7.4.3 Consideration for Future Research
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8 Enrichment of Rare Earth Element (REE) Minerals from
Different Sources in the Coal Value Chain by Froth Flotation
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Factors Influencing Flotation
		8.1.2 Floatability
		8.1.3 Mechanics of Droplet Capture
		8.1.4 Hydrodynamics in Flotation
		8.1.5 Flotation Equipment
		8.1.6 Flotation in Rare Earth Elements Production
	8.2 Experimental
		8.2.1 Materials, Sample Preparation, and Flotation Chemicals
		8.2.2 Flotation Experiments
		8.2.3 Analytical Methods
	8.3 Results and Discussion
		8.3.1 Enrichment of REEs
		8.3.2 Selectivity of REEs Groups
		8.3.3 Distribution of REEs in Organic/Inorganic Phases
		8.3.4 Effect of pH in Flotation
	8.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	Disclaimer
	References
Chapter 9 Recent Advances for Solid–Liquid Separation by
Crystallization
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Basic Crystallization Concepts
		9.2.1 Solid–Liquid Equilibrium and Solubility
		9.2.2 Supersaturation and Supercooling
	9.3 Crystallizers
	9.4 Basic Crystallization Process Design
	9.5 Conventional Crystallization Methods
		9.5.1 Evaporation Pond
		9.5.2 Freeze-Thaw Evaporation
		9.5.3 Mechanical Evaporation
		9.5.4 Chemical Precipitation
	9.6 Unconventional Crystallization Technologies
		9.6.1 Recovery of Salts from Produced Water by Precipitation
		9.6.2 Eutectic Freeze Crystallization
		9.6.3 Membrane Crystallization
	9.7 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
Chapter 10 Magnetic Separation of Micro- and Nanoparticles for
Water Treatment Processes
	10.1 Magnetic Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications in Water Treatment
	10.2 Principles of Magnetic Separations
	10.3 Batch Magnetic Separators
	10.4 Continuous-Flow Separators
	10.5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 11 Influence of Colloids on Mineralization in Unconventional
Oil and Gas Reservoirs and Wellbores: A Case Study with
the Marcellus Shale
	11.1 Use of Produced Water for Hydraulic Fracturing of Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs
	11.2 Flow Restriction in Unconventional Oil and Gas Wells and Reservoirs
		11.2.1 Aboveground Piping, Pumps, and Filtration Systems Impacted by Mineral Scale Precipitation
		11.2.2 Wellbore Zones Impacted by Mineral Scale Precipitation
		11.2.3 Reservoir Zones Impacted by Mineral Scale Precipitation
	11.3 Case Study: Effect of Sulfate and Scale Inhibitor on Mineral Scale
Development – Marcellus Shale, Northwestern West Virginia, USA
		11.3.1 Experimental Evaluation for Scenario 1: Blending Monongahela River Water with Marcellus Produced Water
			11.3.1.1 Field Sampling and Experimental Methods
			11.3.1.2 Water Analysis and Experimental Results
		11.3.2 Application of Chemical Process and Reaction Path Modeling to Characterize the Potential for Mineral Scale Development in Unconventional Oil and Gas Systems
			11.3.2.1 Predictive Modeling Approach
			11.3.2.2 Predictive Modeling Resulths
			11.3.2.3 Discussion – Mineral Precipitation Predicted in the
Modeled Systems
	11.4 Conclusions – What to Consider When Designing HFF Base Water
Pretreatment
	Acknowledgments and Disclaimer
	References
Chapter 12 Crystallizers for Brine Waste Treatment: Technologies
and Design Heuristics
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 Brines and Crystallization
		12.1.2 Current Brine Disposal and Challenges
	12.2 Using Crystallizers for Brine Treatment
		12.2.1 Pellet Softeners
		12.2.2 Evaporative Crystallizers
		12.2.3 Membrane Crystallization
			12.2.3.1 Membrane Distillation Crystallization
			12.2.3.2 Pressure-Driven Membrane Crystallization
	12.3 Overcoming Challenges to Pressure-Driven Membrane Crystallizers
		12.3.1 Vibratory Shear-Enhanced Filtration Process
		12.3.2 Scaling-Resistant Membranes for Brine Disposal
			12.3.2.1 Membrane Patterning
			12.3.2.2 Membrane Surface Chemistry Modification
	12.4 Brine Crystallizer Design Heuristics
		12.4.1 Effect of Mixing and Residence Time
		12.4.2 Interactions between Surfaces and Crystallization
	12.5 Conclusions
	References
Index