Solar Energy Advancements in Agriculture and Food Production Systems

Solar Energy Advancements in Agriculture and Food Production Systems
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
1 Solar energy for sustainable food and agriculture: developments, barriers, and policies
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 Water, energy, and food security nexus
		1.1.2 Agri-food supply chain
		1.1.3 Energy supply and demand of agri-food sector
		1.1.4 Greenhouse gas emissions from agri-food sector
	1.2 Sustainable food and agriculture
		1.2.1 Global potential and development of solar energy technology
		1.2.2 Advent of solar energy technology in agriculture sector
			1.2.2.1 Challenges and barriers
			1.2.2.2 Global policies and regulations
	1.3 Aims and framework of the book
	Acknowledgment
	References
2 Solar energy conversion technologies: principles and advancements
	2.1 Sustainable energy technologies
		2.1.1 Solar energy harvesting
		2.1.2 Benefits and challenges of using solar energy
	2.2 Solar energy technologies
		2.2.1 Nonpower plant applications
			2.2.1.1 Solar water heating
			2.2.1.2 Solar space heating and cooling
			2.2.1.3 Solar desalination
			2.2.1.4 Solar drying
			2.2.1.5 Solar cooking
			2.2.1.6 Solar furnace
		2.2.2 Power plant applications
	2.3 Solar energy technology subsystems
		2.3.1 Solar thermal collectors
		2.3.2 Photovoltaic technology
			2.3.2.1 Solar cell materials
			2.3.2.2 Solar photovoltaic modules
			2.3.2.3 Components of a solar photovoltaic system
				2.3.2.3.1 Photovoltaic module
				2.3.2.3.2 Inverter or electronic power converter
				2.3.2.3.3 Maximum power point tracker
				2.3.2.3.4 Other components
			2.3.2.4 Different configurations of photovoltaic systems
		2.3.3 Energy storage technologies
			2.3.3.1 Thermal energy storage systems
				2.3.3.1.1 Thermal energy storage materials
				2.3.3.1.2 Different types of thermal energy storage systems
			2.3.3.2 Battery storage
	2.4 Applications of nanofluids in solar systems
		2.4.1 Benefits and challenges of using nanofluids
	2.5 Photovoltaic–thermal technology
		2.5.1 Air-based photovoltaic–thermal modules
		2.5.2 Water-based photovoltaic–thermal modules
		2.5.3 Recent developments in water-based photovoltaic–thermal modules
			2.5.3.1 Utilizing water-based nanofluid
			2.5.3.2 Utilizing phase change material
			2.5.3.3 Utilizing graphite layer
	2.6 Conclusions and prospects
	References
3 Advances in solar greenhouse systems for cultivation of agricultural products
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Solar greenhouse technology
		3.2.1 Passive solar greenhouses
		3.2.2 Greenhouses integrated with photovoltaic modules
		3.2.3 Greenhouses integrated with photovoltaic-thermal modules
		3.2.4 Greenhouse integrated with solar thermal collectors
		3.2.5 Solar greenhouses integrated with heat storage
			3.2.5.1 Greenhouses integrated with sensible heat storage
			3.2.5.2 Greenhouse integrated with latent heat storage
	3.3 Modeling of solar greenhouses
		3.3.1 Knowledge-based model
		3.3.2 Software simulation
		3.3.3 Machine-learning algorithms
	3.4 Case studies and economics
		3.4.1 Case studies
		3.4.2 Economics
	3.5 Summary and prospects
	Acknowledgments
	References
4 Photovoltaic water pumping systems for irrigation: principles and advances
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Photovoltaic water pumping systems
	4.3 Photovoltaic water pumping systems for irrigation
	4.4 Recent advances in photovoltaic water pumping systems for irrigation
	4.5 Case studies
	4.6 Economics, challenges, and prospects
	4.7 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
5 Agrivoltaics: solar power generation and food production
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Definition and classification of agrivoltaics
		5.1.2 Current state of research and technology
	5.2 Agricultural aspects
		5.2.1 Light availability
		5.2.2 Light management
		5.2.3 Microclimatic impact
		5.2.4 Suitable crops
	5.3 Typical systems and applications
		5.3.1 Interspace photovoltaic
			5.3.1.1 Grassland farming
			5.3.1.2 Arable farming
		5.3.2 Overhead photovoltaic
			5.3.2.1 Arable farming
			5.3.2.2 Horticulture
	5.4 Photovoltaic modules
		5.4.1 Crystalline silicon modules
		5.4.2 Thin-film modules
		5.4.3 Emerging module technologies
	5.5 Economics
		5.5.1 Capital expenditure
		5.5.2 Operational expenditure
		5.5.3 Levelized cost of electricity
		5.5.4 Business models
	5.6 The German preliminary standard DIN SPEC 91434
	5.7 Case study: agrivoltaics and society
		5.7.1 Anticipation framework of APV-RESOLA
		5.7.2 Optimization problems
		5.7.3 Factors of local acceptance
		5.7.4 Responsible research and innovation of agrivoltaics
	5.8 Agrivoltaic policies
		5.8.1 Japan
		5.8.2 South Korea
		5.8.3 China
		5.8.4 France
		5.8.5 Germany
		5.8.6 United States of America
		5.8.7 Israel
	5.9 Conclusion and prospects
	References
6 Aquavoltaics: dual use of natural and artificial water bodies for aquaculture and solar power generation
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Aquaculture
		6.2.1 Land use, energy demand, and greenhouse gas emissions
		6.2.2 Essential parameters of aquaculture
			6.2.2.1 Water and air temperature
			6.2.2.2 Light availability
			6.2.2.3 Dissolved oxygen content
			6.2.2.4 Further water quality parameters
			6.2.2.5 Feeding system
			6.2.2.6 Predator pressure
			6.2.2.7 Harvesting method
			6.2.2.8 Occupational safety
	6.3 Aquavoltaics
		6.3.1 Floating photovoltaic modules installed on inland water bodies and seas
		6.3.2 Photovoltaic modules installed on closed aquaculture systems
		6.3.3 Photovoltaic modules installed on a substructure above the water surface
		6.3.4 General aspects of aquavoltaic systems
		6.3.5 Economics and environmental impacts
	6.4 Conclusions and outlook
	References
7 Solar heating and cooling applications in agriculture and food processing systems
	7.1 Solar heating technologies
		7.1.1 Solar water heating systems
		7.1.2 Solar air heating systems
		7.1.3 Solar cooling systems
	7.2 Applications of solar thermal technologies in agriculture and food processing systems
		7.2.1 Solar air heaters for drying and dehydration processes
		7.2.2 Solar water heater in agriculture and food processing systems
		7.2.3 Solar thermal systems for cooking processes
		7.2.4 Solar heating and cooling in commercial greenhouses
		7.2.5 Solar cooling systems in agriculture and food processing systems
	7.3 Conclusions and prospects
	References
8 Solar desalination technology to supply water for agricultural applications
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Water resources and usage in agriculture
		8.1.2 Salinity of irrigation water and its impact on crop production
	8.2 Desalination and agriculture
		8.2.1 Conventional desalination technologies
		8.2.2 Seawater greenhouses
		8.2.3 Solar-powered desalination technologies (an overview)
	8.3 Solar-powered desalination for agricultural applications
	8.4 Case studies (implemented projects around the world)
		8.4.1 Commercial solar-powered desalination plants
		8.4.2 Commercial solar seawater greenhouses
		8.4.3 Research-scale solar seawater greenhouses
	8.5 Economics and environmental impacts
	8.6 Conclusion and prospects
	Acknowledgment
	References
9 Solar applications for drying of agricultural and marine products
	9.1 Principles of drying technology
	9.2 Drying psychrometry
	9.3 Solar drying technology
		9.3.1 Direct solar dryers
		9.3.2 Indirect solar dryers
		9.3.3 Mixed-mode solar dryers
		9.3.4 Hybrid solar dryers
		9.3.5 Solar greenhouse dryers
	9.4 Optimal conditions for drying agriculture and marine products in solar dryers
	9.5 Integration of solar dryers with photovoltaic and photovoltaic-thermal modules
	9.6 Integration of dryers with solar thermal collectors
	9.7 Integration of solar dryers with energy storage systems
	9.8 Emerging solar drying technologies
	9.9 Economics of solar dryers
	9.10 Implemented projects
	9.11 Conclusions and prospects
	Acknowledgment
	References
10 Applications of robotic and solar energy in precision agriculture and smart farming
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Precision agriculture
		10.2.1 In situ sensing
		10.2.2 Agriculture and circular economy
	10.3 Robotic technology for precision agriculture
		10.3.1 Unmanned aerial vehicles for agricultural tasks
		10.3.2 Unmanned ground vehicles for agricultural tasks
		10.3.3 Autonomy in farm environments
	10.4 Solar-powered robots for agriculture
		10.4.1 Photovoltaic technology
		10.4.2 Life cycle of photovoltaic materials and waste management
		10.4.3 Solar-powered unmanned ground vehicles and unmanned aerial vehicles in agriculture
	10.5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
11 Economics and environmental impacts of solar energy technologies
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Overview and global progress in solar energy technologies
		11.2.1 Solar photovoltaic systems
		11.2.2 Solar thermal power generation systems
		11.2.3 Solar heating and cooling systems
		11.2.4 Thermal energy storage systems
	11.3 Political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental analysis of solar energy technologies
	11.4 Potential economic and environmental impacts of solar energy technologies
		11.4.1 Economic impacts of solar photovoltaic, solar heating and cooling, and thermal energy storage system
		11.4.2 Environmental impacts of solar photovoltaic, solar heating and cooling, and thermal energy storage system
			11.4.2.1 Environmental impact of solar heating and cooling systems
			11.4.2.2 Environmental impacts of solar photovoltaic power generation
			11.4.2.3 Environmental impacts of solar thermal power generation technologies
				11.4.2.3.1 Materials processing and manufacture
				11.4.2.3.2 Construction
				11.4.2.3.3 Land use
				11.4.2.3.4 Visual impact
				11.4.2.3.5 Water resources
				11.4.2.3.6 Health and safety
	11.5 Tools for modeling the techno-economic and environmental impacts of SETs
		11.5.1 Techno-economic modeling tools
		11.5.2 Environmental modeling tools
	11.6 Conclusion
	References
12 Emerging applications of solar energy in agriculture and aquaculture systems
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Solar crop production technologies
		12.2.1 Soil solarization
		12.2.2 Solar composting
		12.2.3 Solar corridor crop system
		12.2.4 Phototrophic microalgae cultivation
			12.2.4.1 Microalgae
			12.2.4.2 Requirements for photosynthetic microalgae production
			12.2.4.3 Microalgal cultivation systems
			12.2.4.4 Economics and prospects
	12.3 Solar-powered crop protection systems
		12.3.1 Solar-powered bird repellers and pest controllers
		12.3.2 Solar-powered sprayers
	12.4 Applications of solar technology in aquaculture systems
		12.4.1 Demand fish feeders
		12.4.2 Automated fish feeders
		12.4.3 Solar-powered fish feeders
		12.4.4 Solar-powered fish pond filters
		12.4.5 Solar-powered fish pond pumps
		12.4.6 Aquaponics systems
		12.4.7 Solar-powered aquaponics systems
	12.5 Solar-powered pasteurization systems
	12.6 Conclusions and prospects
	Acknowledgment
	References
Index