Soil Organic Carbon and Feeding the Future: Basic Soil Processes

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Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Foreword
Editor
Contributors
Chapter 1 Is There Evidence For Significant Tillage-Induced Soil Organic C Sequestration below the Plow Layer?
	Abbreviations
	1.1 Background
	1.2 Soil Organic Carbon in Conventional Tillage and No-Tillage Systems with Depth
	1.3 Review of Surface-Soil Effects with No Tillage
	1.4 Soil Organic Carbon across Tillage Studies
	1.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 2 Managing Soil Organic Carbon for Climate Change Mitigation and Food Security
	Abbreviations
	2.1 Soil Organic Carbon Stock and Pool
		2.1.1 Soil Organic Carbon Stock
		2.1.2 Soil Organic Carbon Pools
	2.2 Linking Soil Organic Carbon Pools to Soil Functions
		2.2.1 Climate Change Mitigation
		2.2.2 Food Security
			2.2.2.1 Nutrient Supply
			2.2.2.2 Water Retention
			2.2.2.3 Crop Production
	2.3 Sustainable Management Strategies of SOC
		2.3.1 Conservation Agriculture
		2.3.2 Agroforestry
		2.3.3 Organic Amendments
		2.3.4 Biochar Application
	2.4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 3 Soil Management, Organic Matter, and Human Nutrition
	3.1 Soils and Human Health: A History of a Concept
	3.2 Soil Fertility and Food Productivity
	3.3 Soil Type and Micronutrient Availability: A Geomineral Perspective
	3.4 Manageable Soil Properties
		3.4.1 Soil Organic Matter
		3.4.2 Micronutrient Fertilizers
	3.5 Bioavailability and Nutrient Interactions
	3.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 4 Building Bridges between Natural Nutrient Sources and Fertilizers for Soil Health and Sustainable Food Security
	Abbreviations
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Natural Sources of Plant Nutrients
		4.2.1 Biofertilizers
		4.2.2 Organic Manures
			4.2.2.1 Livestock Manures
		4.2.3 Crop Residues
	4.3 Fertilizers
		4.3.1 Global and Regional Trends in Fertilizer Use
		4.3.2 Fertilizer Use Intensity
	4.4 Nutrient Value of Organic Manures and Fertilizers
		4.4.1 Value of Integrated Nutrient Supply and Management
		4.4.2 Organic Manures as Sustainers of Soil Health
	4.5 Fertilizer Use and Food Production
	4.6 Fertilizer Use Efficiency
		4.6.1 FUE – Description and Definition
		4.6.2 Global State of NUE
		4.6.3 Improving FUE
			4.6.3.1 Balanced and Integrated Fertilizer Use
			4.6.3.2 Deep Placement
			4.6.3.3 Precise FN Management Practices
			4.6.3.4 Soil and Crop Management Practices
			4.6.3.5 Technology Transfer
			4.6.3.6 Policy
	4.7 Environmental Impacts and Safeguards
		4.7.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
		4.7.2 Groundwater Pollution and Eutrophication
		4.7.3 Minimizing Environmental Impacts
		4.7.4 Efficiency-Enhancing Fertilizer Products
		4.7.5 Transforming Policies
	4.8 Fertilizer Use and SOC Dynamics
	4.9 Summary and Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 5 Soil Organic Matter and Nutrient Availability
	Abbreviations
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Essential Plant Nutrients
		5.1.2 Source of Plant Nutrients
		5.1.3 Need for Greater Nutrient Cycling and Biological Nitrogen Fixation
	5.2 Role and Form of Nutrients in Plants
		5.2.1 Nitrogen
		5.2.2 Phosphorus
		5.2.3 Potassium
		5.2.4 Calcium
		5.2.5 Magnesium
		5.2.6 Sulfur
		5.2.7 Micronutrients
	5.3 The Effect of Plant Roots on Nutrient Availability
		5.3.1 Root Architecture
		5.3.2 Rhizodeposition – Effects on Nutrient Availability
			5.3.2.1 Root Cap and Border Cell Loss
			5.3.2.2 Mucilage
			5.3.2.3 Exudates
			5.3.2.4 Mycorrhizae
			5.3.2.5 Biological Nitrogen Fixation
	5.4 Plant Nutrients in Soil Organic Matter
	5.5 Plant Nutrients in Manure
	5.6 Plant Nutrients in Human Feces and Urine
	5.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6 Soil Organic Matter and Microorganisms in Management Systems for Food and Feedstock Production
	Abbreviations
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Soil Organic Matter (SOM), Soil Carbon (C) Pools, and the Soil-Plant Biome
		6.2.1 Soil Organic Matter (SOM) Pool
			6.2.1.1 SOM Decomposition
			6.2.1.2 The Living Soil Carbon (C) Pool
		6.2.2 The Soil Rhizosphere
		6.2.3 The Soil–Plant Biome
		6.2.4 Disease-suppressive Soils
	6.3 Soil Organic Matter (SOM) and Microorganisms Associated with Various Crops and Management Systems
		6.3.1 Paddy Rice (Oryza sativa L. and Oryza glaberrima Steud.) and Aerobic Rice
			6.3.1.1 Paddy Rice
			6.3.1.2 Aerobic Rice
		6.3.2 Corn (Zea Mays L.)
		6.3.3 Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
		6.3.4 Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) Intercropped with Indigenous Shrubs (Piliostigma reticulatum (DC.) Hochst., Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel) in the Sahel of West Africa
		6.3.5 Pasture Soils
	6.4 Biofertilizers in Organic Farming Systems
	6.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7 Carbon Sequestration in Productive Land-Use Systems in the Peruvian Amazon
	Abbreviations
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Aboveground Biomass and Soil Carbon Stock Assessment Methodology
	7.3 The State of Loreto
		7.3.1 Carbon Stocks with Different Land-Use Systems in Yurimaguas (Loreto State) in the Peruvian Amazon
		7.3.2 Reserves of Carbon in Aboveground, Litter, and Soil Organic Matter in Different Land-Use Systems along the Road Tarapoto (State of San Martin)-Yurimaguas (State of Loreto)
		7.3.3 The Productivity of the Agroforestry System (AFS) with Multistrata
		7.3.4 Sustainability of Farms with Amazon Fruits along the Road Iquitos–Nauta, Loreto
	7.4 Aboveground Carbon Sequestration in Different Land-Use Systems in San Martin
		7.4.1 Cacao Systems in San Martin
		7.4.2 Carbon in the Different Components of the Agroforestry Systems in Cacao of Mariscal Cáceres, San Martin
		7.4.3 Land-Use Systems in Lamas and Mariscal Cáceres in San Martin
		7.4.4 Carbon Stocks and the Use of Shade Trees in Different Coffee Growing Systems in Lamas and Moyobamba in the San Martin region
	7.5 The Silvopasture Systems in the Northern Peruvian Amazon in Chachapoyas, Amazon Department
		7.5.1 Soil and Aboveground Carbon stocks in silvopastoral systems in Amazonas and San Martin
		7.5.2 Soil Carbon Stocks and Aerial Biomass
	7.6 Carbon Stocks in Different Land-Use Systems in Ucayali, Peruvian Amazon
		7.6.1 Carbon Reserves in Aguaytía River Basin in Ucayali
	7.7 Soil and Aboveground Carbon Stocks of Different Agroforestry Systems (AFS) in Puerto Maldonado
	7.8 Final Comments and Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8 Soil Organic Matter Stocks and Content—Critical Policy Issues?
	Abbreviations
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Role of Soil Organic Matter on the International Policy Agenda
	8.3 Knowledge Gaps Impeding Consideration of Soil Organic Matter as a Sustainable Development Strategy
	8.4 Regionally Specific Strategies and Stakeholders Engagements toward Increasing SOC Sequestration
	8.5 Actions Needed to Implement Carbon Sequestration Goals in National Policy Agendas
	8.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9 Modeling Soil Organic Carbon: Implications for Soil Organic Matter Management in the Indian Himalayan Region
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Materials and Methods
		9.2.1 Study Area
		9.2.2 Input Selection
		9.2.3 Performance Evaluation Criteria
		9.2.4 Software
		9.2.5 Modeling Techniques
			9.2.5.1 Support Vector Regression
			9.2.5.2 Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost)
			9.2.5.3 Random Forest Regression
			9.2.5.4 Multiple Linear Regression
			9.2.5.5 Artificial Neural Network
			9.2.5.6 Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost)
	9.3 Results and Discussion
	9.4 Implications to the Management of Soil Organic Matter Content
	9.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 10 Managing Soil Organic Matter under Dryland Farming Systems for Climate Change Adaptation and Sustaining Agriculture Productivity
	Abbreviations
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Critical Soil Productivity Constraints
	10.3 Managing SOC in Dryland Farming Systems
		10.3.1 Soil Erosion Reduction and Loss Minimization
		10.3.2 SOC Interaction with Soil Fertility and Quality
		10.3.3 SOC with Soil Biological Health
	10.4 Effects of SOC Content on Agricultural Productivity
		10.4.1 Crop Yields as Influenced by Addition of C Input
		10.4.2 Relationship of Crop Yields and Sustainability Yield Index (SYI) with Profile SOC
		10.4.3 Relationship of C Sequestration Rates (CSR) with SYI under Different Production Systems
	10.5 Impacts of SOC on Adaptation and Mitigation of Climate Change
	10.6 Strategies for Enhancing SOC under Rainfed Dryland Systems
		10.6.1 Crop Residue Recycling
		10.6.2 Composting
		10.6.3 Biochar
		10.6.4 Organic Manures
		10.6.5 Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)
		10.6.6 Biofertilizers
		10.6.7 Seaweed Manuring
		10.6.8 Water–Nutrient Interactions
		10.6.9 Integrated Farming Systems (IFSs)
		10.6.10 Legume Intercrops and Relay Crops
		10.6.11 Cover Cropping
	10.7 Conclusion and Way Forward
	References
Chapter 11 Managing Soil Organic Matter for Alleviating Drought Stress in Dryland Farming in North American Great Plains
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 North American Great Plains Environmental Conditions and Historical Farming Practices
		11.2.1 Precipitation Deficit
		11.2.2 Early Farming Attitudes and Misconceptions
		11.2.3 Farming Practices in the Region and Surface Soil Conditions
	11.3 The Role of SOM in Alleviating Drought Stress—Potential Mechanisms
		11.3.1 SOM Impacts on Soil Water Retention
		11.3.2 Influence of SOM on Soil Biology, Structure, and Hydraulic Properties
		11.3.3 SOM Benefits for Plant Health and Root Growth
	11.4 System-based Approaches to Manage SOM
	11.5 Managing System Components to Increase SOM
		11.5.1 Crop Choices and Rotation Effect
		11.5.2 Integrated Nutrient Management
			11.5.2.1 Synthetic Fertilizer
			11.5.2.2 Organic Amendments
	11.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12 Advances in Soil Health
	Abbreviations
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 What is a Healthy Soil?
		12.1.2 Soil Quality or Soil Health
		12.1.3 Challenges of Measuring Soil Health
		12.1.4 Rationale
	12.2 Soil Health Indicators
		12.2.1 Soil Physical Indicators
		12.2.2 Soil Chemical Indicators
		12.2.3 Soil Biological Indicators
	12.3 Development of Soil Health Assessments
		12.3.1 Soil Management Assessment Framework
		12.3.2 Cornell Comprehensive Assessment of Soil Health
		12.3.3 Haney Soil Health Test
	12.4 On-farm soil health research
	12.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 13 Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration and Turnover in Semi-Arid Tropics and Subtropics in Relation to Agronomic Yield and Sustainability
	Abbreviations
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Soil Organic C Dynamics in Natural and Derived Agroecosystems
	13.3 Consequences of Soil Aggregate Disruption Accompanying SOC Loss in Agroecosystems
	13.4 Management Practices for Increasing Macro-Aggregation and SOC Sequestration
		13.4.1 No-Till Management and Conservation Agriculture
		13.4.2 Farming Systems’ Intensification, Intercropping and Cover Crops
		13.4.3 Crop-Pasture Rotations (Ley Farming)
		13.4.4 Managed Sown Pastures
		13.4.5 Extensive Native Pastures (Rangelands)
		13.4.6 Crop–Pasture–Plantation (Agroforestry)
	13.5 Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration and Crop Yields and Quality
		13.5.1 NT Practice and Conservation Agriculture
		13.5.2 Cover Crops and Organic Farming
	13.6 Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration and Crop-Pasture Yields and Quality
	13.7 Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration and Systems’ Sustainability: Perspective
	13.8 Conclusions
	References
Index