Soil microenvironment for bioremediation and polymer production

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 19
Part 1: Soil Microenvironment and Biotransformation Mechanisms......Page 21
  1.1 Introduction......Page 23
  1.2 Biofertilizers......Page 24
  1.4 Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria......Page 25
   1.4.1 Nitrogen Fixation......Page 26
   1.4.2 Phosphate Solubilization......Page 28
    1.5.1.1 Organic Acid Production......Page 29
   1.5.2 Organic Phosphate Solubilization......Page 30
  1.7 Conclusion......Page 31
  References......Page 32
  2.1 Introduction......Page 37
   2.2.1 Soil Pollution by Heavy Metals and Xenobiotic Compounds......Page 39
   2.2.2 Soil Pollution by Extensive Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Practices......Page 40
   2.2.3 Pollution Due to Emerging Pollutants (Wastes from Pharmaceutical and Personal-Care Products)......Page 41
   2.2.4 Soil Pollution by Pathogenic Microorganisms......Page 42
   2.2.5 Soil Pollution Due to Oil and Petroleum Hydrocarbons......Page 43
   2.2.6 Soil Pollution by the Nuclear and Radioactive Wastes......Page 45
   2.3.2 Effects of Soil Pollution on Human Health......Page 46
  2.6 Bioremediation Mechanisms......Page 47
  2.7 Factors Affecting Bioremediation/Biosorption Process......Page 49
  Acknowledgements......Page 50
  References......Page 51
  3.1 Introduction......Page 55
  3.2 Effects of Pesticides......Page 56
  3.3 Pesticide Degradation......Page 57
   3.4.1 Organophosphate Pesticides Degrading Bacteria......Page 58
   3.4.4 Aromatic Hydrocarbons Biodegradation......Page 59
   3.4.9 Phenanthrene Degradation......Page 60
   3.4.11 Endusulfan Degradation......Page 61
  3.5 Conclusion......Page 62
  References......Page 69
  4.1 Introduction......Page 75
  4.4 Types of Microorganism Involved in Cheese Production......Page 77
  4.6 Microorganism Involved in Lactic Acid Fermentation......Page 79
  4.9 Leuconostoc......Page 80
  4.10 Microorganisms in Flavor Development......Page 81
  4.12 Enzymes Interaction during Ripening of Cheese......Page 83
  4.13 Pathways Involved in Cheese Ripening......Page 84
  4.14 Microbes of Interest in Flavor Formation......Page 86
  4.16 Plant-Based Cheese Analogues......Page 87
  4.17 Plant-Based Proteins......Page 88
  4.20 Plant-Based Milk Alternatives......Page 89
  4.21 Types of Vegan Cheese......Page 90
  References......Page 91
  5.1 Introduction......Page 95
  5.2 Types of Pesticides......Page 97
   5.3.1 Factors Affecting Pesticide Fate......Page 101
    5.3.2.2 Biodegradation......Page 104
  5.4 Screening for Pesticide Degrading Microorganisms......Page 105
   5.4.1 Case Study......Page 106
  5.5 Designing Pesticide Degrading Consortia......Page 107
  5.6 Challenges to be Addressed and Future Perspectives......Page 108
  References......Page 110
  6.1 Introduction......Page 115
   6.3.1 Transport of Pesticides in the Environment......Page 116
   6.3.2 Interaction of Pesticides with Soil......Page 118
   6.4.1 Biodegradation and Bioremediation......Page 119
   6.4.2 Microbial Remediation of Pesticides......Page 122
    6.4.4.1 Biostimulation......Page 123
    6.4.4.3 Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (GEMs)......Page 124
   6.4.5 Metabolic Aspects of Pesticides Bioremediation......Page 125
  6.5 Effects on Human and Environment......Page 126
  6.7 Limitations of Bioremediation......Page 127
  References......Page 128
Part 2: Synergistic Effects Between Substrates and Microbes......Page 135
  7.1 Introduction......Page 137
   7.2.1 Bacteria......Page 138
   7.3.1 Contact (Direct) Mechanism......Page 139
   7.4.1 Thiosulphate Pathway......Page 140
   7.4.2 Polysulphide Pathway......Page 141
  7.6 Various Hazardous Wastes......Page 142
  7.7 Applications of Bioleaching Approach to Various Hazardous Wastes......Page 143
   7.7.2 Bioleaching of Spent Catalyst......Page 144
   7.7.4 Bioleaching of Slag......Page 145
  References......Page 146
  8.1 Introduction......Page 151
   8.2.1 Bacterial Remediation of Dyes......Page 152
   8.2.4 Consortial (Co-Culture) Dye Bioremediation......Page 155
   8.3.1 Anaerobic Azo Dye Reduction......Page 159
   8.3.2 Aerobic Oxidation of Aromatic Amines......Page 160
  8.4 Reactor Design for Dye Bioremediation......Page 161
   8.4.1 Anaerobic Reactors......Page 162
    8.4.1.1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)......Page 168
    8.4.1.3 Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)......Page 169
    8.4.1.5 Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)......Page 171
    8.4.1.6 Packed Bed Reactor (PBR)......Page 172
    8.4.1.7 Fluidized Bed Reactor (FBR)......Page 173
    8.4.2.1 Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC)......Page 174
    8.4.2.3 Membrane-Aerated Biofilm Reactor......Page 176
    8.4.3.1 Sequential Anaerobic-Aerobic Process......Page 177
    8.4.3.2 Integrated Anaerobic/Aerobic......Page 178
   8.4.4 Combinatorial Approaches......Page 182
  8.6 Conclusions......Page 183
  References......Page 184
  9.1 Introduction......Page 193
    9.2.1.1 Haemolytic Activity......Page 194
   9.3.2 Biofilm Disruption Studies......Page 195
  References......Page 198
  10.1 Introduction......Page 201
   10.2.5 Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance Profiling......Page 203
    10.2.6.5 Harvesting......Page 204
   10.3.1 Isolation and Characterization of Cr(VI) Resistant Bacterial Isolates......Page 205
   10.3.5 Growth Curve Studies......Page 206
    10.3.6.2 Shoot Length......Page 207
    10.3.7.1 Peroxidase Content......Page 208
    10.3.7.3 Soluble Protein Content......Page 209
    10.3.9.1 Peroxidase Content......Page 210
  10.4 Discussion......Page 211
  References......Page 213
  11.1 Introduction......Page 217
   11.2.1 Potential Benefits......Page 219
   11.2.3 Factors Affecting Sorption......Page 220
   11.3.1 Fungi as Radio-Nuclides Remade......Page 223
   11.3.3 Immobilization Through Non-Enzymatic Reduction......Page 224
   11.3.4 Bio-Sorption of Radio-Nuclides......Page 225
   11.3.6 Genetically Modified Microbes......Page 226
  11.4 Conclusion......Page 227
  References......Page 228
Part 3: Polyhydroxyalakanoates: Resources, Demands and Sustainability......Page 233
  12.1 Introduction......Page 235
  12.2 Plastics......Page 236
   12.2.2 Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)......Page 237
  12.3 Plastic Disposal, Reuse and Recycling......Page 238
  12.4 Plastic Biodegradation......Page 239
   12.4.1 Plastic-Degrading Microorganisms and Enzymes......Page 241
   12.4.2 Biofilms and Plastic Biodegradation......Page 244
   12.4.3 Boosting Plastic Biodegradation by Physical and Chemical Processes......Page 245
   12.4.4 Pathway and Protein Engineering for Enhanced Plastic Biodegradation......Page 246
   12.4.5 Designing Plastic Degrading Consortia......Page 249
  12.5 Analytical Techniques to Study Plastic Degradation......Page 250
  12.6 Future Perspectives......Page 252
  References......Page 253
  13.1 Introduction......Page 259
  13.2 Polyurethane (PUs)......Page 261
  13.3 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)......Page 263
   13.4.2 Antibacterials and Biocontrol Agents......Page 266
  References......Page 269
  14.1 Introduction......Page 273
  14.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates......Page 275
   14.2.1 Properties of PHAs......Page 278
   14.2.3 PHA Biosynthesis in Natural Isolates......Page 281
   14.2.5 PHA Production by Recombinant Bacteria......Page 282
   14.2.8 PHA Production Using Waste Vegetable Oil by Pseudomonas sp. Strain DR2......Page 284
   14.2.9 Mass Production of PHA......Page 285
  14.3 Applications of PHA......Page 286
  References......Page 287
  15.1 Introduction......Page 291
   15.2.1 Morphological, Biochemical and Molecular Characterisation......Page 292
   15.2.4 Extraction of PHA......Page 293
  15.3 Results and Discussion......Page 294
  References......Page 300
Part 4: Cellulose-Based Biomaterials: Benefits and Challenges......Page 303
  16.1 Introduction......Page 305
  16.3 Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystals Composites......Page 306
   16.3.1 Solution Casting......Page 307
   16.3.2 Three Dimensional Printing (3D-Printing)......Page 312
   16.4.1 Starch......Page 314
   16.4.2 Alginate......Page 315
   16.4.3 Chitosan......Page 316
   16.4.4 Cellulose......Page 317
  16.5 Hybrids......Page 318
  References......Page 320
  17.1 Introduction......Page 327
  17.2 Production of Microbial Cellulose (MC)......Page 328
  17.3 Applications of Microbial Cellulose (MC)......Page 332
   17.3.1 Skin Therapy and Wound Healing System......Page 333
   17.3.2 Scaffolds for Artificial Cornea......Page 334
  Future Perspective......Page 335
  References......Page 336
  18.1 Introduction......Page 339
  18.2 Extraction of Cellulose Fibers......Page 340
  18.3 Nanocellulose......Page 344
   18.4.1 Alkali Treatment (Mercerization)......Page 347
   18.4.3 Acetylation......Page 348
   18.5.1 Cellulose-Based Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering......Page 349
   18.5.2 Cellulose-Based Biomaterials for Drug Delivery......Page 351
   18.5.3 Cellulose-Based Biomaterials for Wound Dressing......Page 352
  18.6 Summary and Future Prospect of Cellulose-Based Biomaterials......Page 353
  Reference......Page 354
  19.1 Introduction......Page 359
    19.1.1.1 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC)......Page 360
    19.1.1.2 Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNF)......Page 361
   19.2.1 Bacterial Strains Producing Cellulose......Page 363
   19.2.2 Different Methods of Bacterial Cellulose Production......Page 364
   19.3.3 Bacterial Cellulose Nanocomposites......Page 366
  19.4 Methods of Synthesis of Bacterial Cellulose Composites......Page 367
   19.5.1 Polymer......Page 369
   19.6.1 Biomedical Applications......Page 370
   19.6.3 Electrical Industry......Page 371
  References......Page 372
  20.1 Introduction......Page 377
  20.2 Biodegradable Polymers......Page 378
    20.2.1.2 Proteins......Page 379
    20.2.2.1 Polyesters Originated from Agro-Resources......Page 380
    20.2.2.2 Polyesters Based on Petroleum Products......Page 381
  20.3 Biodegradable Fillers......Page 382
   20.3.1 Plant Fibers as Biodegradable Fillers......Page 383
   20.3.3 Lignin as Biodegradable Fillers......Page 384
   20.4.1 Surface Morphology......Page 385
   20.4.2 Mechanical Properties......Page 386
   20.4.3 Thermal Properties......Page 388
  Concluding Remarks......Page 389
  References......Page 390
  21.1 Introduction......Page 395
  21.2 An Insight on the Biopolymers......Page 396
   21.2.1 Natural Lignin Biopolymer......Page 397
  21.3 Extraction and Post-Treatment of Lignin Biomaterial......Page 398
    21.3.1.3 Cellulolytic Enzymes Lignin (CEL)......Page 399
    21.3.1.7 Soda Lignin (SL)......Page 400
   21.3.2 Modification of Lignin Functional Groups......Page 401
   21.3.3 Preparation of Lignin-Based Biopolymers Blends (LBBs)......Page 403
    21.3.3.2 Synthesis of Ternary LBBs......Page 405
   21.4.1 Chemical Interaction Between Lignin and Synthetic Polymers......Page 406
   21.4.2 Morphology-Property Relationship of the LBB......Page 407
  21.6 Conclusion and Future Remarks......Page 408
  References......Page 409
Index......Page 413