Soil Dynamics, Earthquake and Computational Geotechnical Engineering: Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference 2021 Volume 5

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1 Evaluation of Compactive Parameters of Soil Using Machine Learning
	Introduction
	Methodology
		Detail of Multilinear Regression Analysis
		Detail of Artificial Neural Network
	Data Analysis
		Dataset of Soil
		Statistics of Dataset of Soil
		Training and Testing Datasets
	Results and Discussion
		Multilinear Regression Analysis
		Artificial Neural Network
		Optimum Performance Model
	Comparison with Literature Survey
	Conclusion
	References
2 Numerical Study of Tapered Pile Subjected to Cyclic Loading
	Introduction
	Validation in PLAXIS 3D
		Result in PLAXIS 3D
		Parametric Study
	Results and Discussion
		Pile Configuration
		Loading Conditions
		Materials Properties
	Conclusion
	References
3 Seepage Analysis of Resilient Rubble Mound Breakwater Under Tsunami Overflow: Numerical Analysis
	Introduction
	Method of Analysis
	Results and Discussions
		Effect of Adding Sheet Piles
		Effect of Adding Special Gabions
	Conclusions
	References
4 Analytical and Numerical Modelling of Combined Pile-Raft Foundation for Tall Wind Turbine in Various Soils
	Introduction
	Material Properties and Wind Tower Specification
	Calculation and Numerical Modelling
		Design Literature
		Numerical Modelling
	Design Results
		Variation in Number of Piles
		Variation in Wind Loading
		Variation of Lateral Load with Wind Speed
	Conclusion
	References
5 Prediction of Strength Parameters of Fibre Reinforced Soil Using Machine Learning Algorithms
	Introduction
	Methodology
		Data
		Parameters
		Procedure
		Algorithms
	Results and Discussion
		Unconfined Compression Strength
		California Bearing Ratio
		Correlation Heatmaps
		Verification
	Conclusions
	References
6 Hydraulic Conductivity of Fly Ash–Bentonite Mixture Exposed to Salt Solutions: ANN Model and Sensitivity Analysis
	Introduction
	Details of Experiments
	Dataset Preprocessing
	Development of Neural Network Model
	Sensitivity Analysis
		Variable Perturbation
		Weight Methods
		Neural Interpretation Diagram
	Development of ANN Model Equation
	Conclusions and Future Recommendations
	References
7 Influence of Inclined Loads on the Behaviour of Piles—A Numerical Study
	Introduction
		General
	Methodology and Material Properties
		Overview of the Project
		Properties of Pile and Pile Cap
	Results and Discussion
		Validation of PLAXIS 3D
		Pile Group Response Under Pure Lateral Load
		Response of Piles to Inclined Load
		Variation of BM with Inclination
	Conclusions
	References
8 3D Numerical Analysis of Screw Pile Subjected to Axial Compressive and Lateral Load
	Introduction
	Soil Properties and Screw Pile Geometry
	Finite Element Modelling
		Numerical Model Validation
		Determining the Optimum Location of Helix
	Results and Discussion
		Effect of Helix
		Effect of Spacing of Helix
		Behaviour of Screw Pile with Concrete Pile
	Conclusions
	References
9 Finite Element Modelling of Laboratory One-Dimensional Consolidation of Soft Clays
	Introduction
		One-Dimensional Consolidation
		Modified Cam Clay Model and ABAQUS/CAE
	Numerical Modelling
	Results and Discussions
	Conclusions
	References
10 Numerical Study on Uplift Capacity of Helical Pile Embedded in Homogeneous and Layered Soil
	Introduction
	Materials and Geometry
		Material
		Helical Pile Configurations
	Problem Definitions
	Analysis
		Validation
		Parametric Study
	Results and Discussion
		Effect of Spacing of Helix on Uplift Capacity
		Effect of Uplift Capacity Due to Diameter of Helical Plates
	Conclusion
	References
11 Simplified Plane Strain Consolidation Modelling of Stone Column
	Introduction
	Brief of Previous Work
	Plane Strain Modelling
	Numerical Modelling and Verification
	Results and Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
12 Lateral Displacements of Soft Ground Treated with PVDs Under Embankment Loading
	Introduction
	Problem Statement
		Construction of Embankment
	Finite Element Analysis
		Embankment Loading
		Validation
		Final Settlement
	Results
		Settlements
		Lateral Deformations
	Conclusions
	References
13 Sensitivity Study of the Pressure-Dependent Soil Model Based on the Abutment-Backfill Pushover Behaviour
	Introduction
	Numerical Modelling of UCLA Experiment
		Brief Description of UCLA Experiment
		Modelling Aspects
	Sensitivity Analysis of PDMY02 Model
		Preliminary Sensitivity Study
		First-Order Second Moment (FOSM) Analysis
	Summary and Conclusions
	References
14 Behaviour of Skirted Foundation Under Different Loading Conditions Using FEM Approach
	Introduction
	Literature Study
	Numerical Modelling and Material
		Definition of the Problem
		Soil Condition
	Footing Geometry and Material Properties
	Load Cases
		Finite Element Modelling and Meshing
	Result Analysis and Discussion
		Effect of Length of Skirts on Differential Settlement Due to Combined Loading
		Effect of Length of Skirts on Settlement Due to Vertical Loading
		Effect of Length of Skirts on Angle of Rotation with Respect to Eccentricity
	Conclusion
	References
15 Numerical Modelling for Prediction of Ground Subsidence Over Room and Pillar Mining in an Underground Coal Seam
	Introduction
	Site Details
	Numerical Modelling
		Subsidence Prediction
	Result and Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
16 A Review on Numerical Simulation of Large Deformation Problems in Geotechnical Engineering
	Introduction
	Numerical Approaches
		Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian Method
		Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian Method
		Remeshing and Interpolation Technique by Small Strains Method
		Material Point Method
		Particle Finite Element Method
	Simulation of Cone Penetration Using PLAXIS 2D
		Modelling of Soil Domain and Boundary Conditions
		Modelling of Soil and Cone
		Simulation of CPT
		Results and Discussions
	Research Potential of Large Deformation Problems
	Concluding Remarks
	References
17 Potential Use of Fine Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste as Replacement of Soil in Embankment
	Introduction
	Objective of the Study
	Materials and Methodology
		Site Description and Sample Collection
		Dimensioning of the Problem
	Municipal Solid Waste Embankment Modelling
		Material Model and Parameters
		Boundary Conditions
		Mesh Generation
	Results and Discussions
		Settlement Analysis
		Stability Analysis
	Recommendations and Limitations
	Conclusions
	References
18 A Numerical Study on Hydrodynamic and Liquefaction Analysis of Coastline Protected with Geotubes
	Introduction
		Geotubes
		Liquefaction
	Location and Topography of Study Area
	Numerical Modelling of Coastline
		Staged Construction
	Results and Discussion
	Conclusions
	References
19 Parametric Study for Optimum Design of Combined Piled Raft Foundation (CPRF)
	Introduction
	Validation
	Parametric Analysis
		Influence of Using Piles to Reduce Settlement
		Effect of Length of Pile on the Settlement Behaviour of Piled Raft
		Effect of Raft Thickness on the Settlement Behaviour of Piled Raft
		Effect of Pile Arrangement
	Conclusions
	References
20 Probabilistic Analysis of a Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Retaining Wall Under Seismic Conditions Using Genetic Programming
	Introduction
	Deterministic Analysis for Internal Stability of GRRW
	Probabilistic Analysis
		Genetic Programming
	Results and Discussions
		Regression Analysis
		Influence of Uncertainty on GRRW
		Results Obtained Using the GP
	Summary and Conclusions
	References
21 Generation of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Map of Assam State
	Introduction
	Geological and Seismotectonic Background
	Seismicity Information of the Study Area
		Earthquake Catalogue
	The Seismic Source Models
		Completeness of Earthquake Data
		Estimation of Seismic Parameters
		Selection of Ground Motion Parameter
	Logic Tree Formulation
	Results and Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
22 Study on Liquefaction Evaluation of Subsoil Strata Along Visakhapatnam Coastal Area
	Introduction
	Literature Review
	Liquefaction Analysis of the Study Areas
		Liquefaction Potential from IS 1893 Part 1 (2016) Method
		Liquefaction Potential from Idriss and Boulanger (2008) Method
		Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) Using Iwasaki et al. [14] Method
	Results and Discussion
	Conclusions
	References
23 Seismic Performance Evaluation of E-Waste-Georeinforced Embankment and Pavement
	Introduction
	Application of Geogrid in Embankment and Pavement
	Testing Methods
		Soil
		Cyclic Triaxial Test
		Cyclic Triaxial Test Results
		Comparison Study
	Bender Element Test
		Bender Element Test Results
		Comparison Study
	Conclusion
	References
24 Effects of Soil Properties and Input Motion on Liquefaction Zones in Backfill and Subsoil of Quay Walls
	Quay Wall
	Analysis of Quay Walls
		Effect of Input Acceleration on the Sliding and Tilting Displacements and Shear Stress on the Quay Wall
		Effect of Soil Properties on Liquefaction Zones of Backfill and Subsoil of Quay Walls
	Numerical Validation
	Concluding Remarks
	References
25 Effect of Fine Content on Resisting Liquefaction Potential of  Sandy Soil
	Introduction
	Literature Review
	Materials and Methodology
		Sand
		Fine Content
		Digital Cyclic Triaxial System
		Methodology
	Results and Discussions
		Effect of Fines Content on Pore Water Pressure Response
		Limiting Fines Content with Respect to Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR)
		Shear Strain of Sample
		Deviator Stress
	Conclusions
	References
26 Regional Rupture-Based Seismic Hazard Analysis of Tripura State—NE India
	Introduction
	Study Area and Its Tectonic Framework: Tripura
		Himalayan Belt
		Indo-Burma Ranges (IBR)
		Shillong Plateau
		Bengal Basin
	Preparation of Seismotectonic Map
		Selection of Seismic Study Area (SSA)
		Seismic Sources
		Earthquake Catalogue
		Seismicity Parameters
	Maximum Magnitude (Mmax) Estimation
	Ground Motion Prediction Equation (GMPE)
	Seismic Hazard Analysis
	Results and Discussion
		Conventional Approach
		Rupture-Based Method
	Conclusion
	References
27 An Energy-Based Approach Towards Liquefaction Potential Analysis: Agartala City
	Introduction
	Characterizing the Liquefaction Loading
		Equivalent Dynamic Load
		Calculation of Arias Intensity at Surface
	Characterizing the Resistance to Liquefaction
		Susceptibility Criteria
		Standard Penetration Corrections
	Liquefaction Potential Analysis
	Results and Discussion
	Conclusions
	References
28 Determination of Site Specific Response Spectra for Site Class D and E for Guwahati City, NE India Region
	Introduction
	Study Area and Its Past Earthquake Scenario
	Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis for the Area
		Seismic Sources Around the Study Area
		Maximum Potential Magnitude Considered for the Analyses
		GMPEs Considered for the Analyses
		DSHA Results
	Consideration of Local Site Effects
		Dynamic Soil Properties Considered
		ELGRA
		Results
	Site Specific Response Spectra for Guwahati City
		Site Specific Response Spectra from ELGRA of Global EQs
		Site Specific Response Spectra from ELGRA of Spectrum Compatible Ground Motions
	Conclusion
	References
29 Performance Evaluation of Single and Multiple Trenches in Screening Ground Vibrations
	Introduction
	Materials and Methods
		Problem Formulation
		Material Properties
		Numerical Modelling
		Model Validation
	Results and Discussion
	Conclusions
	References
30 Nonlinear Analysis of Soil Pile Interaction Under Seismic Loads
	Introduction
		Problem Definition
	Numerical Modelling
		Finite Element Mesh Generation
		Boundary Conditions
	Results and Discussions
		Laboratory Test Results
		Numerical Study Results
	Conclusion
	References
31 Transient Response of Shallow Foundation Under Eccentric Static and Cyclic Load
	Introduction
	Beam on Nonlinear Winkler Foundation (BNWF) Model
		Soil Properties Used in BNWF Model
		Details of Loading Pattern
		Model Validation
	Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Interface System (ANFIS)
	Evaluation of Accuracy
	Parametric Analysis and Sensitivity Study
	Conclusions
	References
32 1D, 2D, and 3D Seismic Response Analysis of Shallow and Deep Foundation Resting on Stratified Soil Deposit
	Introduction
	Materials
	Seismic Input Motions
	Methodology and Convergence Study
	Results and Discussion
		Assessment of Displacement Response
		Assessment of Acceleration Responses
		Assessment of Excess Pore Pressure Responses
		Assessment of Excess Pore Water Pressure Ratio
	Conclusions
	References
33 Study of Shallow Soil Deposit in East Coast of India by SPT, MASW, and Crosshole Tests
	Introduction
	Site Location and Description
	Investigation Methods
		Standard Penetration Test
		Crosshole Test
		MASW Test
	Evaluation of Liquefaction
		SPT-Based Method
		VS-based Method
	Results and Discussion
		The Factor of Safety Against Liquefaction
		Differences in Results from Different Analyses
	Conclusion
	References
34 Evaluation of Site Effects Using HVSR Measurements Along Srinagar Metro Alignment, Jammu and Kashmir
	Introduction
		Microtremor HVSR (MHVSR) Method
		Study Area
	Data Acquisition and Analysis
		Data Acquisition and Field Testing
		Data Processing and Analysis
	Results and Discussion
		HVSR Measurements
		Comparison with VS30
		VS30 as Proxy for Site Amplification
	Conclusions
	References
35 Assessment of Underground Structure–Soil Interaction Under Dynamic Conditions
	Introduction
	Methodology
		Shaking Table
		Soil Selected for the Study
		Experimental Setup and Testing Conditions
		Instrumentation
		Digital Image Correlation
	Results and Discussions
		Acceleration Response of Soil and Tunnel
		Effect of Soil Displacement
		Dynamic Soil Pressure
		Displacement and Strains
	Conclusions
	References
36 Significance of Impedance Ratio in Case of Infilled-Pile Barrier for Vibration Isolation
	Introduction
	Numerical Modelling
	Results and Discussion
		Validation
		Variation of Displacement with Horizontal Distance
		Amplitude Reduction Curves
	Conclusions
	References
37 Seismic Vulnerability of Residential Buildings in Jammu City, Jammu and Kashmir
	Introduction
	Seismic Vulnerability of Structures
	Field Survey and Assessment Factors
		Demographic Framework
		Structural Specifications
	Result and Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
38 Effect of Earthquake on the Footing Placed on the Different Location of the Slope Surface
	Introduction
	Problem Description
	Methodology and Modelling
	Results and Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
39 Site-Specific GRA to Quantify Ground Motion Amplification for Bettiah Site: A Case Study
	Introduction
	Methodology
		Nonlinear Time Domain Analysis
		Excess Pore Water Pressure Generation and Dissipation Model
		Pressure-Dependent Hyperbolic Model
		Modulus Reduction and Damping Ratio Curves
		Shear Wave Velocity Profile for Soils
	Study Area
	Input Strong Ground Motion
	Results and Discussions
		Significance of Input Motion on GRA
		Significance of Subsoil Profiles on GRA
	Conclusions
	References
40 “Liquefaction Potential Study of Subsurface Soil in Southern Jorhat, Assam”
	Introduction
		Seismicity
	Existing literature
	Liquefaction
		Location of Different Bore Log Data
	Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential
		Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential, Taking into Account the Assam-Tibet Earthquake 1950 (Mw = 8.6)
	Results and Discussion
		Discussion of Result with Respect to Depth for Different Earthquake Magnitude
	Conclusion
	References
41 Determination of Seismic Bearing Capacity of Soil Using Experimentally Obtained Failure Surface
	Introduction
	Experimental Components
		Properties of Soil
		Colouring of Sand
		Acrylic Container with Graph
		Model Foundation
		1D Shaker
	Experimental Setup
	Analysis of Experimental Result
		Method of Analysis
		Determination of kh
	Result and Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
42 Impact of Low-Frequency Ground Motions on Local Site Effect of Guwahati
	Introduction
	Study Area
	Input Soil Properties
	Selection of Input Motion
	Analyses
	Conclusion
	References
43 Effect of Footing Size on the Dynamic Behaviour of Cohesionless Soil-Foundation System
	Introduction
	Experimental Details
		Setup of Experiment
		Test Pit
		Test Materials and Preparation of Foundation Bed
		Testing Procedures and Experimental Program
	Results and Discussions
	Summary and Conclusions
	References
44 Plasticity-Based Liquefaction Prediction Using Support Vector Machine and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System
	Introduction
	Theoretical Detail of Soft Computing Models
		Empirical Approach Based on Idriss and Boulanger [8] Method
		Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)
		Support Vector Machine (SVM)
	Study Area and Data Collection
	Data Handling and Statistical Parameters
	Results and Discussions
	Conclusion
	References
45 Effect of Shaking Pattern on Reliquefaction Potential of Solani Sand
	Introduction
	Scope of the Paper
	Experimental Procedure
		Experimental Apparatus
		Material Properties
		Loading Conditions
	Results and Discussion
		Increasing Shake Pattern
		Decreasing Shake Pattern
	Comparison with Past Studies
	Conclusions
	References
46 Failure Mechanisms of Pile-Supported Port Building in Liquefiable Sloping Ground During Earthquake
	Introduction
	Objective of This Study
	Case Study of Kandla Port Building
		Ground Response Analysis (GRA) and Liquefaction Assessment
		Factor of Safety Against Kinematic Bending Failure
		Factor of Safety Against Buckling Failure
		Failure Due to Dynamic Amplification
	Conclusion
	References
47 Development of Shear Wave Velocity Profiles Using Active MASW on Kattangal Region Soil Deposits in Calicut of Kerala
	Introduction
		National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP)
	Study Area
		Geology
		Geomorphology
		Climatic Conditions
	MASW Field Survey
	Analysing Data
		Signal Analysis
		Data Acquisition
		Modelling
		Data Processing
	Results and Interpretation
	Conclusion
	References
48 Role of Damping in Response of Hammer Foundation
	Introduction
	Literature Review
		Prevailing Method of Design of Hammer Foundation
		Indian Standard Method of Design: (IS: 2974 (Part-2)—1980) [3]
		Fulan [5]
		Chowdhury et al. [2]
	Scope and Objective
	Proposed Analysis
		Model I
		Model II
		Model III
		Model IV
	Conclusions
	References
49 Liquefaction Analysis of Earth Embankment Dam Structure
	Introduction
	Methodology
		Geometry of the Model
		Input Parameters
	Result and Discussions
		Earthquake Induced Permanent Deformations
		Effect of PGA on Settlement
		Effect of Young’s Modulus on Settlement
	Conclusion
	References