Soil and Environmental Chemistry

Front-matter_2012_Soil-and-Environmental-Chemistry
	Front matter
Copyright_2012_Soil-and-Environmental-Chemistry
	Copyright
Dedication_2012_Soil-and-Environmental-Chemistry
	Dedication
Preface_2012_Soil-and-Environmental-Chemistry
	Preface
Chapter-1---Elements--Their-Origin-and-Abu_2012_Soil-and-Environmental-Chemi
	Elements: Their Origin
and Abundance
		Introduction
		A Brief History of the Solar System and Planet Earth
		The Composition of Earth's Crust and Soils
		The Abundance of Elements in the Solar System, Earth's Crust, and Soils
		Elements and Isotopes
		Nuclear Binding Energy
		Enrichment and Depletion during Planetary Formation
		Planetary Accretion
		The Rock Cycle
		Soil Formation
		Concentration Frequency Distributions of the Elements
		Estimating the Most Probable Concentration and Concentration Range Using the LOGARITHMIC TRANSFORMATION
		Summary
		Factors Governing Nuclear Stability and Isotope Abundance
			The Table of Isotopes and Nuclear Magic Numbers
			Nuclear Magic Numbers
		Nucleosynthesis
			Nuclear Reactions
			Nuclear Fusion
			Neutron Capture
			Cosmic Ray Spallation
			Transuranium Elements
		Thermonuclear FUSION Cycles
			The CNO Cycle
			The Triple-Alpha Process
			Carbon Burning
		Neutron-Emitting Reactions that Sustain the S-Process
		Random Sequential Dilutions and the Law of Proportionate Effect
		The Estimate of Central Tendency and Variation of a Log-Normal Distribution
Chapter-2---Soil-Moisture-and-Hydrology_2012_Soil-and-Environmental-Chemistr
	Soil Moisture and Hydrology
		Introduction
		Water Resources and the Hydrologic Cycle
		Water Budgets
		Residence Time and Runoff Ratios
		Groundwater Hydrology
			Water in the Porosphere
			Hydrologic Units
			Darcy's Law
			Hydrostatic Heads and Hydrostatic Gradients
			Intrinsic Permeability
			Groundwater Flow Nets
		Vadose Zone Hydrology
			Capillary Forces
			Soil Moisture Zones
			The Water Characteristic Curve and Vadose Zone Hydraulic Conductivity
		Elementary Solute Transport Models
			The Retardation Coefficient Model
			Plate Theory: Multiple Sequential Partitioning
		Summary
		Soil Moisture Recharge and Loss
		The Water-Holding Capacity of a Soil Profile
		Predicting Capillary Rise
		Symbols and Units in the Derivation of the Retardation Coefficient Model of Solute Transport
		Symbols and Units in the Derivation of the Plate Theory Model of Solute Transport
		Empirical Water Characteristic Function and Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity
Chapter-3---Clay-Mineralogy-and-Clay-Chemi_2012_Soil-and-Environmental-Chemi
	Clay Mineralogy and Clay Chemistry
		Introduction
		Mineral Weathering
			Mineralogy
				The Jackson Weathering Sequence
				Chemical Weathering Reactions
		The Structure of Layer Silicates
			Coordination Polyhedra
			The Phyllosilicate Tetrahedral Sheet
			The Phyllosilicate Octahedral Sheet
			Kaolinite Layer Structure
			Talc Layer Structure
			Mica-Illite Layer Structure
			Chlorite and Hydroxy-Interlayered Smectite Layer Structure
			Layer Structure of the Swelling Clay Minerals: Smectite and Vermiculite
				The Swelling of Smectite and Vermiculite Clay Minerals
				Structure of the Hydrated Clay Mineral Interlayer
				Clay Colloids
		Formal Oxidation Numbers
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				Olivine
				Hedenbergite (Pyroxene)
				Goethite
		The Geometry of Pauling's Radius Ratio Rule
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				Trigonal
				Tetrahedron
				Octahedron
		Bragg's Law and X-Ray Diffraction in Layer Silicates
		Osmotic Model of Interlayer Swelling Pressure
		Experimental Estimates of Interlayer Swelling Pressure
Chapter-4---Ion-Exchange_2012_Soil-and-Environmental-Chemistry
	Ion Exchange
		Introduction
		The Discovery of Ion Exchange
		Ion Exchange Experiments
			Preparing Clay Saturated with a Single Cation
			Measuring Cation Exchange Capacity
			Measuring the Cation Exchange Isotherm
			Selectivity Coefficients and the Exchange Isotherm
		Interpreting the Ion Exchange Isotherm
			The Ion Exchange Isotherm for Symmetric Exchange
			The Ion Exchange Isotherm for Asymmetric Exchange
			Effect of Ionic Strength on the Ion Exchange Isotherm
			Effect of Ion Selectivity on the Ion Exchange Isotherm
				Physical Basis for Ion Selectivity
			Other Influences on the Ion Exchange Isotherm
		Summary
		Thermodynamic and Conditional Selectivity Coefficients
		Nonlinear Least Square Fitting of Exchange Isotherms
		Equivalent Fraction-Dependent Selectivity Coefficient for (Mg2+, Ca2+) Exchange on the Libby Vermiculite
Chapter-5---Water-Chemistry_2012_Soil-and-Environmental-Chemistry
	Water Chemistry
		The Equilibrium Constant
			Thermodynamic Functions for Chemical Reactions
			Gibbs Energy of Reaction and the Equilibrium Constant
		Activity and the Equilibrium Constant
			Concentrations and Activity
			Ionic Strength I
			Empirical Ion Activity Coefficient Expressions
		Modeling Water Chemistry
			Simple Equilibrium Systems
				Hydrolysis of a Weak Monoprotic Acid
				Aqueous Solubility of an Ionic Compound
				Henry's Law: Aqueous Solubility of Gases
				Hydrolysis of a Weak Diprotic Base
				Simultaneous Equilibrium: Aqueous Solubility of Two Ionic Solids
				Simultaneous Equilibrium: The Effect of pH on the Solubility of a Mineral
				Simultaneous Equilibrium: The Effect of Ion Complexes on the Solubility of a Mineral
			Water Chemistry Simulations
				The Importance of Validating Water Chemistry Simulations
				Modeling the Hydrolysis of Weak Monoprotic Acids or Bases
				Modeling Mineral Solubility
				ChemEQL Treatment of Hydrogen Ion Activity
				Henry's Law: Aqueous Solubility of Gases
				Modeling Simultaneous Equilibrium: Aqueous Solubility of Two Ionic Solids
				Modeling Simultaneous Equilibrium: the Effect of pH on the Solubility of a Mineral
			Modeling the Chemistry of Environmental Samples: Groundwater, Soil Pore Water, and Surface Water
				The Gibbs Phase Rule
				Phase Rule Examples
				Reaction Quotients and Saturation Indices
				Logarithmic Activity Diagrams
		Summary
		ChemEQL Result Data File Format
		Validating Water Chemistry Simulations
		Validation Assessment for Examples 5.13 and 5.16
			Example 5.13: Gypsum Solubility
			Example 5.16: Gibbsite Solubility
		Cinnabar Solubility in an Open System Containing the Gas Dihydrogen Sulfide
		Simultaneous Calcite-Apatite-Pyromorphite Solubility
		Simultaneous Gibbsite-Variscite Solubility
		Apatite Solubility as a Function of pH
		Effect of the Citrate on the Solubility of the Calcium Phosphate Mineral Apatite
		Effect of the Bacterial Siderophore Desferrioxamine B on the Solubility of the Iron Oxyhydroxide Goethite
Chapter-6---Natural-Organic-Matter-and-Humic_2012_Soil-and-Environmental-Che
	Natural Organic Matter and Humic Colloids
		Introduction
		Soil Carbon Cycle
			Carbon Fixation
			Carbon Mineralization
			Oxidation of Organic Compounds by Dioxygen
		Soil Carbon
			Carbon Turnover Models
			Soil Carbon Pools
		Dissolved Organic Carbon
			Organic Acids
			Amino Acids
			Extracellular Enzymes
			Siderophores
			Biosurfactants
		Humic Substances
			Extraction and Fractionation
			Elemental Composition
			Chemical Composition
				Acidometric Titration
				Nitrogen-15 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
				Nitrogen-Containing Chemical Moieties in Humic Substances
				Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
				Phosphorus-Containing Chemical Moieties in Humic Substances
				Sulfur K-edge X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
				Sulfur-Containing Chemical Moieties in Humic Substances
				Hydrogen-1 and Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
				Quantifying Carboxyl Moieties in Humic Substances
		Humic Colloids
		Summary
		Hydroxamate and Catecholamide Siderophore Moieties
		Surface Microlayers
		Humic Oxygen Content and Titratable Weak Acids
		Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Colloids
Chapter-7---Acid-Base-Chemistry_2012_Soil-and-Environmental-Chemistry
	Acid-Base Chemistry
		Introduction
		Principles of Acid-Base Chemistry
			Dissociation: The Arrhenius Model of Acid-Base Reactions
			Hydrogen Ion Transfer: the Brønsted-Lowery Model of Acid-Base Reactions
			Conjugate Acids and Bases
			Defining Acid and Base Strength
				Acidity and Basicity
			Water Reference Level
			The Aqueous Carbon Dioxide Reference Level
		Sources of Environmental Acidity and Basicity
			Chemical Weathering of Rocks and Minerals
			Silicate Rocks
			Carbonate Rocks
			Sulfide Minerals
			Evaporite Rocks
		Atmospheric Gases
			Carbon Dioxide: Above Ground
			Carbon Dioxide: Below Ground
			Sulfur Oxides
			Nitrogen Oxides
		Ammonia-Based Fertilizers and Biomass Harvesting
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				Nitrogen Cycling in Natural Landscapes
		Charge Balancing in Plant Tissue and the Rhizosphere
			Water Alkalinity
			Carbonate Alkalinity
			Silicate Alkalinity
			The Methyl Orange End-Point
			Mineral Acidity
		Mechanical Properties of Clay Colloids and Soil Sodicity
			Clay Plasticity and Soil Mechanical Properties
			Clay Content and Granular Particle Contacts
			Sodicity
			Sodium-Ion Accumulation on the Clay Exchange Complex: ESP
			Pore Water Electrical Conductivity ECW
			Extreme Alkalinity: Soil pH>8.4
			Predicting Changes in Pore Water SAR
		Exchangeable Acidity
			Exchangeable Calcium and Soil Alkalinity
			Gibbsite Solubility
			The Role of Asymmetric (Al3+,Ca2+) Exchange
			Neutralizing Exchangeable Soil Acidity
		Summary
		Buffer Index
		Converting Mass Fraction to Sum-of-Oxides Composition
		Saturation Effect: Atmospheric Conversion of Sulfur Trioxide to Sulfuric Acid
		Bicarbonate and Carbonate Reference Levels
		Calculating the pH of a Sodium Carbonate Solution
		Calculating the Aqueous Carbon Dioxide Concentration in a Weak Base Solution
		Ion Exchange Isotherm for Asymmetric (Ca2+, Al3+) Exchange
		The Effect of (Na+, Ca2+) Exchange on the Critical Coagulation Concentration of Montmorillonite
		Predicting Changes in SAR by Water Chemistry Simulation
Chapter-8---Redox-Chemistry_2012_Soil-and-Environmental-Chemistry
	Redox Chemistry
		Introduction
		Redox Principles
			Formal Oxidation Numbers
			Balancing Reduction Half Reactions
			Reduction Half Reactions and Electrochemical Cells
			The Nernst Equation
		Interpreting Redox Stability Diagrams
			Environmental Redox Conditions
			Measuring Environmental Reduction Potentials Using Platinum Oxidation-Reduction Electrodes
			Pourbaix Stability Diagrams: Preparation and Interpretation
			Water Stability Limits
			The Solute-Solute Reduction Boundary
			The Solute-Solute Hydrolysis Boundary
			The Solute-Precipitate Boundary
			The Solute-Precipitate Reduction Boundary
			The Precipitate-Precipitate Reduction Boundary
			Simple Rules for Interpreting Pourbaix Diagrams
		Microbial Respiration and Electron Transport Chains
			Catabolism and Respiration
			Electron Transport Chains
				Aerobic Electron Transport Chains
				Facultative and Obligate Anaerobes
				Fermentative Anaerobic Bacteria
				Nitrate Respiratory Chain of Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria
				Ferric Iron Respiratory Chain of Metal-Reducing Bacteria
				Sulfate Respiratory Chain of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria
				Methanogenic Anaerobic Archaea
			Environmental Redox Conditions and Microbial Respiration
		Summary
		Assigning Formal Oxidation Numbers
		Converting (pe, pH) Redox Coordinates into (EH, pH) Coordinates
		Limitations in the Measurement of the Environmental Reduction Potential Using Platinum ORP Electrodes
Chapter-9---Adsorption-and-Surface-Chemis_2012_Soil-and-Environmental-Chemis
	Adsorption and Surface Chemistry
		Introduction
		Mineral and Organic Colloids as Environmental Adsorbents
		The Adsorption Isotherm Experiment
		Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Colloids
		Interpreting the Adsorption Isotherm Experiment
			The Langmuir Adsorption Model
			Ion Exchange Adsorption Isotherms
			Linear Adsorption or Partitioning Model
		Variable-Charge Mineral Surfaces
		The Adsorption Envelope Experiment: Measuring pH-Dependent Ion Adsorption
			Adsorption Edges
			Measuring pH-Dependent Surface Charge
			Proton Surface Charge Sites
		Valence Bond Model of Proton Sites
			Interpreting pH-Dependent Ion Adsorption Experiments
		Surface Complexes
		Summary
		Particle Sedimentation Rates in Water: Stokes's Law
		Linear Langmuir Expression
		Hydrolysis Model of Proton Sites
Chapter-10---Risk-Assessment_2012_Soil-and-Environmental-Chemistry
	Risk Assessment
		Introduction
		The Federal Risk Assessment Paradigm
			Risk Assessment
			Risk Management and Mitigation
		Dose-Response Assessment
			Dose-Response Distributions
			The No-Threshold One-Hit Model
			Low-Dose Extrapolation of Noncarcinogenic Response Functions
			Estimating the Steady-State Body Burden
			Reference Dose RfD
			Low-Dose Extrapolation of Carcinogenic Response Functions
		Exposure Pathway Assessment
			Receptors
			Exposure Routes
			Exposure Points
			Fate and Transport
			Primary and Secondary Sources
			Exposure Assessment
		Intake Estimates
			Averaging Time
			Exposure Factors
		Risk Characterization
			The Incremental Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk
			The Hazard Quotient
		Exposure Mitigation
		Summary
		Chemical- and Site-Specific Factors that May Affect Contaminant Transport by Surface Water
		Chemical- and Site-Specific Factors that May Affect Contaminant Transport by Groundwater
		Chemical- and Site-Specific Factors that May Affect Contaminant Transport Involving Soils or Sediments
		Chemical- and Site-Specific Factors that May Affect Contaminant Transport Involving Air and Biota
		Water Ingestion Equation
		Soil Ingestion Equation
		Food Ingestion Equation
		Air Inhalation Equation
		Hazard Index-Cumulative Noncarcinogenic Risk
		Cumulative Target Risk-Cumulative carcinogenic Risk
No-title-available_2012_Soil-and-Environmental-Chemistry
	References
No-title-available_2012_Soil-and-Environmental-Chemistry1
	Index