Sociology: A Study of the Social Sphere

Cover
Contents
Preface
About the Author
Acknowledgements
Part I: Invitation to Sociology
	Chapter 1: What is Sociology?
		Introduction
		Sociology as a Science of the Social Sphere
		Intellectual Foundations of Social Sciences
		The Beginnings of Sociology and Anthropology
		The Contribution of Pioneers
		Formalization of the Discipline
		Sociology: Moving towards Becoming a Science
		Endnotes
	Chapter 2: Sociology in India
		Entry of Sociology into the Indian Academia
		Key Emphases in Indian Sociology
		Endnotes
Part II: Conceptual Framework
	Chapter 3: Defining Society
		The Term Sociosphere
		Social Interactions
		Endnotes
	Chapter 4: Contours of Culture
		Man—the Culture-bearing and Culture-building Animal
		Biological Gifts to Man
		Beginnings of Culture
		Living Cultures of Man: Evolutionary Ladder
		Definition of Culture
		Attributes of Culture
		Components of Culture
		The Phenomenon of Sandwich Culture
		Appendix 4.1
		Appendix 4.2
		Endnotes
	Chapter 5: Social Groups: Conceptual Framework
		What is a Group?
		Group Size and type of Interactions
			Sub-Groups
			Summary
		Typology of Groups
			Reference Group
		Endnotes
	Chapter 6: Communities, Associations and Formal Organizations
		The Concept of Community
		Definition of the Concept of Community
		Formal Groups: Associations and Organizations
			Association
			Formal Organizations: Bureaucracy
			Bureaucracy in Operation: The Pathology and Dysfunctions
		Bureaucracy and Nation-building:
A Post Script
		Alliances, Coalitions and Networks
			Short-lived Alliances at the Level of Individuals
			Networks
		Endnotes
	Chapter 7: Social Interactions and Social Structure: Status and Role
		Preliminary Remarks
		Individuals as Status Holders and Role Players
		Situation of Social Interaction
		Concept of Status and Role
			Status Set and Role Set
		Ascribed and Achieved Status
			Ascribed Status
			Achieved Status
		Status Exit or Role Exit
		Master Status
		Status Sequence and Role Sequence
		Status Conflict and Role Conflict
		Summary
		Endnotes
	Chapter 8: Structural-Functional Analysis
		Introduction
		Functional Prerequisites and Requisites
		Handling Functional Problems: The Agil Model
		Input-output Model
		Functional Analysis
			The Concept of Function
			Manifest and Latent Functions
			Functions and Dysfunctions
			Functional Equivalents or Alternatives
		Endnotes
Part III: Recruitment Dimension
	Chapter 9: Family, Marriage and Kinship
		The Replacement and Recruitment Dimension
		Omnipresence of the Institution of Family
		Biological Bases of the Family
		Definition of the Family
			The Nuclear Family
			Kinship Relation
			Typology of Family
		Monogamous Families
			Nuclear Family (Also Called Simple or Elementary Family
			Nuclear Family with Adhesions and/or Adjuncts)
			Compound Family
			Stem Family
			Extended Family or Joint Family
			Incomplete Family
		Polygamous Families
			Typology Based on Residence
		Kinship Extensions
			Kingroup
			Other Aspects of Kinship
		Endnotes
	Chapter 10: Prelude to Family: Marriage
		A Note on Incest Taboo
		Exogamy and Endogamy
		Preferred Marriage
		The Family in the Philippines, Thailandand Japan
			The Philippines 14
			Japan
			Thailand
		Endnotes
	Chapter 11: Marriage, Family and Kinship in India
		Matrilineal Families in India
			The Khasis
			The Garo
			The Nayars
		The Patrilineal Families with Special Reference to the Hindu Family
			Family in Hindu Scriptures
			A Note on the Joint Family
			Family in Contemporary India
			Family in a Kashmir Village
		A Case Study from a Kashmir Village
			Family in the Villages of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh
			Family Types on The Basis of Census Enumeration
		Endnotes
Part IV: Growing Up in a Society
	Chapter 12: Socialization and Enculturation
		Society and Environment
			Heredity and Man-Made Environment
			Heredity and Physical Environment
		Socialization
			Stages of Development
			Agents and Content of Socialization
		Final Word
		A Note on Political Socialization
		Endnotes
	Chapter 13: From Socialization to Schooling: The Broader Canvas of Education
		Education: A Sociological Perspective
		Education: Beyond Initial Socialization
		Institutionalization of Learning: From Family to School
		Education and Development
			Role of Education in Development
			Development of Education
			Impact of Development on Education
		Endnotes
Part V: Internal Ranks and Divisions
	Chapter 14: Social Stratification: Theories and Related Concepts
		Introductory Remarks
		The Concept of Stratification
		Theories of Social Stratification
			Formulation of Karl Marx (1818–83)
			Counter Theory of Max Weber (1864–1920)
			Functionalist Interpretation
		Societal Dividers
			Differentiation on the Basis of Ascription
			Differentiation on the Basis of Achievement Criteria
		Endnotes
	Chapter 15: Race, Tribe, Caste and Class
		Race
		Tribe
		Caste: Vaena and Jati
		The Many uses of the term Caste in the Indian Context
			The Dominant Caste
		Class
			Evaluated Participation or EP
			Index of Status Characteristics (ISC)
		Appendix 15.1 The Race Question
		Appendix 15.2 Unesco Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice
		Endnotes
	Chapter 16: Poverty and the Poor
		Poverty of Nations
		Poverty within a Nation: The Poorregions and the Poor Families
		How to Identify the Poor?
		Measuring Poverty: Concepts and methods
			UNDP Measures for Poverty
			Measures Employed in the Countries-in-Transition
			Poverty Line Measure in India
		Final Comment
		Appendix 16.1
		Endnotes
Part VI: Change in Society
	Chapter 17: Social Change—I: Situating Change in Sociological Theory
		Endnotes
	Chapter 18: Social Change—II: Reconstructing the Past
		Unilinear Evolution: The Staircase Theory
		Multilinear Evolutionism
		Diffusionist Theories
		Civilizational Approach to Change
			Oswald Spengler: The Decline of the West
			Arnold Toynbee: The Study of History
			Pitirim Sorokin: Change in Cultural Mentalities
		General Observations on Methodology for the Study of Change in the Context of the non-West
		Concluding Remarks
		Endnotes
	Chapter 19: Social Change—III: Focus on the Present
		Preliminary Observations
		The Present as a Processual Product
		Social Deviation and Anomie
			Factors Promoting Conformity
			Factors Leading to Deviation and Anomie
		Social Change as a Consequence of Growth
			Demographic Change
			Social Effects of Innovation
		The Concept of Cultural Lag
		Improving the Present: Managing Change
			The Concept of Modernization
			The Development Process in Developing Countries
			Indian Experience in Development
			From Modernity to Post-Modernity
		Final Comment
		Endnotes
	Chapter 20: Fashioning the Future
		Why Future Studies?
		Key Concerns Regarding the Future of Cultures
		Future Studies
			The Contributions of Alvin Toffler
			Daniel Bell on Post-Industrial Society
		Definition and Characteristics of Futures Studies
		Methodology for Futures Studies
			Subjective or Intuitive Methods
			Objective Methods
		Vision for India 2020: Summary of a Massive Exercise
		Final Comment
		Endnotes
Bibliography
Index