Sociology: A Down-To-Earth Approach

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Special Features
Guide to Social Maps
To the Student … from the Author
To the Instructor … from the Author
New to This Edition
Acknowledgments
A Note from the Publisheron the Supplements
About the Author
1 The Sociological Perspective
	The Sociological Perspective
		Seeing the Broader Social Context
		The Global Context—and the Local
	Sociology and the Other Sciences
		The Natural Sciences
		The Social Sciences
			Anthropology
			Economics
			Political Science
			Psychology
			Sociology
		The Goals of Science
		The Risks of Being a Sociologist
	Origins of Sociology
		Tradition versus Science
		Auguste Comte and Positivism
		Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism
		Karl Marx and Class Conflict
		Emile Durkheim and Social Integration
			Applying Durkheim
		Max Weber and the Protestant Ethic
			Religion and the Origin of Capitalism
	Values in Sociological Research
	Verstehen and Social Facts
		Weber and Verstehen
		Durkheim and Social Facts
		How Social Facts and Verstehen Fit Together
	Sociology in North America
		Sexism at the Time: Women in Early Sociology
		Racism at the Time: W. E. B. Du Bois
		Jane Addams: Sociologist and Social Reformer
		Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills: Theory versus Reform
		The Continuing Tension: Basic, Applied, and Public Sociology
			Basic Sociology
			Applied Sociology
			Public Sociology
			Social Reform is Risky
	Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology
		Symbolic Interactionism
			Symbols in Everyday Life
			Applying Symbolic Interactionism
		Functional Analysis
			Robert Merton and Functionalism
			Applying Functional Analysis
		Conflict Theory
			Karl Marx and Conflict Theory
			Conflict Theory Today
			Feminists and Conflict Theory
			Applying Conflict Theory
		Putting the Theoretical Perspectives Together
		Levels of Analysis: Macro and Micro
	Trends Shaping the Future of Sociology
		Tension in Sociology: Research Versus Reform
			Three Stages in Sociology
			Diversity of Orientations
		Globalization
			How Globalization Applies to This Text
	Summary and Review
	Thinking Critically about Chapter 1
2 Culture
	What Is Culture?
		Culture and Taken-for-Granted Orientations to Life
		Practicing Cultural Relativism
			Attack on Cultural Relativism
	Components of Symbolic Culture
		Gestures
			Misunderstanding and Offense
			Universal Gestures?
		Language
			Language Allows Human Experience to Be Cumulative
			Language Provides a Social or Shared Past
			Language Provides a Social or Shared Future
			Language Allows Shared Perspectives
			Language Allows Shared, Goal-Directed Behavior
		Language and Perception: The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
		Values, Norms, and Sanctions
		Folkways, Mores, and Taboos
	Many Cultural Worlds
		Subcultures
		Countercultures
	Values in U.S. Society
		An Overview of U.S. Values
		Value Clusters
		Value Contradictions
		An Emerging Value Cluster
		When Values Clash
		Values as Distorting Lenses
		“Ideal” Culture Versus “Real” Culture
	Cultural Universals
	Sociobiology and Human Behavior
	Technology in the Global Village
		New Technology
		Cultural Lag and Cultural Change
		Technology and Cultural Leveling
			Cultural Diffusion
			Communication and Travel
			Cultural Leveling
	Summary and Review
	Thinking Critically about Chapter 2
3 Socialization
	Society Makes Us Human
		Feral Children
		Isolated Children
		Institutionalized Children
			The Orphanage Experiment in the United States
			The Orphanage Experiment in Romania
			Timing and Human Development: The Case of Genie
		Deprived Animals
	Socialization into the Self and Mind
		Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self
		Mead and Role Taking
		Piaget and the Development of Reasoning
		Global Aspects of the Self and Reasoning
	Learning Personality, Morality, and Emotions
		Freud and the Development of Personality
		Sociological Evaluation
		Kohlberg and the Development of Morality
			Kohlberg’s Theory
			Criticisms of Kohlberg
			Research with Babies
			The Cultural Relativity of Morality
		Socialization into Emotions
			Global Emotions
			Expressing Emotions: “Gender Rules”
			The Extent of “Feeling Rules”
			What We Feel
			Research Needed
		Society within Us: The Self and Emotions as a Social Mirror
	Socialization into Gender
		Learning the Gender Map
		Gender Messages in the Family
			Parents
			Toys and Play
			Same-Sex Parents
		Gender Messages from Peers
		Gender Messages in the Mass Media
			Television, Movies, and Cartoons
			Video Games
			Advertising
	Agents of Socialization
		The Family
			Social Class and Type of Work
			Social Class and Play
		The Neighborhood
		Religion
		Day Care
		The School
		Peer Groups
		The Workplace
	Resocialization
		Total Institutions
	Socialization through the Life Course
		Childhood (from birth to about age 12)
		Adolescence (ages 13–17)
		Transitional Adulthood (ages 18–29)
			“Bring Your Parents to Work Day”
		The Middle Years (ages 30–65)
			The Early Middle Years (ages 30–49)
			The Later Middle Years (ages 50–65)
		The Older Years (about age 65 On)
			The Transitional Older Years (ages 65–74)
			The Later Older Years (age 75 or so)
	Are We Prisoners of Socialization?
	Summary and Review
	Thinking Critically about Chapter 3
4 Social Structure and Social Interaction
	Levels of Sociological Analysis
		Macrosociology and Microsociology
	The Macrosociological Perspective: Social Structure
	The Sociological Significance of Social Structure
	Components of Social Structure
		Culture
		Social Class
		Social Status
			Status Sets
			Ascribed and Achieved Statuses
			Status Symbols
			Master Statuses
			Status Inconsistency
		Roles
		Groups
	Social Institutions
		Comparing Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives
			The Functionalist Perspective
			The Conflict Perspective
	Changes in Social Structure
		What Holds Society Together?
			Mechanical and Organic Solidarity
			Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
			How Relevant are these Concepts Today?
	The Microsociological Perspective: Social Interaction In Everyday Life
	Symbolic Interaction
		Stereotypes in Everyday Life
		Personal Space
		Eye Contact
		Smiling
		Body Language
			Applied Body Language
	Dramaturgy: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life
		Stages
		Role Performance, Conflict, and Strain
		Sign-Vehicles
		Teamwork
		Becoming the Roles We Play
			Applying Impression Management
	Ethnomethodology: Uncovering Background Assumptions
	The Social Construction of Reality
		Gynecological Examinations
	The Need for Both Macrosociology and Microsociology
	Summary and Review
	Thinking Critically about Chapter 4
5 How Sociologists Do Research
	What Is a Valid Sociological Topic?
	Common Sense and the Need for Sociological Research
	A Research Model
		1. Selecting a Topic
		2. Defining the Problem
		3. Reviewing the Literature
		4. Formulating a Hypothesis
		5. Choosing a Research Method
		6. Collecting the Data
		7. Analyzing the Results
		8. Sharing the Results
	Research Methods (Designs)
		Surveys
			Selecting a Sample
			Asking Neutral Questions
			Questionnaires and Interviews
			Establishing Rapport
		Participant Observation (Fieldwork)
		Case Studies
		Secondary Analysis
		Analysis of Documents
		Experiments
		Unobtrusive Measures
		Deciding Which Method to Use
		Controversy in Sociological Research
	Gender in Sociological Research
	Ethics in Sociological Research
		Protecting the Subjects: The Brajuha Research
		Misleading the Subjects: The Humphreys Research
	How Research and Theory Work Together
		The Real World: When the Ideal Meets the Real
		Connecting Research and Theory
	Summary and Review
	Thinking Critically about Chapter 5
6 Societies to Social Networks
	Societies and Their Transformation
		Hunting and Gathering Societies
		Pastoral and Horticultural Societies
		Agricultural Societies
		Industrial Societies
		Postindustrial (Information) Societies
		Biotech Societies: Is a New Type of Society Emerging?
	Groups within Society
		Primary Groups
			Producing a Mirror Within
		Secondary Groups
		In-Groups and Out-Groups
			Shaping Perception and Morality
		Reference Groups
			Evaluating Ourselves
			Exposure to Contradictory Standards in a Diverse Society
		Social Networks
			The Small World Phenomenon
			Is the Small World Phenomenon an Academic Myth?
			Building Unintentional Barriers
	Group Dynamics
		Effects of Group Size on Stability and Intimacy
		Effects of Group Size on Attitudes and Behavior
			Laboratory Findings and the Real World
		Leadership
			Who Becomes a Leader?
			Types of Leaders
			Leadership Styles
			Leadership Styles in Changing Situations
		The Power of Peer Pressure: The Asch Experiment
		The Power of Authority: The Milgram Experiment
		Individual and Global Consequences of Group Dynamics: Groupthink
			Preventing Groupthink
	Summary and Review
	Thinking Critically about Chapter 6
7 Bureaucracy and Formal Organizations
	The Rationalization of Society
		Why Did Society Make a Deep Shift in Human Relationships?
			Life in Traditional Societies
			The Shift to Rationality as Societies Industrialized
		Marx: Capitalism Broke Tradition
		Weber: Religion Broke Tradition
			The Two Views Today
	Formal Organizations and Bureaucracies
		Formal Organizations
		The Characteristics of Bureaucracies
		“Ideal” versus “Real” Bureaucracy
		Goal Displacement and the Perpetuation of Bureaucracies
		Dysfunctions of Bureaucracies
			Red Tape: a Rule Is a Rule
			Lack of Communication between Units
			Bureaucratic Incompetence
		Alienation of Workers
			Causes of Alienation
			The Alienated Bureaucrat
			Resisting Alienation
		Finding Success at Work
	Voluntary Associations
		Functions of Voluntary Associations
		Motivations for Joining
		The Inner Circle and the “Iron Law” of Oligarchy
			The Inner Circle
			The Iron Law of Oligarchy
	Working for the Corporation
		Humanizing the Work Setting
			Empowering Workers Through Work Teams
			Strengths-Based Management
			Corporate Child Care
			The Conflict Perspective
		Fads in Corporate Culture
		Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes in the “Hidden” Corporate Culture
			Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes and Promotions
		Diversity in the Workplace
	Technology and the Maximumsecurity Society
	Summary and Review
	Thinking Critically about Chapter 7
8 Deviance and Social Control
	What Is Deviance?
		A Neutral Term
			Stigma
		Deviance Is Relative
		How Norms Make Social Life Possible
		Sanctions
	Competing Explanations of Deviance: Sociobiology, Psychology, and Sociology
		Biosocial Explanations
		Psychological Explanations
		Sociological Explanations
	The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
		Differential Association Theory
			The Theory
			Families
			Friends, Neighborhoods, and Subcultures
			Differential Association in the Cyber Age
			Prison or Freedom?
		Control Theory
			The Theory
		Labeling Theory
			Rejecting Labels: How People Neutralize Deviance
			Embracing Labels: The Example of Outlaw Bikers
			Labels Can Be Powerful
			How Do Labels Work?
	The Functionalist Perspective
		Can Deviance Really Be Functional for Society?
		Strain Theory: How Mainstream Values Produce Deviance
			Four Deviant Paths
		Illegitimate Opportunity Structures: Social Class and Crime
			Street Crime
			White-Collar Crime
			Gender and Crime
	The Conflict Perspective
		Class, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System
		The Criminal Justice System as an Instrument of Oppression
	Reactions to Deviance
		Street Crime and Prisons
		The Decline of Violent Crime
		Recidivism
		The Death Penalty and Bias
			Geography
			Social Class
			Gender
			Race–Ethnicity
		The Trouble with Official Statistics
		The Medicalization of Deviance: Mental Illness
			Neither Mental Nor Illness?
			The Homeless Mentally Ill
		The Need for a More Humane Approach
	Summary and Review
	Thinking Critically about Chapter 8
9 Global Stratification
	Systems of Social Stratification
		Slavery
			Causes of Slavery
			Conditions of Slavery
			Bonded Labor in the New World
			Slavery in the New World
			Slavery Today
		Caste
			India’s Religious Castes
			South Africa
			A U.S. Racial Caste System
		Estate
			Women in the Estate System
		Class
		Global Stratification and the Status of Females
		The Global Superclass
	What Determines Social Class?
		Karl Marx: The Means of Production
		Max Weber: Property, Power, and Prestige
	Why Is Social Stratification Universal?
		The Functionalist View: Motivating Qualified People
			Davis and Moore’s Explanation
			Tumin’s Critique of Davis and Moore
		The Conflict Perspective: Class Conflict and Scarce Resources
			Mosca’s Argument
			Marx’s Argument
			Current Applications of Conflict Theory
		Lenski’s Synthesis
	How Do Elites Maintain Stratification?
		Soft Control versus Force
			Controlling People’s Ideas
			Controlling Information
			Stifling Criticism
			Big Brother Technology
	Comparative Social Stratification
		Social Stratification in Great Britain
		Social Stratification in the Former Soviet Union
	Global Stratification: Three Worlds
		The Most Industrialized Nations
		The Industrializing Nations
		The Least Industrialized Nations
		Modifying the Model
	How Did the World’s Nations Become Stratified?
		Colonialism
		World System Theory
		Culture of Poverty
		Evaluating the Theories
	Maintaining Global Stratification
		Neocolonialism
			Relevance Today
		Multinational Corporations
			Buying Political Stability
			Unanticipated Consequences
		Technology and Global Domination
	Strains in the Global System: Uneasy Realignments
	Summary and Review
	Thinking Critically about Chapter 9
10 Social Class in the United States
	What Is Social Class?
		Property
			Distinguishing Between Wealth and Income
			Distribution of Property
			Distribution of Income
		Power
			The Democratic Facade
			The Power Elite
		Prestige
			Occupations and Prestige
			Displaying Prestige
		Status Inconsistency
	Sociological Models of Social Class
		Updating Marx
		Updating Weber
			The Capitalist Class
			The Upper-Middle Class
			The Lower-Middle Class
			The Working Class
			The Working Poor
			The Underclass
	Consequences of Social Class
		Physical Health
		Mental Health
		Family Life
			Choice of Husband or Wife
			Divorce
			Child Rearing
		Education
		Religion
		Politics
		Crime and Criminal Justice
	Social Mobility
		Three Types of Social Mobility
		Women in Studies of Social Mobility
		The Pain of Social Mobility: Two Distinct Worlds
	Poverty
		Drawing the Poverty Line
		Who Are the Poor?
			Breaking a Myth
			The Geography of Poverty
			Education
			Family Structure: The Feminization of Poverty
			Race–Ethnicity
			Age and Poverty
		Children of Poverty
	The Dynamics of Poverty versus the Culture of Poverty
		Why Are People Poor?
		Deferred Gratification
		Where Is Horatio Alger? The Social Functions of a Myth
	Peering into the Future: Will We Live in a Three-Tier Society?
	Summary and Review
	Thinking Critically about Chapter 10
11 Sex and Gender
	Sex, Gender, and Inequality
		The Sociological Significance of Gender: Opening and Closing Doors to Property, Power, and Prestige
		Gender Differences in Behavior: Biology or Culture?
		The Dominant Position in Sociology
		Opening the Door to Biology
			A Medical Accident
			The Vietnam Veterans Study
			More Research on Humans
	Gender Inequality in Global Perspective
		How Did Females Become a Minority Group?
			Human Reproduction
			Hand-to-Hand Combat
			Which One?
			Continuing Dominance
		Sex Typing of Work
		Gender and the Prestige of Work
		Other Areas of Global Discrimination
			The Global Gap in Politics
			The Global Gap in Education
			The Global Gap in Pay
			Global Violence Against Women
	Gender Inequality in the United States
		Fighting Back: The Rise of Feminism
		Gender Inequality in Everyday Life
			Devaluation of Things Feminine
		Gender Inequality in Health Care
		Gender Inequality in Education
			The Past
			A Fundamental Change
			Gender Tracking
			Graduate School and Beyond
	Gender Inequality in the Workplace
		The Pay Gap
			Historical Background
			Geographical Factors
			The “Testosterone Bonus”
			Reasons for the Gender Pay Gap
			The Ceo Power Gap—and the New Female Premium
		Is the Glass Ceiling Cracking?
			And the Future?
		Sexual Harassment—and Worse
			Labels and Perception
			Not Just a “Man Thing”
			Sexual Orientation
	Gender and Violence
		Violence against Women
			Forcible Rape
			Date (Acquaintance) Rape
			Murder
			Violence in the Home
			Feminism and Gendered Violence
			Solutions
	The Changing Face of Politics
	Glimpsing the Future—with Hope
	Summary and Review
	Thinking Critically about Chapter 11
12 Race and Ethnicity
	Laying the Sociological Foundation
		Race: Reality and Myth
			The Reality of Human Variety
			The Myth of Pure Races
			The Myth of a Fixed Number of Races
			The Myth of Racial Superiority
			The Myth Continues
		Ethnic Groups
		Minority Groups and Dominant Groups
			Not Size, but Dominance and Discrimination
			Emergence of Minority Groups
		Ethnic Work: Constructing Our Racial–Ethnic Identity
	Prejudice and Discrimination
		Learning Prejudice
			Distinguishing Between Prejudice and Discrimination
			Learning Prejudice from Associating with Others
			The Far-Reaching Nature of Prejudice
			Internalizing Dominant Norms
		Individual and Institutional Discrimination
			Home Mortgages
			Health Care
	Theories of Prejudice
		Psychological Perspectives
			Frustration and Scapegoats
			The Authoritarian Personality
		Sociological Perspectives
			Functionalism
			Conflict Theory
			Symbolic Interactionism
			How Labels Create Prejudice
			Labels and Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes
	Global Patterns of Intergroup Relations
		Genocide
		Population Transfer
		Internal Colonialism
		Segregation
		Assimilation
		Multiculturalism (Pluralism)
	Racial–Ethnic Relations in the United States
		European Americans
		Latinos (Hispanics)
			Umbrella Term
			Countries of Origin
			Unauthorized Immigrants
			Residence
			Spanish
			Economic Well-Being
			Politics
		African Americans
			Rising Expectations and Civil Strife
			Continued Gains
			Current Losses
			Race or Social Class? A Sociological Debate
			Racism as an Everyday Burden
		Asian Americans
			A Background of Discrimination
			Diversity
			Reasons for Financial Success
			Politics
		Native Americans
			Diversity of Groups
			From Treaties to Genocide and Population Transfer
			The Invisible Minority and Self-Determination
			The Casinos
			Determining Identity and Goals
	Looking Toward the Future
		The Immigration Controversy
		The Affirmative Action Controversy
			A Brief History
			Supreme Court Rulings
			The Bamboo Curtain
			The Potential Solution
		Less Racism
		Toward a True Multicultural Society
	Summary and Review
	Thinking Critically about Chapter 12
13 Aging and the Elderly
	Aging in Global Perspective
		The Social Construction of Aging
		Industrialization and the Graying of the Globe
		The Graying of America
			Race–Ethnicity and Aging
			The Life Span
	The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
		When Are You “Old”?
			Changing Perceptions as You Age
			Four Factors in Our Decision
		Changing Perceptions of the Elderly
			Shifting Meanings
		The Influence of the Mass Media
	The Functionalist Perspective
		Disengagement Theory
			Evaluation of the Theory
		Activity Theory
			Evaluation of the Theory
		Continuity Theory
			Evaluation of the Theory
	The Conflict Perspective
		Fighting for Resources: Social Security Legislation
		“Old People Are Sucking Us Dry:” Intergenerational Competition and Conflict
		Fighting Back
			The Gray Panthers
			The American Association of Retired Persons
	Recurring Problems
		Gender and Living Arrangements of the Elderly
		Nursing Homes
			Understaffing, Dehumanization, and Death
		Elder Abuse
		The Elderly Poor
			Race–Ethnicity and Poverty
			Gender and Poverty
	The Sociology of Death and Dying
		Industrialization and the New Technology
		Death as a Process
		Hospices
		Suicide and Age
		Adjusting to Death: the Importance of “Closure”
	Looking Toward the Future
		New Views: Creative Aging
			Creative Aging
		The Impact of Technology
	Summary and Review
	Thinking Critically about Chapter 13
14 The Economy
	The Transformation of Economic Systems
		Preindustrial Societies: The Birth of Inequality
		Industrial Societies: The Birth of the Machine
		Postindustrial Societies: The Birth of the Information Age
		Biotech Societies: The Merger of Biology and Economics
		Implications for Your Life
	The Transformation of the Medium of Exchange
		Earliest Mediums of Exchange
		Medium of Exchange in Agricultural Societies
		Medium of Exchange in Industrial Societies
		Medium of Exchange in Postindustrial Societies
	World Economic Systems
		Capitalism
			What Capitalism Is
			What State Capitalism Is
			The Development of State Capitalism
		Socialism
			What Socialism Is
			Socialism in Practice
			Democratic Socialism
		Ideologies of Capitalism and Socialism
		Criticisms of Capitalism and Socialism
		The Convergence of Capitalism and Socialism
			Changes in Socialism: Convergence
			Changes in Capitalism: Convergence
			Possible Transmergence
	The Functionalist Perspective on the Globalization of Capitalism
		The New Global Division of Labor
			Work Binds us Together: Mechanical and Organic Solidarity
			The Global Division of Labor
		Capitalism in a Global Economy
			Corporate Capitalism
			Separation of Ownership and Management
		Functions and Dysfunctions on a Global Scale
	The Conflict Perspective on the Globalization of Capitalism
		Making Capitalism Flourish: Profits and Self-Interest
			Connections Between Business and Politics
			Corporate Power and Conspiracies
			Multiplying Power: Interlocking Directorships
		The Global Superclass
		Shifting Dominance and Power
		Global Investing
	Work in U.S. Society
		The Transition to Postindustrial Society
		Women and Work
			The Quiet Revolution
			Female-Male Work Styles
		The Underground Economy
		Stagnant Paychecks
		Patterns of Work and Leisure
			Work and Leisure and the Transformation of Economies
			Trends in Leisure
			Telework
			The Mobile Shift
	Global Capitalism and Our Future
		The New Economic System and the Old Divisions of Wealth
	Summary and Review
	Thinking Critically about Chapter 14
15 Politics
	Micropolitics and Macropolitics
	Power, Authority, and Violence
		Authority and Legitimate Violence
			The Collapse of Authority
		Traditional Authority
		Rational–Legal Authority
		Charismatic Authority
			The Threat Posed by Charismatic Leaders
		Authority as Ideal Type
		The Transfer of Authority
	Types of Government
		Monarchies: The Rise of the State
		Democracies: Citizenship as a Revolutionary Idea
		Dictatorships and Oligarchies: The Seizure of Power
	The U.S. Political System
		Political Parties and Elections
		Polling and Predictions
			Slices from the Center
			Third Parties
		Contrast with Democratic Systems in Europe
		Voting Patterns
			Social Integration
			Alienation
			Apathy
			The Gender and Racial–Ethnic Gaps in Voting
		Lobbyists and Special-Interest Groups
			Lobbying by Special-Interest Groups
			The Money
	Who Rules the United States?
		The Functionalist Perspective: Pluralism
		The Conflict Perspective: The Power Elite
		Which View Is Right?
	War and Terrorism: Implementing Political Objectives
		Is War Universal?
		How Common Is War?
		Why Countries Go to War
		The War Machine and the Profits of War
		Costs of War
		A Special Cost of War: Dehumanization
			Success and Failure of Dehumanization
		Terrorism
		Sowing the Seeds of Future Violence
			Selling War Technology
			Alignments and Disalignments
	What Lies Ahead? A New World Order?
		Unity and Disunity
		Inevitable Changes
	Summary and Review
	Thinking Critically about Chapter 15
16 Marriage and Family
	Marriage and Family in Global Perspective
		What Is a Family?
		What Is Marriage?
		Common Cultural Themes
			Mate Selection
			Descent
			Inheritance
			Authority
	Marriage and Family in Theoretical Perspective
		The Functionalist Perspective: Functions and Dysfunctions
			Why the Family Is Universal
			Functions of the Incest Taboo
			Isolation and Emotional Overload
		The Conflict Perspective: Struggles Between Husbands and Wives
			Inevitable Conflict
			Changing Power Relations
		The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Gender, Housework, and Child Care
			Changes in Traditional Gender Orientations
			Paid Work and Housework
			More Child Care
			Total Hours
			A Gender Division of Labor
	The Family Life Cycle
		Love and Courtship in Global Perspective
		Marriage
			The Social Channels of Love and Marriage
		Childbirth
			Ideal Family Size
			Marital Satisfaction After Childbirth
		Child Rearing
			Married Couples and Single Mothers
			Single Fathers
			Day Care
			Nannies
			Social Class
			Helicopter Parenting
			The Right Way to Rear Children
		Family Transitions
			Transitional Adulthood
			Widowhood
	Diversity in U.S. Families
		African American Families
		Latino Families
		Asian American Families
		Native American Families
		One-Parent Families
		Couples without Children
		Blended Families
		Gay and Lesbian Families
			Children Reared by Gay and Lesbian Couples
	Trends in U.S. Families
		The Changing Timetable of Family Life: Marriage and Childbirth
		Cohabitation
			Cohabitation and Marriage: The Essential Difference
			Does Cohabitation Make Marriage Stronger?
		The “Sandwich Generation” and Elder Care
	Divorce and Remarriage
		Ways of Measuring Divorce
		Divorce and Mixed Racial–Ethnic Marriages
		Symbolic Interactionism and the Misuse of Statistics
		Children of Divorce
			Negative Effects
			What Helps Children Adjust to Divorce?
			Perpetuating Divorce
		Grandchildren of Divorce: Ripples to the Future
		Fathers’ Contact with Children after Divorce
		The Ex-Spouses
		Remarriage: “I Do” Again and Again
	Two Sides of Family Life
		The Dark Side of Family Life: Battering, Child Abuse, Marital Rape, and Incest
			Spouse Battering
			Child Abuse
			Marital and Intimacy Rape
			Incest
		The Bright Side of Family Life: Successful Marriages
			Successful Marriages
	The Future of Marriage and Family
	Summary and Review
	Thinking Critically about Chapter 16
17 Education
	The Development of Modern Education
		Education in Earlier Societies
		Industrialization and Universal Education
			Hodge-Podge Education and National Disunity
			Industrialization and Mandatory Education
			The Expansion of Education
	Education in Global Perspective
		Education in the Most Industrialized Nations: Japan
		Education in the Industrializing Nations: Russia
		Education in the Least Industrialized Nations: Egypt
	The Functionalist Perspective: Providing Social Benefits
		Teaching Knowledge and Skills
		Cultural Transmission of Values
		Social Integration
			Integrating Immigrants
			Stabilizing Society: Maintaining the Status Quo
			Integrating People with Disabilities
		Gatekeeping (Social Placement)
		Replacing Family Functions
		Other Functions
			A Surprising Latent Function
	The Conflict Perspective: Perpetuating Social Inequality
		The Hidden Curriculum: Reproducing the Social Class Structure
		Tilting the Tests: Discrimination by IQ
		Stacking the Deck: Unequal Funding
		The Correspondence Principle
		The Bottom Line: Social Class and Race-Ethnicity
			Reproducing the Social Class Structure
			Reproducing the Racial–Ethnic Structure
	The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Teacher Expectations
		The Rist Research
		The Rosenthal–Jacobson Experiment
		How Do Teacher Expectations Work?
		Self-Expectations
	Problems in U.S. Education—and Their Solutions
		Mediocrity
			The Rising Tide of Mediocrity
			The SATs
		Grade Inflation, Social Promotion, and Functional Illiteracy
		Overcoming Mediocrity
			Raising Standards for Teachers
			A Warning about Higher Standards
		Cheating
			The Solution to Cheating
		Violence
	Technology and Education
	Summary and Review
	Thinking Critically about Chapter 17
18 Religion
	What Is Religion?
		Durkheim’s Research and Conclusions
		What Does Sociology Have to Do with Religion?
	The Functionalist Perspective
		Functions of Religion
			Meaning and Purpose
			Emotional Comfort
			Social Solidarity
			Social Control
			Adaptation
			Support for the Government
			Social Change
			Guidelines for Everyday Life
		Functional Equivalents of Religion
		Dysfunctions of Religion
			Religion as Justification for Persecution, War, and Terrorism
	The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
		Religious Symbols
		Rituals
		Beliefs
		Religious Experience
		Community
			Unity
			Exclusion
	The Conflict Perspective
		Opium of the People
		Legitimating Social Inequalities
	Religion and the Spirit of Capitalism
	The World’s Major Religions
		Judaism
		Christianity
		Islam
		Hinduism
		Buddhism
		Confucianism
	Types of Religious Groups
		Cult
		Sect
		Church
		Ecclesia
		Variations in Patterns
		When Religion and Culture Conflict
	Religion in the United States
		Characteristics of Members
			Social Class
			Race–Ethnicity
		Characteristics of Religious Groups
			Diversity
			Pluralism and Freedom
			Competition and Recruitment
			Commitment
			Toleration
			The Shrinkage of the Mainstream Churches
			The Fundamentalist Revival
			The Electronic Church
		Secularization of Religion and Culture
			The Secularization of Religion and the Splintering of Churches
			The Secularization of Culture
	The Future of Religion
	Summary and Review
	Thinking Critically about Chapter 18
19 Medicine and Health
	The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
		The Role of Culture in Defining Health and Illness
		The Components of Health
	The Functionalist Perspective
		The Sick Role
			Elements of the Sick Role
			Ambiguity in the Sick Role
			Gatekeepers to the Sick Role
			Gender Differences in the Sick Role
	The Conflict Perspective
		Global Stratification and Health Care
		Establishing a Monopoly on U.S. Health Care
			The Professionalization of Medicine
			The Monopoly of Medicine
	Historical Patterns of Health
		Physical Health
			Leading Causes of Death
			Were Americans Healthier in the Past?
		Mental Health
	Issues in Health Care
		Medical Care: A Right or a Commodity?
		Skyrocketing Costs
		Social Inequality
		Reducing Inequalities Health Care Reform
		Malpractice Lawsuits and Defensive Medicine
			A Paradox
		Medical Incompetence
		Depersonalization: The Medical Cash Machine
		Conflict of Interest
		Medical Fraud
		Sexism and Racism in Medicine
		The Medicalization of Society
			Theoretical Perspectives on Medcalizing Human Conditions
		Medically Assisted Suicide
		Reducing the Costs of Medical Care
	Threats to Health
		Alcohol and Nicotine
			Alcohol
			Nicotine
		Medical Errors
			Using a Checklist
			Federal Center for Patient Safety
		HIV/AIDS
			Origin
			The Transmission of Hiv/aids
			Gender, Circumcision, and Race–Ethnicity
			The Stigma of AIDS
			Is There a Cure for AIDS?
		Weight: Too Much and Too Little
		Disabling Environments
		Medical Experiments: Callous and Harmful
			The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
			The Guatemalan Experiment
			The Cold War Experiments
			Playing God
		Chicken Bones and the Globalization of Disease
			Rubbing Chicken Bones Together
	Treatment or Prevention?
	The Future of Medicine
		Alternative Medicine
		Technology
			A Teledoc in Your Future
			Personalized Digital Medicine
	Summary and Review
	Thinking Critically about Chapter 19
20 Population and Urbanization
	Population in Global Perspective
	A Planet with No Space for Enjoying Life?
		The New Malthusians
		The Anti-Malthusians
		Who Is Correct?
		Why Are People Starving?
	Population Growth
		Why the Least Industrialized Nations Have So Many Children
		Consequences of Rapid Population Growth
		Population Pyramids as a Tool for Understanding
		The Three Demographic Variables
			Fertility
			Mortality
			Migration
		Problems in Forecasting Population Growth
	Cities and City Life
	The Development of Cities and Urbanization
		The Development of Cities
		Urbanization
			The Appeal of Cities
			Forced Urbanization
			Metropolises
			Megalopolises
			Megacities
			Megaregions
	U.S. Urban Patterns
		Uneven Urbanization
		Shifting Resources and Power Because of Urban Migration
		Edge Cities
		Gentrification
		Changes in Suburbanization
	Models of Urban Growth
		The Concentric Zone Model
		The Sector Model
		The Multiple-Nuclei Model
		The Peripheral Model
		Critique of the Models
	City Life
		Alienation in the City
		Community in the City
			Slum or Low-Rent Area?
		Who Lives in the City?
			The Cosmopolites
			The Singles
			The Ethnic Villagers
			The Deprived
			The Trapped
			Critique
		The Norm of Noninvolvement and the Diffusion of Responsibility
	Urban Problems and Social Policy
		Suburbanization
			City Versus Suburb
			Suburban Flight
			Tomorrow’s Suburb
		Disinvestment and Deindustrialization
		The Potential of Urban Revitalization
			Public Sociology
	Summary and Review
	Thinking Critically about Chapter 20
21 Collective Behavior and Social Movements
	Collective Behavior
	Early Explanations: The Transformation of People
		How Crowds Change People
		The Acting Crowd
	The Contemporary View: The Rationality of the Crowd
		The Minimax Strategy
		Emergent Norms
		Bringing Emotions Back In
		How Sociologists Study Collective Behavior
	Forms of Collective Behavior
		Riots
			Background Conditons
			Participants in Riots
		Rumors
		Panics
			The Humorous Panic
			Serious Panics
			Calm in the Midst of Panic
		Mass Hysteria
		Moral Panics
		Fads and Fashions
		Urban Legends
	Social Movements
	Types and Tactics of Social Movements
		Types of Social Movements
		Tactics of Social Movements
			Levels of Membership
			The Publics
			Relationship to Authorities
		Propaganda and the Mass Media
			Gatekeepers to Social Movements
	Why People Join Social Movements
		Relative Deprivation Theory: Improving Status and Power
			Relativity of Deprivation
			Relative Deprivation and the Civil Rights Movement
		Declining Privilege Theory: Protecting Status and Power
		Moral Issues and Ideological Commitment
	When Social Movements Pose a Threat to the Government
	On the Success and Failure of Social Movements
		The Rocky Road to Success
		The Stages of Social Movements
		Resurgence
	Multiple Realities and Social Movements
	Summary and Review
	Thinking Critically about Chapter Chapter 21
22 Social Change and the Environment
	How Social Change Transforms Social Life
		The Four Social Revolutions
		From Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft
		The Industrial Revolution and Capitalism
		Social Movements
		Conflict, Power, and Global Politics
			A Brief History of Geopolitics
			G7 Plus
			Dividing Up the World
			Four Threats to This Coalition of Powers
			The Growing Relevance of Africa
	Theories and Processes of Social Change
		Evolution from Lower to Higher
		Natural Cycles
		Conflict over Power and Resources
		Ogburn’s Theory
			Invention
			Discovery
			Diffusion
			Cultural Lag
			Evaluation of Ogburn’s Theory
	How Technology Is Changing Our Lives
		Extending Human Abilities
		The Sociological Significance of Technology: How Technology Changes Social Life
			Changes in Production
			Changes in Worker–Owner Relations
			Changes in Ideology
			Changes in Conspicuous Consumption
			Changes in Family Relationships
		When Old Technology Was New: The Impact of the Automobile
			Displacement of Existing Technology
			Effects on Cities
			Changes in Architecture
			Changed Courtship Customs and Sexual Norms
			Effects on Women’s Roles
		The New Technology: The Microchip and Social Life
			Computers in Education
			Computers in Business and Finance
			Computers in International Conflict
		Cyberspace and Social Inequality
	The Growth Machine versus the Earth
		The Globalization of Capitalism and the Race for Economic Growth
			A Sustainable Environment
		Environmental Problems and Industrialization
			Toxic Wastes
			Fossil Fuels and Climate Change
			The Energy Shortage and Internal Combustion Engines
			The Rain Forests
		The Environmental Movement
		Environmental Sociology
		Technology and the Environment: The Goal of Harmony
	Summary and Review
	Thinking Critically about Chapter 22
Epilogue: Why Major in Sociology?
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
Credits
Back Cover