Sociology matters

Cover Page......Page 1
APPLICATIONS OF SOCIOLOGY’S MAJOR THEORETICAL APPROACHES......Page 2
COVERAGE OF RACE AND ETHNICITY, GENDER, AND SOCIAL CLASS......Page 3
Half Title Page......Page 4
Other Books By......Page 5
Title Page......Page 6
Copyright Page......Page 7
Dedication......Page 8
About the Author......Page 9
Preface......Page 11
Brief Contents......Page 23
Table of Content......Page 24
Chapter 1 The Sociological View......Page 32
What Is Sociology?......Page 33
The Sociological Imagination......Page 34
Sociology and the Social Sciences......Page 35
Sociology and Common Sense......Page 36
What Is Sociological Theory?......Page 37
Early Thinkers: Comte, Martineau, and Spencer......Page 39
Émile Durkheim......Page 40
Karl Marx......Page 41
W.E.B. Dubois......Page 42
Modern Developments......Page 43
Functionalist Perspective......Page 46
Conflict Perspective......Page 48
Interactionist Perspective......Page 50
The Sociological Approach......Page 51
What Is the Scientific Method?......Page 52
Defining the Problem......Page 53
Formulating the Hypothesis......Page 54
Collecting and Analyzing Data......Page 55
Developing the Conclusion......Page 56
In Summary: The Scientific Method......Page 57
Surveys......Page 58
Ethnography......Page 59
Use of Existing Sources......Page 60
Ethics of Research......Page 62
Applied and Clinical Sociology......Page 63
Summary......Page 65
Chapter 2 Culture and Socialization......Page 68
What Is Culture?......Page 69
Ethnocentrism......Page 71
Cultural Relativism......Page 72
Globalization, Diffusion, and Technology......Page 73
Subcultures......Page 75
Countercultures......Page 76
Language and Culture......Page 77
Norms......Page 79
Sanctions......Page 80
Values......Page 81
Global Culture War......Page 83
Culture and the Dominant Ideology......Page 84
Sociobiology: The Impact of Heredity......Page 85
Social Environment: The Impact of Isolation......Page 86
Cooley: Looking-Glass Self......Page 88
Mead: Stages of the Self......Page 89
Mead: Theory of the Self......Page 90
Goffman: Presentation of the Self......Page 91
Psychological Approaches to the Self......Page 92
Agents of Socialization......Page 93
Family......Page 94
Peer Group......Page 96
Mass Media and Technology......Page 97
Religion and the State......Page 99
Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization......Page 100
Summary......Page 102
Chapter 3 Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure......Page 105
Social Interaction and Reality......Page 107
Statuses......Page 108
Social Roles......Page 110
Groups......Page 111
Social Networks......Page 113
Virtual Worlds......Page 114
Social Institutions......Page 116
Durkheim’s Mechanical and Organic Solidarity......Page 117
Tönnies’s Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft......Page 118
Lenski’s Sociocultural Evolution......Page 119
Formal Organizations and Bureaucracies......Page 123
Characteristics of a Bureaucracy......Page 124
Bureaucracy and Organizational Culture......Page 126
Summary......Page 128
Chapter 4 Deviance and Social Control......Page 131
Social Control......Page 132
Conformity and Obedience......Page 134
Informal and Formal Social Control......Page 136
What Is Deviance?......Page 137
Sociological Perspectives on Deviance......Page 139
Functionalist Perspective......Page 140
Interactionist Perspective......Page 142
Labeling Perspective......Page 144
Conflict Perspective......Page 145
Feminist Perspective......Page 146
Victimless Crimes......Page 147
Professional Crime......Page 148
White-Collar and Technology-Based Crime......Page 149
Hate Crime......Page 151
Transnational Crime......Page 152
Index Crimes and Victimization Surveys......Page 153
Crime Trends......Page 154
International Crime Rates......Page 155
Summary......Page 157
Chapter 5 Stratification in the United States and Global Inequality......Page 159
Systems of Stratification......Page 160
Castes......Page 161
Social Classes......Page 162
Karl Marx’s View of Class Differentiation......Page 164
Max Weber’s View of Stratification......Page 165
Interactionist Perspective on Stratification......Page 166
Functionalist Perspective......Page 167
Conflict Perspective......Page 168
Lenski’s Viewpoint......Page 169
Measuring Social Class......Page 170
Income and Wealth......Page 173
Poverty......Page 175
Life Chances......Page 179
Open versus Closed Stratification Systems......Page 180
Social Mobility in the United States......Page 181
The Global Divide......Page 184
Legacy of Colonialism......Page 185
Multinational Corporations......Page 187
Modernization......Page 190
Summary......Page 192
Chapter 6 Inequality by Race and Ethnicity......Page 195
The Privileges of the Dominant......Page 196
The Social Construction of Race and Ethnicity......Page 198
Race......Page 199
Ethnicity......Page 201
History of Immigration......Page 202
Functions of Immigration......Page 204
Sociological Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity......Page 205
The Functionalist Perspective......Page 206
The Labeling Perspective......Page 207
Patterns of Prejudice and Discrimination......Page 208
Color-Blind Racism......Page 209
Discriminatory Behavior......Page 210
Institutional Discrimination......Page 211
Measuring Discrimination......Page 214
Summary......Page 217
Chapter 7 Inequality by Gender......Page 219
The Social Construction of Gender......Page 220
Women’s and Men’s Gender Roles......Page 222
A Cross-Cultural Perspective......Page 225
The Functionalist Perspective......Page 226
The Feminist Perspective......Page 227
Intersections with Race, Class, and Other Social Factors......Page 228
The Interactionist Perspective......Page 229
Women: The Oppressed Majority......Page 230
The Status of Women Worldwide......Page 231
Labor Force Participation......Page 232
The Social Consequences of Women’s Employment......Page 235
Summary......Page 237
Chapter 8 Social Institutions: Family and Religion......Page 239
Functionalist Perspective......Page 240
Conflict Perspective......Page 242
Interactionist Perspective......Page 243
Composition: What Is the Family?......Page 244
Kinship Patterns: To Whom Are We Related?......Page 246
Authority Patterns: Who Rules?......Page 247
Functionalist Perspective......Page 248
Conflict Perspective......Page 249
Feminist Perspective......Page 250
Human Sexuality......Page 251
Labeling and Human Sexuality......Page 252
Religion as a Social Institution......Page 254
The Integrative Function of Religion......Page 255
Religion and Social Change......Page 256
Religion and Social Control: A Conflict Perspective......Page 257
Feminist Perspective on Religion......Page 258
Belief......Page 259
Experience......Page 261
Summary......Page 264
Chapter 9 Social Institutions: Education, Government, and the Economy......Page 266
Functionalist Perspective......Page 267
Conflict Perspective......Page 269
Feminist Perspective......Page 272
Education: Schools as Formal Organizations......Page 273
Bureaucratization of Schools......Page 274
Teachers: Employees and Instructors......Page 276
Government: Power and Authority......Page 277
Types of Authority......Page 278
Who Rules in the United States?......Page 280
Economic Systems......Page 283
Capitalism......Page 284
Socialism......Page 285
Capitalism in China......Page 287
Changing Economies......Page 289
The Changing Face of the Workforce......Page 290
Deindustrialization......Page 291
Summary......Page 293
Chapter 10 Population, Community, Health, and the Environment......Page 296
Demography: The Study of Population......Page 297
Malthus’s Thesis and Marx’s Response......Page 298
Studying Population Today......Page 299
Elements of Demography......Page 300
Early Communities......Page 301
Preindustrial Cities......Page 302
Industrial and Postindustrial Cities......Page 303
Functionalist Perspective: Urban Ecology......Page 305
Conflict Perspective: New Urban Sociology......Page 307
Functionalist Perspective......Page 309
Conflict Perspective......Page 310
Interactionist Perspective......Page 312
Labeling Perspective......Page 313
Social Epidemiology......Page 314
Social Class......Page 315
Race and Ethnicity......Page 316
Age......Page 318
Environmental Issues......Page 319
A Conflict Perspective on Environmental Issues......Page 324
Ecological Modernization......Page 325
Environmental Justice......Page 326
Summary......Page 328
Chapter 11 Social Movements, Social Change, and Technology......Page 330
Social Movements......Page 331
The Relative Deprivation Approach......Page 332
The Resource Mobilization Approach......Page 333
Gender and Social Movements......Page 334
New Social Movements......Page 335
Evolutionary Theory......Page 336
Functionalist Perspective......Page 338
Conflict Perspective......Page 339
Global Social Change......Page 340
Resistance to Social Change......Page 341
Economic and Cultural Factors......Page 342
Resistance to Technology......Page 343
Computer Technology......Page 345
Biotechnology and the Gene Pool......Page 349
Summary......Page 351
Appendix......Page 353
Glossary......Page 357
References......Page 368
Credits......Page 401
Index......Page 403
Back Cover......Page 420