Sociology

Cover
......Page 2
Title page
......Page 4
Copyright page
......Page 5
Brief Contents......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Boxes......Page 17
REVEL Boxes......Page 18
Maps......Page 19
Preface......Page 21
About the Author......Page 29
Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective......Page 30
The Power of Society to guide our choices in marriage partners......Page 31
Seeing the General in the Particular......Page 32
Seeing the Strange in the Familiar......Page 33
Seeing Society in Our Everyday Lives......Page 34
Seeing Sociologically: Marginality and Crisis......Page 35
1.2: State several reasons that a global perspective is important in today’s world.......Page 36
Sociology and Public Policy......Page 38
Sociology and Personal Growth......Page 39
Careers: The “Sociology Advantage”......Page 40
Science and Sociology......Page 41
1.5: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches.......Page 42
The Structural-Functional Approach......Page 43
The Social-Conflict Approach......Page 44
Race-Conflict Theory......Page 45
The Symbolic-Interaction Approach......Page 47
Sports and Conflict......Page 48
Sports as Interaction......Page 50
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 52
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 53
Making the Grade......Page 54
Chapter 2 Sociological Investigation......Page 56
The Power of Society to influence our life chances......Page 57
Common Sense versus Scientific Evidence......Page 59
Positivist Sociology......Page 60
Interpretive Sociology......Page 65
Critical Sociology......Page 66
Gender......Page 67
Research Ethics......Page 68
Testing a Hypothesis: The Experiment......Page 70
Asking Questions: Survey Research......Page 71
In the Field: Participant Observation......Page 75
Using Available Data: Existing Sources......Page 78
Research Methods and Theory......Page 81
Putting It All Together: Ten Steps in Sociological Investigation......Page 82
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 83
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 84
Making the Grade......Page 85
Chapter 3 Culture......Page 87
The Power of Society to guide our attitudes on social issues such as abortion......Page 88
3.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival.......Page 89
Culture and Human Intelligence......Page 91
Symbols......Page 93
Language......Page 95
Values and Beliefs......Page 96
Norms......Page 98
Material Culture and Technology......Page 99
High Culture and Popular Culture......Page 100
Multiculturalism......Page 102
Cultural Change......Page 105
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism......Page 106
A Global Culture?......Page 108
Structural-Functional Theory: The Functions of Culture......Page 109
Feminist Theory: Gender and Culture......Page 110
Sociobiology: Evolution and Culture......Page 111
Culture as Freedom......Page 112
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 113
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 114
Making the Grade......Page 115
Chapter 4 Society......Page 117
The Power of Society to shape access to the Internet......Page 118
4.1: Describe how technological development has shaped the history of human societies.......Page 119
Hunting and Gathering Societies......Page 120
Horticultural and Pastoral Societies......Page 121
Agrarian Societies......Page 122
Industrial Societies......Page 123
4.2: Analyze the importance of class conflict to the historical development of human societies.......Page 124
Society and Production......Page 125
Capitalism and Class Conflict......Page 126
Revolution......Page 127
Two Worldviews: Tradition and Rationality......Page 128
Rational Social Organization......Page 130
Personality: Society in Ourselves......Page 132
Evolving Societies: The Division of Labor......Page 133
Why Do Societies Change?......Page 134
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 136
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 137
Making the Grade......Page 138
Chapter 5 Socialization......Page 140
The Power of Society to shape how much television we watch......Page 141
Human Development: Nature and Nurture......Page 142
Social Isolation......Page 143
Sigmund Freud’s Elements of Personality......Page 144
Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development......Page 145
Carol Gilligan’s Theory of Gender and Moral Development......Page 146
George Herbert Mead’s Theory of the Social Self......Page 147
The Family......Page 149
The Peer Group......Page 151
The Mass Media......Page 152
5.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life.......Page 154
Childhood......Page 155
Old Age......Page 156
Death and Dying......Page 157
5.5: Characterize the operation of total institutions.......Page 158
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 160
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 161
Making the Grade......Page 162
Chapter 6 Social Interaction in Everyday Life......Page 164
The Power of Society to guide the way we do social networking......Page 165
6.1: Explain how social structure helps us to make sense of everyday situations.......Page 166
6.3: State the importance of role to social organization.......Page 167
Role Set......Page 168
6.4: Describe how we socially construct reality.......Page 169
Ethnomethodology......Page 171
The Increasing Importance of Social Media......Page 172
Performances......Page 173
Nonverbal Communication......Page 174
Idealization......Page 175
Embarrassment and Tact......Page 176
Emotions: The Social Construction of Feeling......Page 177
Language: The Social Construction of Gender......Page 178
Reality Play: The Social Construction of Humor......Page 180
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 183
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 184
Making the Grade......Page 185
Chapter 7 Groups and Organizations......Page 187
The Power of Society to link people into groups......Page 188
Primary and Secondary Groups......Page 189
Group Conformity......Page 191
In-Groups and Out-Groups......Page 193
Social Diversity: Race, Class, and Gender......Page 194
Networks......Page 195
7.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations.......Page 196
Characteristics of Bureaucracy......Page 197
The Informal Side of Bureaucracy......Page 198
Problems of Bureaucracy......Page 199
Oligarchy......Page 200
The First Challenge: Race and Gender......Page 201
The Third Challenge: The Changing Nature of Work......Page 202
The “McDonaldization” of Society......Page 204
The Future of Organizations: Opposing Trends......Page 205
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 207
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 208
Making the Grade......Page 209
Chapter 8 Sexuality and Society......Page 211
The Power of Society to shape our attitudes on social issues involving sexuality......Page 212
8.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue.......Page 213
Sex: A Biological Issue......Page 214
Sex: A Cultural Issue......Page 215
The Incest Taboo......Page 216
8.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States.......Page 217
The Sexual Revolution......Page 218
The Sexual Counterrevolution......Page 219
Extramarital Sex......Page 220
What Gives Us a Sexual Orientation?......Page 221
How Many Gay People Are There?......Page 222
The Gay Rights Movement......Page 223
Teen Pregnancy......Page 225
Pornography......Page 226
Prostitution......Page 227
Structural-Functional Theory......Page 228
Symbolic-Interaction Theory......Page 230
Social-Conflict and Feminist Theories......Page 231
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 235
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 236
Making the Grade......Page 237
Chapter 9 Deviance......Page 239
The Power of Society to affect the odds of being incarcerated for using drugs......Page 240
Social Control......Page 241
Personality Factors......Page 242
The Social Foundations of Deviance......Page 243
Durkheim’s Basic Insight......Page 244
Merton’s Strain Theory......Page 245
Deviant Subcultures......Page 246
Labeling Theory......Page 247
The Difference Labels Make......Page 248
Hirschi’s Control Theory......Page 249
Deviance and Capitalism......Page 250
Corporate Crime......Page 251
Feminist Theory: Deviance and Gender......Page 252
Types of Crime......Page 254
The Street Criminal: A Profile......Page 255
Crime in Global Perspective......Page 258
Police......Page 260
Punishment......Page 261
The Death Penalty......Page 263
Community-Based Corrections......Page 264
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 266
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 267
Making the Grade......Page 268
Chapter 10 Social Stratification......Page 270
The Power of Society to affect life expectancy......Page 271
10.1: Identify four principles that underlie social stratification.......Page 272
The Caste System......Page 273
The Class System......Page 274
Caste and Class: The United Kingdom......Page 276
Another Example: Japan......Page 277
Classless Societies? The Former Soviet Union......Page 278
China: Emerging Social Classes......Page 279
10.3: Explain how cultural beliefs justify social inequality.......Page 280
Historical Patterns of Ideology......Page 281
Structural-Functional Theory: The Davis-Moore Thesis......Page 282
Social-Conflict Theories: Karl Marx and Max Weber......Page 283
Symbolic-Interaction Theory: Stratification in Everyday Life......Page 285
Social Stratification: Facts and Values......Page 286
The Kuznets Curve......Page 287
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 289
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 290
Making the Grade......Page 291
Chapter 11 Social Class in the United States......Page 293
The Power of Society to shape our changes of living in poverty......Page 294
Income......Page 295
Power......Page 296
11.2: Explain how someone’s position at birth affects social standing later in life.......Page 297
11.3: Describe the various social class positions in U.S. society.......Page 298
The Upper Class......Page 299
The Working Class......Page 300
11.4: Analyze how social class position affects health, values, politics, and family life.......Page 301
Politics......Page 302
Research on Mobility......Page 304
Mobility by Income Level......Page 306
The American Dream: Still a Reality?......Page 307
11.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States.......Page 308
Who Are the Poor?......Page 309
Explaining Poverty......Page 310
The Working Poor......Page 311
Homelessness......Page 313
Are the Very Rich Worth the Money?......Page 315
Can the Rest of Us Get Ahead?......Page 316
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 317
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 318
Making the Grade......Page 319
Chapter 12 Global Stratification......Page 321
The Power of Society to determine a child’s chance of survival to age five......Page 322
A Word about Terminology......Page 324
High-Income Countries......Page 325
Middle-Income Countries......Page 327
12.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world.......Page 328
The Severity of Poverty......Page 329
The Extent of Poverty......Page 330
Poverty and Children......Page 331
Slavery......Page 332
12.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality.......Page 334
Modernization Theory......Page 335
Dependency Theory......Page 337
The Future of Global Stratification......Page 340
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 342
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 343
Making the Grade......Page 344
Chapter 13 Gender Stratification......Page 346
The Power of Society to guide our life choices......Page 347
Male-Female Differences......Page 348
Gender in Global Perspective......Page 349
Patriarchy and Sexism......Page 350
Gender and the Family......Page 352
Gender and the Mass Media......Page 353
13.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions.......Page 354
Working Women and Men......Page 355
Gender, Income, and Wealth......Page 356
Gender and Education......Page 357
Gender and Politics......Page 358
Gender and the Military......Page 359
Violence against Men......Page 360
Sexual Harassment......Page 361
Structural-Functional Theory......Page 363
Symbolic-Interaction Theory......Page 364
Social-Conflict Theory......Page 365
Intersection Theory......Page 366
Basic Feminist Ideas......Page 367
Types of Feminism......Page 368
Public Support for Feminism......Page 369
Gender: Looking Ahead......Page 370
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 371
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 372
Making the Grade......Page 373
Chapter 14 Race and Ethnicity......Page 375
The Power of Society to shape political attitudes......Page 376
Race......Page 377
Ethnicity......Page 379
Minorities......Page 380
14.2: Describe the extent and causes of prejudice.......Page 381
Measuring Prejudice: The Social Distance Scale......Page 383
Theories of Prejudice......Page 384
14.3: Distinguish discrimination from prejudice.......Page 385
Pluralism......Page 386
Segregation......Page 387
14.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society.......Page 388
Native Americans......Page 389
African Americans......Page 391
Asian Americans......Page 393
Hispanic Americans/Latinos......Page 397
Arab Americans......Page 398
White Ethnic Americans......Page 399
Race and Ethnicity: Looking Ahead......Page 400
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 402
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 403
Making the Grade......Page 404
Chapter 15 Aging and the Elderly......Page 406
The Power of Society to shape caregiving for older people......Page 407
15.1: Explain the increasing share of elderly people in modern societies.......Page 408
Life Expectancy: Going Up......Page 409
An Aging Society: Cultural Change......Page 410
Psychological Changes......Page 411
Age Stratification: A Global Survey......Page 412
Finding Meaning......Page 414
Retirement......Page 415
Aging and Poverty......Page 416
Ageism......Page 418
Structural-Functional Theory: Aging and Disengagement......Page 419
Social-Conflict and Feminist Theories: Aging and Inequality......Page 420
15.5: Analyze changing attitudes about the end of life.......Page 421
Ethical Issues: Confronting Death......Page 422
Bereavement......Page 423
Aging: Looking Ahead......Page 425
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 427
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 428
Making the Grade......Page 429
Chapter 16 The Economy and Work......Page 431
The Power of Society to shape our choices in jobs......Page 432
16.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy.......Page 433
The Information Revolution and Postindustrial Society......Page 434
The Global Economy......Page 435
Capitalism......Page 437
Socialism......Page 438
Relative Advantages of Capitalism and Socialism......Page 439
Changes in Socialist and Capitalist Countries......Page 440
Labor Unions......Page 441
Professions......Page 443
Self-Employment......Page 444
Unemployment and Underemployment......Page 445
The Underground Economy......Page 446
Workplace Diversity: Race and Gender......Page 447
16.4: Discuss the importance of corporations to the U.S. economy.......Page 448
Corporations and the Global Economy......Page 449
The Economy: Looking Ahead......Page 450
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 451
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 452
Making the Grade......Page 453
Chapter 17 Politics and Government......Page 455
The Power of Society to shape voting patterns......Page 456
17.1: Distinguish traditional, rational-legal, and charismatic authority.......Page 457
Charismatic Authority......Page 458
Democracy......Page 459
Authoritarianism......Page 461
Totalitarianism......Page 462
The Political Spectrum......Page 463
Special-Interest Groups and Campaign Spending......Page 465
Voter Apathy......Page 466
The Pluralist Model: The People Rule......Page 468
The Marxist Model: The System Is Biased......Page 469
Revolution......Page 470
Terrorism......Page 471
17.6: Identify factors encouraging war or peace.......Page 472
Social Class, Gender, and the Military......Page 473
The Costs and Causes of Militarism......Page 475
Pursuing Peace......Page 476
Politics: Looking Ahead......Page 477
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 479
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 480
Making the Grade......Page 481
Chapter 18 Families......Page 483
The Power of Society to affect the odds that a marriage will end in divorce......Page 484
18.1: Describe families and how they differ around the world.......Page 485
Marriage Patterns......Page 486
Residential Patterns......Page 488
Structural-Functional Theory: Functions of the Family......Page 489
Social-Conflict and Feminist Theories: Inequality and the Family......Page 490
18.3: Analyze changes in the family over the life course.......Page 491
Child Rearing......Page 492
The Family in Later Life......Page 493
Social Class......Page 494
Ethnicity and Race......Page 495
Gender......Page 496
Divorce......Page 498
Remarriage and Blended Families......Page 500
One-Parent Families......Page 501
Gay and Lesbian Couples......Page 502
Extended Family Households......Page 503
Families: Looking Ahead......Page 504
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 506
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 507
Making the Grade......Page 508
Chapter 19 Religion......Page 510
The Power of Society to shape our values and beliefs......Page 511
19.1: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion.......Page 512
Structural-Functional Theory: Functions of Religion......Page 513
Feminist Theory: Gender and Religion......Page 514
Church......Page 516
Sect......Page 517
Religion in Preindustrial Societies......Page 518
Christianity......Page 519
Islam......Page 520
Judaism......Page 521
Hinduism......Page 523
Buddhism......Page 524
19.5: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States.......Page 525
Religious Affiliation......Page 526
Religiosity......Page 527
Religious Diversity: Class, Ethnicity, and Race......Page 528
Secularization......Page 529
“New Age” Seekers: Spirituality without Formal Religion......Page 530
Religious Revival: “Good Old-Time Religion”......Page 531
Religion: Looking Ahead......Page 533
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 534
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 535
Making the Grade......Page 536
Chapter 20 Education......Page 538
The Power of Society to open the door to college......Page 539
Schooling and Economic Development......Page 540
Schooling in Japan......Page 541
Schooling in Great Britain......Page 542
20.2: Apply structural-functional theory to schooling.......Page 543
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy......Page 544
20.4: Apply social-conflict theory to schooling.......Page 545
Inequality among Schools......Page 546
Access to Higher Education......Page 549
Community Colleges......Page 550
Discipline and Violence......Page 551
Dropping Out......Page 552
Academic Standards......Page 553
School Choice......Page 554
Home Schooling......Page 555
The Teacher Shortage......Page 556
Schooling: Looking Ahead......Page 557
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 559
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 560
Making the Grade......Page 561
Chapter 21 Health and Medicine......Page 563
The Power of Society to shape patterns of health......Page 564
Health and Society......Page 565
Health in High-Income Countries......Page 566
Who Is Healthy? Age, Gender, Class, and Race......Page 567
Cigarette Smoking......Page 568
Obesity......Page 570
Sexually Transmitted Diseases......Page 572
Ethical Issues Surrounding Death......Page 574
The Rise of Scientific Medicine......Page 575
Holistic Medicine......Page 576
Paying for Medical Care: A Global Survey......Page 577
Paying for Medical Care: The United States......Page 578
The Nursing Shortage......Page 579
Structural-Functional Theory: Role Analysis......Page 580
Symbolic-Interaction Theory: The Meaning of Health......Page 581
Social-Conflict and Feminist Theories: Inequality and Health......Page 582
Health and Medicine: Looking Ahead......Page 583
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 585
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 586
Making the Grade......Page 587
Chapter 22 Population, Urbanization, and Environment......Page 589
The Power of Society to shape our view of global warming......Page 590
Fertility......Page 591
Mortality......Page 592
Migration......Page 593
Population Growth......Page 594
22.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory.......Page 595
Demographic Transition Theory......Page 596
Global Population Today: A Brief Survey......Page 597
22.3: Summarize patterns of urbanization in the United States and around the world.......Page 598
The Growth of U.S. Cities......Page 599
Postindustrial Sunbelt Cities......Page 600
Edge Cities......Page 601
22.4: Identify the contributions of Tönnies, Durkheim, Simmel, Park, Wirth, and Marx to our understanding of urban life.......Page 602
Georg Simmel: The Blasé Urbanite......Page 603
Urban Ecology......Page 604
Urban Political Economy......Page 605
22.5: Describe the third urban revolution now under way in poor societies.......Page 606
The Global Dimension......Page 607
Culture: Growth and Limits......Page 608
Solid Waste: The Disposable Society......Page 609
Water and Air......Page 611
The Rain Forests......Page 612
Declining Biodiversity......Page 613
Environmental Racism......Page 614
Toward a Sustainable Society and World......Page 615
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 617
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 618
Making the Grade......Page 619
Chapter 23 Collective Behavior and Social Movements......Page 621
The Power of Society to encourage or discourage participation in social movements......Page 622
23.1: Distinguish various types of collective behavior.......Page 623
23.2: Identify five types of crowds and three explanations of crowd behavior.......Page 624
Mobs and Riots......Page 625
Theories of Crowd Behavior......Page 626
Rumor and Gossip......Page 627
Public Opinion and Propaganda......Page 628
Panic and Mass Hysteria......Page 629
Disasters......Page 630
Types of Social Movements......Page 632
Explaining Social Movements......Page 633
Stages in Social Movements......Page 640
Social Movements: Looking Ahead......Page 641
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 643
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 644
Making the Grade......Page 645
Chapter 24 Social Change: Traditional, Modern, and Postmodern Societies......Page 647
The Power of Society to shape our view of science......Page 648
24.1: State four defining characteristics of social change.......Page 649
Culture and Change......Page 650
Demographic Change......Page 651
Four Dimensions of Modernization......Page 652
Ferdinand Tönnies: The Loss of Community......Page 653
Emile Durkheim: The Division of Labor......Page 655
Max Weber: Rationalization......Page 656
Structural-Functional Theory: Modernity as Mass Society......Page 657
Social-Conflict Theory: Modernity as Class Society......Page 659
Modernity and the Individual......Page 660
Modernity and Progress......Page 662
24.5: Discuss postmodernism as one type of social criticism.......Page 664
24.6: Evaluate possible directions of future social change.......Page 665
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 666
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 667
Making the Grade......Page 668
Glossary......Page 670
References......Page 676
Credits......Page 706
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