Sociolinguistic Approaches to Sibilant Variation in Spanish (Routledge Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics)

Cover
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of contents
Figures and maps
List of Tables
List of Contributors
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Introduction
Part I Spain
	1 An overview of the sibilant merger and its development in Spanish
		1.1 Retrospectives and perspectives: origins
			1.1.1 Possible causes for the devoicing and the unstable sibilant patterns
			1.1.2 Expansion of the merger: geographical implications
			1.1.3 Spanish emigration to the New World: andalucismo  in the precolonial period
		1.2 Diachronic review and alternative accounts: phenomenon propagation and completion
			1.2.1 Chronological accounts: grammarians and treatise writers
				1.2.1.1 Alveolar pair /s/~/z/
				1.2.1.2 Dento-alveolar pair /ts/~/dz/
				1.2.1.3 Alveopalatal pair /ʃ/~/ ʒ/
			1.2.2 Chronological accounts: graphemes
			1.2.3 Chronological accounts: rhymes
			1.2.4 Chronological accounts: creation of new sounds
			1.2.5 Updated modern chronological accounts
		1.3 Tracking Old Spanish sibilants: Judeo-Spanish
		1.4 Tracking sibilant development: overview of other Romance languages
		1.5 Stabilizing the language: the RAE’s graphic standardization of sibilants
		1.6 Conclusions
		Notes
		Glossary
		References
		Topics for discussion
	2 Sibilants in western Andalusian Spanish: The lack of a Sevillian norm in the Jerezano speech community
		2.1 Introduction: the Jerezano speech community
		2.2 Sibilants in Andalusian Spanish: some data about geographical and social distributions
		2.3 The Sevillian norm: historical and actual approaches
			2.3.1 Descriptive linguistic norms
			2.3.2 Sevillian norm
		2.4 Analysis: descriptive data on sibilants in Jerezano Spanish
			2.4.1 State of the art
			2.4.2 Actual data from an oral corpus: global visions
			2.4.3 Actual data from an oral corpus: sociolinguistic variation
		2.5 Theoretical basis: perceptual variety linguistics
		2.6 Methodology: corpus-construction for perceptual variety linguistics
		2.7 Analysis of perceptual variety linguistics
			2.7.1 Metalinguistic concepts of Jerezano speakers
			2.7.2 Perceptions of Jerezano speakers
		2.8 Conclusions: the lack of a Sevillian norm in Jerezano Spanish
		Glossary
		References
		Topics for discussion
	3 Intervocalic /s/-voicing in Spanish in contact with Catalan
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Spanish and Catalan in Catalonia
		3.3 Prior treatments of (intervocalic) fricative production
			3.3.1 Prescriptive characterizations of alveolar fricative production in Spanish and Catalan
			3.3.2 Empirical characterizations of alveolar fricative production
			3.3.3 Intervocalic /s/-voicing in Barcelonan Spanish
		3.4 Experimental methodology
			3.4.1 Social factors and subject population
			3.4.2 Linguistic factors
			3.4.3 Test instruments
			3.4.4 Data collection methods
		3.5 Data analysis and results
			3.5.1 Acoustic analysis
			3.5.2 Statistical analysis
				3.5.2.1 Social factors conditioning intervocalic /s/-voicing
				3.5.2.2 Linguistic factors conditioning intervocalic /s/-voicing
		3.6 Discussion
		3.7 Conclusion
		Notes
		Glossary
		References
		Topics for discussion
Part II United States
	4 Describing and analyzing variability in Spanish /s/: A case study of Caribbeans in Boston and New York City
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 /s/ variation as reduction
		4.3 A descriptive protocol for Spanish /s/ variation
			4.3.1 Perceptual coding of segmental alternations
			4.3.2 Spectrographic and waveform assessment of frication presence
			4.3.3 Acoustic measures
			4.3.4 Linguistic and social conditioning factors
				4.3.4.1 Linguistic factors
				4.3.4.2 Social factors
		4.4 Case study: Caribbeans in Boston and New York City
			4.4.1 Speakers, data and predictors
		4.5 Results
			4.5.1 Reduction and syllable-position
			4.5.2 Reduction and regional origin
			4.5.3 Coda /s/ among Caribbeans only
				4.5.3.1 Multivariate analysis
			4.5.4 Summary of results
		4.6 Conclusions
		Notes
		Glossary
		References
		Topics for discussion
	5 Variable realization of final /s/ in Miami Cuban Spanish: The reversal of diachronic language change
		5.1 The sociolinguistic situation of Cuban Miami
		5.2 Final /s/ in Cuban Spanish
		5.3 The present study: research questions
			5.3.1 Participants and materials
			5.3.2 Data analysis
		5.4 Findings
			5.4.1 Linguistic factors
			5.4.2 Extralinguistic factors
		5.5 Discussion and conclusions
		Notes
		Glossary
		References
		Topics for discussion
	6 Variable /s/-voicing by heritage Spanish speakers in the United States
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Heritage speakers of Spanish
			6.2.1 Defining Spanish speakers in the United States
			6.2.2 Demographics
			6.2.3 Heritage vowels
			6.2.4 Heritage consonants
			6.2.5 Heritage /s/ realization
		6.3 Spanish /s/ voicing
			6.3.1 Acoustics of voicing assimilation
			6.3.2 Previous studies on variable /s/ voicing
			6.3.3 Voicing assimilation by L2 speakers
			6.3.4 Evolution of /s/ voicing
		6.4 Heritage /s/ realization in North Carolina
			6.4.1 Research questions
			6.4.2 Methodology and participants
			6.4.3 Acoustic analysis
			6.4.4 Statistical analysis
			6.4.5 Results
				6.4.5.1 Frequency of voicing
				6.4.5.2 Degree and location of voicing
		6.5 Discussion: voicing assimilation in heritage Spanish
			6.5.1 Factors affecting voicing
			6.5.2 Variable voicing
		6.6 Conclusions
		Notes
		Glossary
		References
		Topics for discussion
Part III Central and South America
	7 /s/ weakening in Nicaragua
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 The origin and spread of /s/ weakening
		7.3 /s/ reduction and reanalysis in Nicaraguan Spanish
			7.3.1 Rates of /s/ reduction in Western Nicaragua in the early  1980s and today
			7.3.2 Qualitative [s]. hypercorrections and sibilant lengthening
			7.3.3 Innovative coda /s/ variants
			7.3.4 The effect of age, education and formality on coda /s/ variants
			7.3.5 Hybrid oral and glottal variants
		7.4 Discussion and broader implications
		7.5 Conclusions and future directions
		Notes
		Glossary
		References
		Topics for discussion
	8 A sociophonetic approach to /s/-realization in the Colombian Spanish of Barranquilla
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Methods
			8.2.1 Data collection and corpus
			8.2.2 Dependent variables
			8.2.3 Independent variables
		8.3 Results of data analysis
		8.4 Discussion and conclusion
		Glossary
		References
		Topics for discussion
	9 Sibilants in Ecuadoran Spanish
		9.1 Overview: coda /s/ in coastal and highland dialects
		9.2 “Partial” plural marking
		9.3 Voicing of intervocalic /s/
			9.3.1 Is /s/-voicing an innovation or an archaic remnant?
		9.4 Ecuadoran rhotics and palatals as an additional source of sibilants
		9.5 Summary and conclusions
		Glossary
		References
		Topics for discussion
	10 Syllable-final /s/-variation in a Uruguayan Spanish-Portuguese  contact variety
		10.1 Spanish and Portuguese contact in Uruguay
			10.1.1 Phonological results of Spanish-Portuguese contact
			10.1.2 Portuguese influence on sibilants in Border Uruguayan Spanish
		10.2 A comparative diachrony of Spanish and Portuguese sibilant development
			10.2.1 The diachronic development of intervocalic /s/ in Latin   American Spanish
			10.2.2 Phonetic strengthening and maintenance: the case of Portuguese sibilants
		10.3 Syllable-final /s/ variation in modern Spanish
			10.3.1 The social conditioning of /s/ reduction in Spanish
			10.3.2 Syllable-final /s/ reduction in border Uruguayan Spanish
		10.4 The linguistic conditioning of /s/ variation in the Spanish of Rivera
			10.4.1 Pre-consonantal /s/ reduction in the Spanish of Rivera
			10.4.2 Portuguese influence on word-final /s/ deletion in the Spanish of Rivera
		10.5 The social conditioning of /s/ variation in the Spanish of Rivera
			10.5.1 /s/ aspiration in the Spanish of Rivera
			10.5.2 /s/ deletion in the Spanish of Rivera
			10.5.3 The intersection of occupation and sex in the deletion of /s/ in Rivera
		10.6 /s/ Aspiration and deletion as a result of language use and attitudes
		10.7 Conclusion
		Notes
		Glossary
		References
		Topics for discussion
	11 Variable voicing in Argentine  Spanish /ʒ/
		11.1 The social context of /ʒ/ devoicing
			11.1.1 Recent developments in production
			11.1.2 Language attitudes toward the devoicing
		11.2 Theoretical issues in the devoicing of /ʒ/
			11.2.1 Generative perspectives
			11.2.2 Usage-based perspectives
		11.3 /ʒ/ devoicing from an acoustic perspective
			11.3.1 Voicing as a gradient phenomenon
			11.3.2 Acoustic correlates of fricative voicing
		11.4 Voicers and devoicers
			11.4.1 Methodology
			11.4.2 Diagnosis of a speaker
			11.4.3 Word-initial contexts
			11.4.4 Word-medial contexts
		11.5 Future directions
		11.6 Conclusions
		Glossary
		References
		Topics for discussion
Index