Socio-Economic Applications of Geographic Information Science (Innovations in Gis, 9)

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 7
GISRUK Committees and Sponsors......Page 13
1.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC APPLICATIONS IN GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SCIENCE......Page 15
1.2 GIS AND CRIME......Page 17
1.3 GIS AND PLANNING......Page 18
1.4 GIS AND URBAN APPLICATIONS......Page 19
1.5 GIS AND RURAL APPLICATIONS......Page 20
1.6 GIS IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC POLICY......Page 21
1.8 REFERENCES......Page 22
2.2 RETURNING TO 1987......Page 24
2.4 SCIENCE WARS: SHIPS PASSING IN THE NIGHT IN K-D SPACE......Page 26
2.5 STUDIES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (STS)......Page 28
2.6 CONFIGURING THE USER......Page 29
2.9 REFERENCES......Page 31
PART I GIS and Crime......Page 35
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 36
3.2 TESTING FOR CLUSTERING AND DISPERSION......Page 38
3.3 CONTINUOUS SURFACE SMOOTHING METHODS......Page 39
3.3.1 Kernel Density Estimation......Page 40
3.3.3 Inverse Distance Weighting......Page 42
3.4 DEFINING CRIME HOTSPOT LEGEND THRESHOLDS......Page 44
3.4.1 Incremental Standard Deviation Approach......Page 46
3.4.2 Incremental Mean Approach......Page 47
3.6 DISCUSSION......Page 48
3.8 REFERENCES......Page 49
4.2 BACKGROUND TO THE EVALUATION......Page 51
4.3 METHODOLOGY......Page 53
4.3.1 Crime Counts......Page 54
4.3.2 Property Counts......Page 55
4.3.3 Buffer Zone Analysis......Page 56
4.4 RESULTS......Page 59
4.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 61
4.6 FURTHER RESEARCH......Page 62
4.8 REFERENCES......Page 63
5.2 CRIME PREDICTION......Page 65
5.2.2 COPDAT......Page 66
5.3.3 Artificial Neural Network Techniques......Page 67
5.3.5 Data Pre-Process......Page 68
5.3.6 Clustering Using a Kohonen Self Organising Map......Page 69
5.3.7 An Overview of the Methodology......Page 70
5.3.8.2 Node Level Analysis......Page 75
5.3.9 Post-Processing......Page 77
5.5 SUMMARY AND BENEFITS......Page 78
5.6 REFERENCES......Page 79
PART II GIS and Planning......Page 81
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 82
6.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND: IMAGEABILITY AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN PLANNING......Page 84
6.3 CURRENT WORK ON PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND THE INTERNET......Page 85
6.4.2 The Communities......Page 87
6.5 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH......Page 88
6.5.1.1 Viewing Maps Online......Page 89
6.5.1.3 Nested Maps......Page 90
6.5.1.5 Zooming......Page 91
6.5.1.6 Map and Data Retrieval from GIS......Page 93
6.5.2 Two-way Spatial Communication......Page 94
6.5.2.1 Grid Based......Page 96
6.5.2.2 Freehand......Page 97
6.5.2.4 Compositional Methods......Page 100
6.5.3 Three-way Spatial Communication......Page 101
6.6 IMPLICATIONS FOR PARTICIPATORY PLANNING......Page 102
6.7 CONCLUSION......Page 103
6.8 REFERENCES......Page 104
6.8.2 URLs: Project Interfaces......Page 105
7.2 SPATIAL DATA TECHNOLOGIES......Page 106
7.3 CONSTRUCTING THE MODEL: PHOTOREALISM AND DISTRIBUTION......Page 107
7.4 DYNAMIC 3DGIS FOR ONLINE PLANNING: WOODBERRY DOWN......Page 116
7.4.4 Bulletin Board......Page 117
7.6 REFERENCES......Page 118
8.2 BACKGROUND......Page 120
8.3.1 Project Area and Remit......Page 121
8.3.3 National, Regional, Local Landscape Type Series......Page 122
8.4.1 Background......Page 123
8.4.2 Time Horizons within GIS......Page 124
8.4.4 Resources and Sources......Page 125
8.4.6 Metadata......Page 126
8.4.7 Map Sources......Page 127
8.5 DISCUSSION......Page 128
8.8 REFERENCES......Page 130
9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 132
9.2 CAUSES OF UNPOPULAR HOUSING AND CHANGING DEMAND......Page 133
9.3.1.1 Poverty and Social Exclusion......Page 134
9.3.1.4 Housing Unpopularity......Page 135
9.3.2 The Relationship Between Poverty or Social Exclusion and Low Demand for Housing......Page 136
9.3.2.1 Adjacency Analysis......Page 137
9.3.3 Measuring Unpopularity in the North West of England......Page 138
9.3.4 Validating the Risk Index: A Case Study of Birmingham......Page 141
9.4 CONCLUSIONS......Page 143
9.5 REFERENCES......Page 145
PART III GIS and Urban Applications......Page 147
10.2 URBAN PLANNING AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION......Page 148
10.3.1 GIS......Page 149
10.3.2 Virtual Reality......Page 150
10.4.1 Learning System Theory......Page 151
10.5 PROTOTYPE DESIGN AND EVALUATION......Page 153
10.5.1 Urban Planning System: User Needs......Page 154
10.5.2 Learning System Components......Page 155
10.6 SUMMARY......Page 156
10.7 REFERENCES......Page 157
11.2 BACKGROUND......Page 164
11.3 URBAN RESIDENTIAL MOSAIC AND POLITICAL STRUCTURE......Page 165
11.4 SPATIAL PATTERN ANALYSIS......Page 166
11.4.2 Data......Page 168
11.4.3 Spatial Statistics......Page 169
11.5.1 Tucson......Page 171
11.5.3 Other Results......Page 173
11.6 PLANNING IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH......Page 176
11.7 REFERENCES......Page 178
12.2 GEO-REFERENCING PROPERTY DATA......Page 180
12.3 INTRA-URBAN PROPERTY PRICE MODELLING......Page 181
12.4 METHODOLOGY......Page 182
12.5.1 Data Source......Page 185
12.5.2 Map Registration and Transformation......Page 186
12.5.3 Price Modelling......Page 187
12.5.4 Residual and Property Price Surface......Page 188
12.6 CONCLUSION......Page 191
12.7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......Page 193
12.8 REFERENCES......Page 194
PART IV GIS and Rural Applications......Page 196
13.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 197
13.2.2 GP Patient Registers......Page 199
13.2.4 Road Network and Travel Speeds......Page 200
13.2.6 Community Transport Provision......Page 201
13.3.2 Measuring Accessibility by Bus......Page 203
13.4.2 Accessibility by Bus......Page 204
13.4.3 Availability of Community Transport......Page 205
13.4.4 Overall Accessibility by Private and Public Transport......Page 206
13.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 211
13.7 REFERENCES......Page 213
14.2 BACKGROUND......Page 215
14.3 METHODOLOGY......Page 216
14.4 RESULTS......Page 220
14.4.1 Measures Computed......Page 222
14.4.2 Comparision With Existing Sparsity......Page 224
14.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 225
14.7 REFERENCES......Page 226
15.2 BACKGROUND......Page 228
15.3 ESTEEM......Page 229
15.4.1 Data Input......Page 230
15.4.2 Calibration of the Model......Page 231
15.5 CURRENT TRAVEL PATTERNS......Page 232
15.6.1 Option 1......Page 234
15.6.3 Option 3......Page 236
15.6.4 Option 4......Page 237
15.6.5 Option 5......Page 239
15.6.6 Option 6......Page 240
15.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 241
15.8 REFERENCES......Page 242
PART V GIS in Socio-Economic Policy......Page 244
16.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 245
16.2 DEPRIVATION, THE INCOME DOMAIN AND BRENT......Page 246
16.3 FREE SCHOOL MEAL ELIGIBILITY AS A MEASURE OF DEPRIVATION......Page 248
16.4 TARGETING CLUSTERS OF DEPRIVATION WITH LIFESTYLES DATA......Page 252
16.5 CONCLUSION: A FLEXIBLE APPROACH FOR AREA CLASSIFICATION......Page 254
16.7 REFERENCES......Page 255
17.3 ELECTORAL GEOGRAPHY......Page 257
17.4 CONTEXTUALISING VOTING BEHAVIOUR......Page 259
17.5.2 GIS and Voting Behaviour......Page 260
17.5.3 Postal Voting......Page 262
17.6.1 Voting by Polling District......Page 263
17.6.3 Contextual Effects on Voting Behaviour......Page 265
17.7 DISCUSSION......Page 268
17.8 CONCLUSIONS......Page 269
17.9 REFERENCES......Page 270
18.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 273
18.2.1 Spatial Aggregation......Page 274
18.2.5 Spatial Scope of Standardisation......Page 275
18.3 IMPLEMENTATION IN ARCINFO......Page 276
18.4 THE E.P.I. SYSTEM......Page 278
18.5 RESULTS......Page 279
18.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 282
18.9 REFERENCES......Page 283
19.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 285
19.2 ARGUMENTS FOR A MIXED-METHOD APPROACH......Page 286
19.4 PREVIOUS STUDIES OF THE USE OF GIS WITHIN THE NHS......Page 287
19.5 THE RESEARCH AGENDA......Page 289
19.6 A MIXED-METHOD RESEARCH DESIGN......Page 291
19.7 DISCUSSION......Page 293
19.9 REFERENCES......Page 294
Index......Page 297