Society: the basics

Cover......Page 1
Cover1......Page 2
Brief Contents......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Boxes......Page 14
Maps......Page 15
Preface......Page 16
Chapter 1: Sociology: Perspective, Theory, and Method......Page 20
 The Power of Society to guide our choices in marriage partners......Page 21
   Seeing the General in the Particular......Page 22
   Seeing the Strange in the Familiar......Page 23
   Seeing Society in Our Everyday Lives......Page 24
   Seeing Sociologically: Marginality and Crisis......Page 25
  1.2: State several reasons that a global perspective is important in today's world.......Page 26
   Sociology and Personal Growth......Page 29
   Careers: The "Sociology Advantage"......Page 30
   Social Change and Sociology......Page 31
   Science and Sociology......Page 32
  1.5: Summarize sociology's major theoretical approaches.......Page 33
   The Structural-Functional Approach......Page 34
   The Social-Conflict Approach......Page 35
   Race-Conflict Theory......Page 36
   The Symbolic-Interaction Approach......Page 38
  1.6: Describe sociology's three research orientations.......Page 40
   Positivist Sociology......Page 41
   Interpretive Sociology......Page 43
   Critical Sociology......Page 44
   Research Orientations and Theory......Page 45
  1.8: Discuss the importance of ethics to sociological research.......Page 46
   Testing a Hypothesis: The Experiment......Page 48
   Asking Questions: Survey Research......Page 49
   In the Field: Participant Observation......Page 52
   Using Available Data: Existing Sources......Page 55
  1.10: Recall the ten important steps in carrying out sociological research.......Page 58
 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 60
 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 61
 Making the Grade......Page 62
Chapter 2: Culture: A World of Meaning......Page 64
 The Power of Society to guide our attitudes on social issues such as abortion ......Page 65
  2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival.......Page 66
   Culture and Human Intelligence......Page 69
   Symbols......Page 70
   Language......Page 72
   Values and Beliefs......Page 74
   Norms......Page 76
   Hunting and Gathering......Page 78
   Horticulture and Pastoralism......Page 79
   Industry......Page 80
   High Culture and Popular Culture......Page 81
   Multiculturalism......Page 82
   Cultural Change......Page 85
   Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism......Page 87
   A Global Culture?......Page 89
   The Functions of Culture: Structural-Functional Theory......Page 90
   Gender and Culture: Feminist Theory......Page 92
   Evolution and Culture: Sociobiology......Page 94
   Culture as Freedom......Page 95
 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 96
 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 97
 Making the Grade......Page 98
Chapter 3: Socialization: From Infancy to Old Age......Page 100
 The Power of Society to shape how much television we watch......Page 101
   Human Development: Nature and Nurture......Page 102
   Social Isolation......Page 103
   Sigmund Freud's Elements of Personality......Page 105
   Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development......Page 106
   Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development......Page 107
   Carol Gilligan's Theory of Gender and Moral Development......Page 108
   George Herbert Mead's Theory of the Social Self......Page 109
   Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development......Page 110
   The Family......Page 112
   The School......Page 113
   The Mass Media......Page 115
   Childhood......Page 118
   Adolescence......Page 119
   Old Age......Page 120
   Death and Dying......Page 122
  3.5: Characterize the operation of total institutions.......Page 123
 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 126
 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 127
 Making the Grade......Page 128
Chapter 4: Social Interaction: Understanding Everyday Life......Page 130
 The Power of Society to guide the way we do social networking......Page 131
  4.1: Explain how social structure helps us to make sense of everyday situations.......Page 132
   Status Set......Page 133
   Ascribed and Achieved Status......Page 134
   Role Set......Page 135
   Role Conflict and Role Strain......Page 136
  4.4: Describe how we socially construct reality.......Page 137
   Ethnomethodology......Page 138
   Reality Building: Class and Culture......Page 139
  4.5: Apply Goffman's analysis to several familiar situations.......Page 140
   Nonverbal Communication......Page 141
   Gender and Performances......Page 143
   Embarrassment and Tact......Page 144
   Emotions: The Social Construction of Feeling......Page 145
   Language: The Social Construction of Gender......Page 148
   Reality Play: The Social Construction of Humor......Page 149
 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 152
 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 153
 Making the Grade......Page 154
Chapter 5: Groups and Organizations: Joining Together......Page 156
 The Power of Society to link people into groups......Page 157
  5.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life.......Page 158
   Primary and Secondary Groups......Page 159
   Group Leadership......Page 160
   Group Conformity......Page 161
   Reference Groups......Page 162
   Group Size......Page 163
   Social Diversity: Race, Class, and Gender......Page 164
   Networks......Page 165
   Social Media and Networking......Page 166
   Origins of Formal Organizations......Page 167
   Characteristics of Bureaucracy......Page 168
   The Informal Side of Bureaucracy......Page 169
   Problems of Bureaucracy......Page 170
   Oligarchy......Page 171
   The First Challenge: Race and Gender......Page 172
   The Third Challenge: The Changing Nature of Work......Page 174
   The "McDonaldization" of Society......Page 176
  5.4: Assess the consequences of modern social organization for social life.......Page 179
 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 180
 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 181
 Making the Grade......Page 182
Chapter 6: Sexuality: From Attitudes to Orientation......Page 184
 The Power of Society to shape our attitudes on social issues involving sexuality......Page 185
   Sex: A Biological Issue......Page 187
   Sex and the Body......Page 188
   The Incest Taboo......Page 189
  6.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States.......Page 190
   The Sexual Revolution......Page 191
   The Sexual Counterrevolution......Page 192
   Premarital Sex......Page 193
   Extramarital Sex......Page 194
   What Gives Us a Sexual Orientation?......Page 195
   The Gay Rights Movement......Page 197
   Transgender......Page 198
   Pornography......Page 199
   Prostitution......Page 200
   Sexual Violence: Rape and Date Rape......Page 201
  6.5: Apply sociology's major theories to the topic of sexuality.......Page 203
   Structural-Functional Theory......Page 204
   Symbolic-Interaction Theory......Page 205
   Social-Conflict and Feminist Theories......Page 206
 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 210
 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 211
 Making the Grade......Page 212
 The Power of Society to affect the odds of being incarcerated for using drugs......Page 214
  7.1: Explain how sociology addresses limitations of a biological or psychological approach to deviance.......Page 216
   The Biological Context......Page 217
   Personality Factors......Page 218
   The Social Foundations of Deviance......Page 219
   Durkheim's Basic Insight......Page 220
   Merton's Strain Theory......Page 221
   Deviant Subcultures......Page 222
   Labeling Theory......Page 223
   Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory......Page 225
   Hirschi's Control Theory......Page 226
   Deviance and Power......Page 227
   White-Collar Crime......Page 228
   Organized Crime......Page 229
   Race-Conflict Theory: Hate Crimes......Page 230
   Feminist Theory: Deviance and Gender......Page 231
   Types of Crime......Page 232
   The Street Criminal: A Profile......Page 234
   Crime in Global Perspective......Page 236
   Due Process......Page 238
   Courts......Page 239
   Punishment......Page 240
   The Death Penalty......Page 242
   Community-Based Corrections......Page 244
 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 246
 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 247
 Making the Grade......Page 248
Chapter 8: Social Stratification: History, Theory, and the U.S. Class System......Page 250
 The Power of Society to shape our chances of living in poverty......Page 251
  8.1: Identify four principles that underlie social stratification.......Page 252
   The Caste System......Page 253
   The Class System......Page 255
   Caste and Class: The United Kingdom......Page 256
   Classless Societies? The Former Soviet Union......Page 258
   China: Emerging Social Classes......Page 259
   Ideology: The Power behind Stratification......Page 261
   The Davis-Moore Thesis......Page 262
   Karl Marx: Class Conflict......Page 264
   Why No Marxist Revolution?......Page 265
   Max Weber: Class, Status, and Power......Page 266
  8.5: Apply symbolic-interaction theory to the topic of social inequality.......Page 267
   Horticultural, Pastoral, and Agrarian Societies......Page 268
   The Kuznets Curve......Page 269
  8.7: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States.......Page 270
   Income, Wealth, and Power......Page 271
   Ancestry, Race, and Gender......Page 272
  8.8: Discuss the various social class positions in U.S. society.......Page 273
   The Upper Class......Page 274
   The Middle Class......Page 275
  8.9: Analyze how social class position affects health, values, politics, and family life.......Page 276
   Family and Gender......Page 277
   Research on Mobility......Page 279
   Mobility by Income Level......Page 281
   The American Dream: Still a Reality?......Page 282
   The Global Economy and the U.S. Class Structure......Page 283
   Who are the Poor?......Page 284
   Explaining Poverty......Page 285
   The Working Poor......Page 287
   Homelessness......Page 288
   Are the Very Rich Worth the Money?......Page 290
   Can the Rest of Us Get Ahead?......Page 291
 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 292
 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 293
 Making the Grade......Page 294
Chapter 9: World Stratification: The Global Hierarchy......Page 296
 The Power of Society to determine a child's chance of survival to age five......Page 297
   A Word about Terminology......Page 299
   High-Income Countries......Page 301
   Middle-Income Countries......Page 302
   Low-Income Countries......Page 303
  9.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world.......Page 304
   The Severity of Poverty......Page 305
   Poverty and Children......Page 306
   Slavery......Page 308
   Explanations of Global Poverty......Page 310
   Modernization Theory......Page 311
   Dependency Theory......Page 314
  9.4: Evaluate trends in global inequality.......Page 318
 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 320
 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 321
 Making the Grade......Page 322
Chapter 10: Gender: Inequality Between Women and Men......Page 324
 The Power of Society to guide our life choices......Page 325
   Male-Female Differences......Page 326
   Gender in Global Perspective......Page 327
   Patriarchy and Sexism......Page 328
  10.2: Explain the importance of gender to socialization.......Page 330
   Gender and the Mass Media......Page 331
   Working Women and Men......Page 333
   Gender and Unemployment......Page 334
   Gender, Income, and Wealth......Page 335
   Gender and Education......Page 336
   Gender and Politics......Page 337
   Violence against Women......Page 339
   Violence against Men......Page 341
   Pornography......Page 342
   Structural-Functional Theory......Page 343
   Symbolic-Interaction Theory......Page 344
   Social-Conflict Theory......Page 346
  10.5: Contrast liberal, radical, and socialist feminism.......Page 347
   Types of Feminism......Page 348
   Public Support for Feminism......Page 350
 Gender: Looking Ahead......Page 351
 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 352
 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 353
 Making the Grade......Page 354
Chapter 11: Race and Ethnicity: Majority and Minorities......Page 356
 The Power of Society to shape political attitudes......Page 357
   Race......Page 358
   Ethnicity......Page 360
   Minorities......Page 361
  11.2: Describe the extent and causes of prejudice.......Page 363
   Measuring Prejudice: The Social Distance Scale......Page 364
   Theories of Prejudice......Page 366
   Institutional Prejudice and Discrimination......Page 367
   Assimilation......Page 368
   Segregation......Page 369
  11.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society.......Page 370
   Native Americans......Page 371
   African Americans......Page 373
   Asian Americans......Page 376
   Hispanic Americans/Latinos......Page 380
   Arab Americans......Page 382
   White Ethnic Americans......Page 383
 Race and Ethnicity: Looking Ahead......Page 385
 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 386
 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 387
 Making the Grade......Page 388
Chapter 12: Economics and Politics: U.S. and Global Patterns......Page 390
 The Power of Society to shape our choices in jobs......Page 391
  12.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy.......Page 392
   The Industrial Revolution......Page 393
   Sectors of the Economy......Page 394
   The Global Economy......Page 395
   Capitalism......Page 396
   Socialism......Page 397
   Relative Advantages of Capitalism and Socialism......Page 398
   The Changing Workplace......Page 400
   Labor Unions......Page 401
   Professions......Page 402
   Unemployment and Underemployment......Page 404
   The "Jobless Recovery"......Page 405
   New Information Technology and Work......Page 406
   Conglomerates and Corporate Linkages......Page 407
   Corporations: Are They Competitive?......Page 408
 The Economy: Looking Ahead......Page 409
  12.5: Distinguish traditional, rational-legal, and charismatic authority.......Page 410
   Monarchy......Page 411
   Democracy......Page 412
   Totalitarianism......Page 414
   U.S. Culture and the Rise of the Welfare State......Page 415
   The Political Spectrum......Page 416
   Special-Interest Groups......Page 418
   Voter Apathy......Page 419
  12.8: Apply the pluralist, power-elite, and Marxist models to the U.S. political system.......Page 420
   The Marxist Model: The System Is Biased......Page 421
  12.9: Describe causes of both revolution and terrorism.......Page 422
   Revolution......Page 423
   Terrorism......Page 424
   The Causes of War......Page 425
   Social Class, Gender, and the Military......Page 426
   Is Terrorism a New Kind of War?......Page 427
   The Costs and Causes of Militarism......Page 428
   Pursuing Peace......Page 429
 Politics: Looking Ahead......Page 431
 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 432
 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 433
 Making the Grade......Page 434
Chapter 13: Family and Religion: U.S. and Global Patterns......Page 436
 The Power of Society to shape our values and beliefs......Page 437
  13.1: Describe families and how they differ around the world.......Page 438
   Marriage Patterns......Page 439
  13.2: Apply sociology's major theories to family life.......Page 441
   Functions of the Family: Structural-Functional Theory......Page 442
   Constructing Family Life: Micro-Level Theories......Page 443
   Courtship and Romantic Love......Page 444
   Settling In: Ideal and Real Marriage......Page 445
   Child Rearing......Page 446
   The Family in Later Life......Page 447
   Ethnicity and Race......Page 448
   Gender......Page 450
  13.5: Analyze the effects of divorce, remarriage, and violence on family life.......Page 451
   Divorce......Page 452
   Family Violence......Page 454
   One-Parent Families......Page 455
   Gay and Lesbian Couples......Page 456
   New Reproductive Technologies and Families......Page 457
 Families: Looking Ahead......Page 458
  13.7: Apply sociology's major theories to religion.......Page 460
   Constructing the Sacred: Symbolic-Interaction Theory......Page 461
   Gender and Religion: Feminist Theory......Page 462
  13.8: Analyze how religion encourages social change.......Page 463
   Church......Page 464
   Sect......Page 465
   Cult......Page 466
  13.11: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States.......Page 467
   Religiosity......Page 468
   Religious Diversity: Class, Ethnicity, and Race......Page 469
   Changing Affiliation......Page 471
   Secularization......Page 472
   "New Age" Seekers: Spirituality without Formal Religion......Page 473
   Religious Revival: "Good Old-Time Religion"......Page 475
 Religion: Looking Ahead......Page 477
 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 478
 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 479
 Making the Grade......Page 480
Chapter 14: Education, Health, and Medicine: U.S. and Global Patterns......Page 482
 The Power of Society to open the door to college......Page 483
   Schooling and Economic Development......Page 484
   Schooling in Japan......Page 485
   Schooling in the United States......Page 486
  14.2: Apply structural-functional theory to schooling.......Page 487
   The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy......Page 488
  14.4: Apply social-conflict theory to schooling.......Page 489
   Inequality in Public Schooling......Page 490
   Access to Higher Education......Page 493
   Privilege and Personal Merit......Page 494
   Discipline and Violence......Page 495
   Student Passivity......Page 496
   Academic Standards......Page 497
   Grade Inflation......Page 498
   School Choice......Page 499
   Home Schooling......Page 500
   The Teacher Shortage......Page 501
 Schooling: Looking Ahead......Page 502
   Health in Low-Income Countries......Page 504
  14.8: Analyze how race, class, gender, and age are linked to health.......Page 505
   Who is Healthy? Age, Gender, Class, and Race......Page 506
   Cigarette Smoking......Page 507
   Eating Disorders......Page 508
   Obesity......Page 509
   Sexually Transmitted Diseases......Page 510
   Ethical Issues Surrounding Death......Page 513
   The Rise of Scientific Medicine......Page 514
   Holistic Medicine......Page 515
   Paying for Medical Care: A Global Survey......Page 516
   Paying for Medical Care: The United States......Page 517
   The Nursing Shortage......Page 519
   Structural-Functional Theory: Role Analysis......Page 520
   Symbolic-Interaction Theory: The Meaning of Health......Page 521
   Social-Conflict and Feminist Theories: Inequality and Health......Page 523
 Health and Medicine: Looking Ahead......Page 525
 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 526
 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 527
 Making the Grade......Page 528
Chapter 15: Population, Urbanization, and Environment: A Global Survey......Page 530
 The Power of Society to shape our view of global warming......Page 531
  15.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration, and how they affect population size.......Page 532
   Fertility......Page 533
   Migration......Page 534
   Population Growth......Page 535
   Population Composition......Page 536
  15.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory.......Page 537
   Malthusian Theory......Page 538
   Global Population Today: A Brief Survey......Page 539
   The Evolution of Cities......Page 541
   The Growth of U.S. Cities......Page 542
   Suburbs and Urban Decline......Page 543
   Megalopolis: The Regional City......Page 544
   Changes to Rural Areas......Page 545
   Emile Durkheim: Mechanical and Organic Solidarity......Page 546
   The Chicago School: Robert Park and Louis Wirth......Page 547
   Urban Ecology......Page 548
   Urban Political Economy......Page 549
  15.5: Describe the third urban revolution now under way in poor societies.......Page 550
   The Global Dimension......Page 551
   Technology and the Environmental Deficit......Page 552
   Culture: Growth and Limits......Page 553
   Solid Waste: The Disposable Society......Page 554
   Water and Air......Page 556
   The Rain Forests......Page 558
   Environmental Racism......Page 559
  15.7: Evaluate progress toward creating an ecologically sustainable culture.......Page 560
 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 562
 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 563
 Making the Grade......Page 564
Chapter 16: Social Change: Traditional, Modern, and Postmodern Societies......Page 566
 The Power of Society to encourage or discourage participation in social movements......Page 567
  16.1: State four defining characteristics of social change.......Page 569
   Ideas and Change......Page 570
   Collective Behavior and Change......Page 571
   Social Movements and Change......Page 573
   Disasters: Unexpected Change......Page 576
  16.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity.......Page 578
   Ferdinand Tönnies: The Loss of Community......Page 579
   Emile Durkheim: The Division of Labor......Page 581
   Max Weber: Rationalization......Page 582
  16.4: Apply structural-functional theory to modern social life.......Page 583
   The Mass Scale of Modern Life......Page 584
   The Ever-Expanding State......Page 585
   Capitalism......Page 586
   Persistent Inequality......Page 587
   Mass Society: Problems of Identity......Page 588
   Class Society: Problems of Powerlessness......Page 589
   Modernity: Global Variation......Page 590
  16.8: Discuss postmodernism as one type of social criticism.......Page 592
  16.9: Evaluate possible directions of future social change.......Page 593
 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 594
 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 595
 Making the Grade......Page 596
Glossary......Page 598
References......Page 603
Credits......Page 627
Author Index......Page 631
Subject Index......Page 634