Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis

PUBLISHER’S PREFACE
FOREWORD BY F.A. HAYEK
PREFACE TO THE SECOND ENGLISH EDITION (1951)
TRANSLATOR’S NOTE (1936)
PREFACE TO THE SECOND GERMAN EDITION (1932)
INTRODUCTION
1: The Success of Socialist Ideas
2: The Scientific Analysis of Socialism
3: Alternative Modes of Approach to the Analysis of Socialism
PART I: LIBERALISM AND SOCIALISM
CHAPTER 1: Ownership
1: The Nature of Ownership
2: Violence and Contract
3: The Theory of Violence and the Theory of Contract
4: Collective Ownership of the Means of Production
5: Theories of the Evolution of Property
CHAPTER 2: Socialism
1: The State and Economic Activity
2: The “Fundamental Rights” of Socialist Theory
3: Collectivism and Socialism
CHAPTER 3: The Social Order and the Political Constitution
1: The Policy of Violence and the Policy of Contract
2: The Social Function of Democracy
3: The Ideal of Equality
4: Democracy and Social-Democracy
5: The Political Constitution of Socialist Communities
CHAPTER 4: The Social Order and the Family
1: Socialism and the Sexual Problem
2: Man and Woman in the Age of Violence
3: Marriage Under the Influence of the Idea of Contract
4: The Problems of Married Life
5: Free Love
6: Prostitution
PART II: THE ECONOMICS OF A SOCIALIST COMMUNITY
Section I.: The Economics of an Isolated Socialist Community
CHAPTER 5: The Nature of Economic Activity
1: A Contribution to the Critique of the Concept “Economic Activity”
2: Rational Action
3: Economic Calculation
4: The Capitalist Economy
5: The Narrower Concept of the “Economic”
CHAPTER 6: The Organization of Production Under Socialism
1: The Socialization of the Means of Production
2: Economic Calculation in the Socialist Community
3: Recent Socialist Doctrines and the Problems of Economic Calculation
4: The Artificial Market as the Solution of the Problem of Economic Calculation
5: Profitability and Productivity
6: Gross and Net Product
CHAPTER 7: The Distribution of Income
1: The Nature of Distribution Under Liberalism and Socialism
2: The Social Dividend
3: The Principles of Distribution
4: The Process of Distribution
5: The Costs of Distribution
CHAPTER 8: The Socialist Community Under Stationary Conditions
1: Stationary Conditions
2: The Disutilities and Satisfactions of Labour
3: The “Joy of Labour”
4: The Stimulus to Labour
5: The Productivity of Labour
CHAPTER 9: The Position of the Individual Under Socialism
1: Selection of Personnel and Choice of Occupation
2: Art and Literature, Science and Journalism
3: Personal Liberty
CHAPTER 10: Socialism Under Dynamic Conditions
1: The Nature of the Dynamic Forces
2: Changes in Population
3: Changes in Demand
4: Changes in the Amount of Capital
5: The Element of Change in the Socialist Economy
6: Speculation
7: Joint Stock Companies and the Socialist Economy
CHAPTER 11: The Impracticability of Socialism
1: The Fundamental Problems of a Socialist Economy Under Conditions of Change
2: Attempted Solutions
3: Capitalism the Only Solution
Section II.: The Foreign Relations of a Socialist Community
CHAPTER 12: National Socialism and World Socialism
1: The Spatial Extent of the Socialist Community
2: Marxian Treatment of this Problem
3: Liberalism and the Problem of the Frontiers
CHAPTER 13: The Problem of Migration Under Socialism
1: Migration and Differences in National Conditions
2: The Tendency Towards Decentralization Under Socialism
CHAPTER 14: Foreign Trade Under Socialism
1: Autarky and Socialism
2: Foreign Trade Under Socialism
3: Foreign Investment
Section III.: Particular Forms of Socialism and Pseudo-Socialism
CHAPTER 15: Particular Forms of Socialism
1: The Nature of Socialism
2: State Socialism
3: Military Socialism
4: Christian Socialism
5: The Planned Economy
6: Guild Socialism
CHAPTER 16: Pseudo-Socialist Systems
1: Solidarism
2: Various Proposals for Expropriation
3: Profit-Sharing
4: Syndicalism
5: Partial Socialism
PART III: THE ALLEGED INEVITABILITY OF SOCIALISM
Section I.: Social Evolution
CHAPTER 17: Socialistic Chiliasm
1: The Origin of Chiliasm
2: Chiliasm and Social Theory
CHAPTER 18: Society
1: The Nature of Society
2: The Division of Labour as the Principle of Social Development
3: Organism and Organization
4: The Individual and Society
5: The Development of the Division of Labour
6: Changes in the Individual in Society
7: Social Regression
8: Private Property and Social Evolution
CHAPTER 19: Conflict as a Factor in Social Evolution
1: The Cause of Social Evolution
2: Darwinism
3: Conflict and Competition
4: National War
5: Racial War
CHAPTER 20: The Clash of Class Interests and the Class War
1: The Concept of Class and of Class Conflict
2: Estates and Classes
3: Class War
4: The Forms of Class War
5: Class War as a Factor in Social Evolution
6: The Theory of the Class War and the Interpretation of History
7: Summary
CHAPTER 21: The Materialist Conception of History
1: Thought and Being
2: Science and Socialism
3: The Psychological Presuppositions of Socialism
Section II.: The Concentration of Capital and the Formation of Monopolies as Preliminary Steps to Socialism
CHAPTER 22: The Problem
1: The Marxian Theory of Concentration
2: The Theory of Anti-Monopolistic Policy
CHAPTER 23: The Concentration of Establishments
1: The Concentration of Establishments as the Complement of the Division of Labour
2: The Optimal Size of Establishments in Primary Production and in Transport
3: The Optimal Size of Establishments in Manufacturing
CHAPTER 24: The Concentration of Enterprises
1: The Horizontal Concentration of Enterprises
2: The Vertical Concentration of Enterprises
CHAPTER 25: The Concentration of Fortunes
1: The Problem
2: The Foundation of Fortunes Outside the Market Economy
3: The Formation of Fortunes Within the Market Economy
4: The Theory of Increasing Poverty
CHAPTER 26: Monopoly and Its Effects
1: The Nature of Monopoly and its Significance for the Formation of Prices
2: The Economic Effects of Isolated Monopolies
3: The Limits of Monopoly Formation
4: The Significance of Monopoly in Primary Production
PART IV: SOCIALISM AS A MORAL IMPERATIVE
CHAPTER 27: Socialism and Ethics
1: The Socialist Attitude to Ethics
2: Eudaemonistic Ethics and Socialism
3: A Contribution to the Understanding of Eudaemonism
CHAPTER 28: Socialism as an Emanation of Asceticism
1: The Ascetic Point of View
2: Asceticism and Socialism
CHAPTER 29: Christianity and Socialism
1: Religion and Social Ethics
2: The Gospels as a Source of Christian Ethics
3: Primitive Christianity and Society
4: The Canon Law Prohibition of Interest
5: Christianity and Property
6: Christian Socialism
CHAPTER 30: Ethical Socialism, Especially That of the New Criticism
1: The Categorical Imperative as a Foundation for Socialism
2: The Duty of Work as a Foundation for Socialism
3: The Equality of Incomes as an Ethical Postulate
4: The Ethical-Aesthetic Condemnation of the Profit-Motive
5: The Cultural Achievements of Capitalism
CHAPTER 31: Economic Democracy
1: The Slogan “Economic Democracy”
2: The Consumer as the Deciding Factor in Production
3: Socialism as Expression of the Will of the Majority
CHAPTER 32: Capitalist Ethics
1: Capitalist Ethics and the Impracticability of Socialism
2: The Alleged Defects of Capitalist Ethics
PART V: DESTRUCTIONISM
CHAPTER 33: The Motive Powers of Destructionism
1: The Nature of Destructionism
2: Demagogy
3: The Destructionism of the Literati
CHAPTER 34: The Methods of Destructionism
1: The Means of Destructionism
2: Labour Legislation
3: Compulsory Social Insurance
4: Trade Unions
5: Unemployment Insurance
6: Socialization
7: Taxation
8: Inflation
9: Marxism and Destructionism
CHAPTER 35: Overcoming Destructionism
1: The “Interest” as an Obstacle to Destructionism
2: Violence and Authority
3: The Battle of Ideas
CONCLUSION THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MODERN SOCIALISM
1: Socialism in History
2: The Crisis of Civilization
APPENDIX A CONTRIBUTION TO THE CRITIQUE OF ATTEMPTS TO CONSTRUCT A SYSTEM OF ECONOMIC CALCULATION FOR THE SOCIALIST COMMUNITY
EPILOGUE
Introductory Remarks
1: The Failure of Interventionism
2: The Dictatorial, Anti-Democratic and Socialist Character of Interventionism
3: Socialism and Communism
4: Russia’s Aggressiveness
5: Trotsky’s Heresy
6: The Liberation of the Demons
7: Fascism
8: Nazism
9: The Teachings of Soviet Experience
10: The Alleged Invitability of Socialism
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE