Social Work Services in Schools

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Contributors
1. School Social Work: A Historical and Contemporary View
	Introduction
	The Profession of Social Work
		Values
		Purpose
		Knowledge
		Sanction
	The Establishment of School Social Work
		Early Influences
		Early Definitions
		Expansion in the 1920s
		Influence of the Mental Hygiene Movement
		Shifting Goals of the 1930s
		Emphasis on Social Casework and Policy Changes 1940–1960
		Changing Goals and Methods in the 1960s
		Expansion in the 1970s: The Call for Leadership
		1980s: The Interface of Social Work and Education
		1990s–Present
	Conclusion
	Key Points
	For Study and Discussion
	Additional Readings
2. Major Issues in American Schools
	Introduction
	Purposes of Public Education
		Poverty and School Performance
		Schools, Their Students, and Their Communities
	School Reform
		Standards-Based Reform
		Market-Based Reforms
	The School as Community Hub
		Early Childhood Care and Pre-K Education
		Children’s Health and Schools
	Finance
	Conclusion
	Key Points
	Case for Class or Online Group Discussion
	Case Study Questions and Online Exercises
	For Study and Discussion
	Additional Readings
3. Perspectives in School Social Work Services
	Introduction
	An Ecosystems Perspective
	Ecological Theory
		Ecological Environments
	Ecological Theory: The School and Community Interface
	General Systems Theory
		Schools as Goal-Oriented Systems
		Schools as Hierarchical Systems
		Social Organization
		Communities
	General Systems Theory and Ecological Theory: The Carolina Abecedarian
	Case Example: The Ecosystems Perspective
	Conclusion
	Key Points
	For Study and Discussion
	Additional Resources
	Additional Readings
4. The Design of Social Work Services: School Environment
	Introduction
	Working Within a School
		Impact of Multiple Stakeholders
		Community and the School Board
		Parents as Constituents
		Administrative Style
	Political Dimensions in the Organization
		Developing a Relationship of Trust with School Personnel
		Interprofessional Practice
		Models of Interprofessional Collaboration
		Functions of the Interprofessional Team
	Case Example
	The Effects of School Culture and Collaboration
		Positive Behavior Interventions and Support (PBIS)
		Response to Intervention (RtI)
		Conducting an Assessment of School Culture: The School Success Profile
		School-Linked Services
	Case Example
		Reconciling Differing School and Social Work Goals
	Case Example
	Services Evaluation and Reporting
		Standards and Accountability
		Reporting School Social Work Services
	Conclusion
	Key Points
	For Study and Discussion
	Additional Resources
5. The Design of Social Work Services: Addressing Student Needs
	Introduction
	Socioeconomic Patterns
		Poverty
		Immigration
		Family Composition
	Mental Health, Behavioral, and Learning Difficulties
	Assessment as the Initial Process in Designing Services
		Assessing the School Environment
		Assessing Individual Students
	Assessing and Engaging the Family
		The School and Family Relationship
	Policies Affecting Services to Individual Students and Families
		Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act
		No Child Left Behind
	Collaborating with the Community
		Resources for Expanded School Mental Health Services
		Two Groups of Social Workers
	Conclusion
	Key Points
	For Study and Discussion
	Additional Resources
6. The Design of Social Work Services: Responding to Needs of Culture, Race, Gender, Language, and Sexual Orientation
	Introduction
	Culturally Grounded Assessment
		Assessing Professional Values and Ethics
		Assessing Professional and Cultural Competency
	Designing Empirically Supported Culturally Grounded Interventions
		Matching Interventions to Diverse Client Groups
	Bilingual and Bicultural Education
		Definition of Bicultural and Bilingual Education
		Bilingual and Bicultural Social Work
	Gender In Education
		Gender-Based Social Work
	Sexual Orientation and School-Based Social Work
	Empirically Supported Interventions That Work
		Selecting an Empirically Supported Intervention
	Response to Intervention as a Prevention-Intervention Model
		RtI Framework
	Conclusion
	Key Points
	For Study and Discussion
7. The Delivery of School Social Work Services
	Introduction
	Emerging Roles of School Social Workers within Expanded School Mental Health and School-Linked Services
	Evidence-Based Practice and Empirically Supported Iterventions
		Preparing for ESI
	Current Intervention Roles
		Consultant
		Clinical Interventionist
		Enabler and Facilitator
		Collaborator
		Educator
		Mediator
		Advocate
		Diversity Specialist
		Manager
		Case Manager and Broker
		Community Intervention
		Policy Initiator and Developer
	Specialized Intervention Skills
		Intervention with Individual Students
		Crisis Intervention
		Working with Emotionally and Behaviorally Disturbed Students
		Intervention with Families
		Foster Families and Children
		Immigrant Families
		Interventions with Groups
		Intervention with Classrooms
		Intervention with the School
	Conclusion
	Key Points
	For Study and Discussion
	Additional Readings
8. Familiarizing Oneself with Key Groups of Children and Adolescents
	Introduction
	Enrollment and Staffing
	The Concept of Pupil Life Tasks
	Pupil Life Tasks
	Academic and Social Challenges
		Pupils Who Are at Risk of School Failure
		At-Risk Preschoolers
		Gifted and Talented Youth
		Nonattenders
		Drug and Alcohol Users
	Children with Challenges at Home
		Children from Low-Income Areas
		The Migrant Child
		Homeless Children
		Kinship Care
	Children Facing Abuse
		Abused and Neglected Children
		Sexually Abused Children
	Adolescents, Sex, and Sexuality
		AIDS and Youth
		Adolescent Parents
		Gay and Lesbian Youth
		Comprehensive Sex Education
		Career Planning and Personal Development
	Conclusion
	Key Points
	For Study and Discussion
	Additional Readings
9. Children with Special Needs
	Introduction
	Key Legislation Supporting Students with Special Needs
		Civil Rights Legislation
		Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
	Kelly’s Story
	Aaron’s Story
	Kim’s Story
	George’s Story
	Chaiya’s Story
	Fayette’s Story
		Philosophy Underlying Categories of Disability
		No Child Left Behind Act of 2001
	Jamal’s Story
		Jacob Javits Gifted and Talented Students Education Act
	Issues in Implementation Renewed Attention to the Primacy of Emotional Development
		New Attention to Adolescents and Noncognitive Skills
		Minority Representation in Special Education
		English Language Learners
		Effect on the Family
	Angie’s Story
		Parent–Professional Relationships and Collaboration
	Conclusion
	Key Points
	Implications for Social Workers
	For Study and Discussion
	Additional Readings
10. Student Rights and Control of Behavior
	Introduction
	Sources of School Districts’ Authority
		The In Loco Parentis Doctrine
		Common Law of the Schools
		The Legal Authority of the State
	Basic Constitutional Rights
		Due Process of Law
		Other Constitutional Rights
		First Amendment—Freedom of Speech and Expression
		The Tinker Case
		First Amendment—Freedom of Dress and Appearance
		First Amendment—Freedom of Religion
		Fourth Amendment—Reasonable Search and Seizure
	Discipline in the Schools
		Eighth Amendment—Corporal Punishment
		Fourteenth Amendment—Suspensions and Expulsions
		Privacy Issues
		The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974
		Sharing Student Information
	School Attendance
		Compulsory Education
		Attendance and Certain Groups of Children
		Children Who Are Homeless
		Children with Disabilities
		Children with Religious Objections to Public School Attendance
		Children Who Do Not Attend School
		Negative Consequences for Absent Children
	Conclusion
	Key Points
	For Study and Discussion
11. Violence in Schools
	Introduction
	Major Trends and Issues
		The Myth of a Continual Rise in School Violence Rates
	Types of Interventions
		Characteristics of Ineffective Interventions
		Cultural Considerations
		Common Types of Interventions That Schools and School Social Workers Are Using
		Program Interventions
	Empirically Supported Prevention and Intervention Programs
		Monitoring and Mapping as Methods and a Process
	Conclusion
	Key Points
	For Study and Discussion
	Suggested Class Activities
	Additional Resources
	Additional Readings
12. Evaluating School Social Work
	Introduction
		Why Evaluate?
		Outcome Evaluation
	Designing and Implementing Evaluation Studies
		Measurement Issues
		Selection of Assessment Measures
		Determining the Evaluation Question
	Selected Types of Single-System Designs Useful in Evaluating School Social Work Services
		The B Design
		The A-B Design
		The A-B-C Design
		The A[sub(1)]-B[sub(1)]-A[sub(2)] Design
		The A[sub(1)]–B[sub(1)]–A[sub(2)]-B[sub(2)] Design
		The B[sub(1)]-A-B[sub(2)] Design
		The Multiple-Baseline Across Subjects Design
		Combined Single-System Designs
	Selected Group Research Designs for Evaluating School Social Work Practice
		The Pretest–Posttest Design (O1-X-O2)
		The Pretest–Posttest Comparison Group Design
		The Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial (RCT)
	Ethical and Human Subjects Issues in Evaluation
	Conclusion
	Key Points
	For Study and Discussion
	Additional Resources
Appendix I: An Example of Rural Practice
Appendix II: An Example of Urban Practice
Appendix III: Assessment of Adaptive Behavior and Individual Education Program
References
Index
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