Social Trauma – An Interdisciplinary Textbook

Introduction
Part I: Theory of Social Trauma
Part II: Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy of Social Trauma
Part III: Developmental Psychology of Social Trauma
Part IV: Memory Studies
Part V: Social Psychology of Trauma
Part VI: Legal and Ethical Aspects
Part VII: Specific Methodology and Practice in Social Trauma Research
Part VIII: Social Trauma and Education
Contents
Part I: Theory of Social Trauma
Chapter 1: Social Trauma: A Bridging Concept
	1.1 Introduction: Background and Main Theoretical Concepts/Discussions
		1.1.1 Clinical Theories of Trauma and Posttraumatic Conditions
		1.1.2 Social Theories of Trauma
			1.1.2.1 Cultural Trauma
			1.1.2.2 Collective Trauma
			1.1.2.3 Historical Trauma
			1.1.2.4 Conceptual Criticism
	1.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
	1.3 Preferred Model of Explanation
		1.3.1 Clinical Starting Point
		1.3.2 Theoretical Implications: Relational Theory
		1.3.3 Phenomena Related to Social Trauma
		1.3.4 Mentalization Model of Social Trauma
	1.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
		1.4.1 Acknowledgment and Witnessing
		1.4.2 Social Healing
		1.4.3 Psychotherapy
	1.5 Suggested Reading
	References
Chapter 2: Chosen Traumas and Their Impact on Current Political/Societal Conflicts
	2.1 Introduction: Background and Main Theoretical Concepts/Discussions
		2.1.1 Massive Traumas
	2.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
	2.3 Preferred Model of Explanation
		2.3.1 Large-Group Identity
		2.3.2 Examples of the Re-inflammation of Ancestors’ Historical Images
	2.4 Practical in The Field of Social Trauma
		2.4.1 The Relationship Between Chosen Traumas and Chosen Glories
		2.4.2 Wish to Replace a Chosen Trauma with an Old or New Glory
	2.5 Suggested Readings and Further Information
	References
Chapter 3: Cultural Memory
	3.1 Introduction: Background and Main Theoretical Concepts/Discussions
		3.1.1 From Afterlife to Aftermath
		3.1.2 Trauma
		3.1.3 Impact Event
		3.1.4 Historical Wounds
	3.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
	3.3 Preferred Model of Explanation: Three Frames of Transmission—Identification, Ethics, and Empathy
		3.3.1 The Identification Mode
		3.3.2 The Ethical Mode
		3.3.3 The Empathy Mode
	3.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
	3.5 Suggested Readings and Further Information (Best Practices, Web Sites, etc.)
	References
Chapter 4: Cultural Trauma
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Learning Outcome to Social Trauma
	4.3 Preferred Model of Explanation
	4.4 Practical Implications for the Field of Social Trauma
	4.5 Suggested Readings and Further Information
	References
Chapter 5: The Wounds of History: About the Historical Dealing with Traumatic Experiences
	5.1 Introduction: Crises Make History
		5.1.1 Trauma
		5.1.2 Historical Awareness
	5.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
	5.3 Preferred Model of Explanation: Historization of Trauma
	5.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
	5.5 Further Reading
	References
Part II: Clinical Aspects of Social Trauma
Chapter 6: The Complexity of Social Trauma Diagnosis and Intervention
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 The Concept of Trauma in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
		6.1.2 Psychoanalytic Trauma Theory
		6.1.3 History of the Social Trauma Concept
		6.1.4 How to Define a Traumatizing Event?
	6.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
	6.3 Preferred Model of Explanation: The Concept of Social Trauma
		6.3.1 Psychological Reactions and Clinical Descriptions
			6.3.1.1 Memory
			6.3.1.2 Relatedness and Failed Empathy
			6.3.1.3 Fragmented Narratives
		6.3.2 Between the Individual and the Society: Transgenerational Trauma Transmission
		6.3.3 Social Symptoms
	6.4 Practical Implications for the Field of Social Trauma
	6.5 Suggested Reading
	References
Chapter 7: Psychoanalytic Approaches to Social Trauma
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Learning Outcome
	7.3 Preferred Model of Explanation: Case Examples
	7.4 Discussion and Implications for the Field of Social Trauma
	7.5 Implications for Work with Social Trauma
	7.6 Suggested Readings and Further Information on Work with Social Trauma
	References
Chapter 8: Psychiatric Approaches to Social Trauma: From Normal Response to Psychopathology and Psychobiological Conceptions
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
		8.2.1 Description of a Normal Response to Trauma
		8.2.2 Psychopathologies
	8.3 Preferred Model of Explanation: Psychobiology
	8.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
	8.5 Suggested Readings and Further Information
	References
Chapter 9: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Approaches to Social Trauma
	9.1 Introduction: Background and Main Theoretical Concepts/Discussions
	9.2 Learning Outcome Related to Trauma-Specific CBT Interventions to Social Trauma
	9.3 Trauma-Specific CBT Intervention Approaches to Social Trauma
	9.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
	9.5 Suggested Reading
	References
Chapter 10: A Dialogical-Humanistic Approach to the Treatment of Complex Trauma Sequelae in Social Trauma
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
	10.3 Suggested Model: The Dialogical-Humanistic Therapy
	10.4 Practical Application
		10.4.1 The Four-Phase Dialogic-Humanistic Trauma Therapy for PTSD
			10.4.1.1 The Phase of Safety
			10.4.1.2 The Phase of Stabilization and Stability
			10.4.1.3 The Phase of Trauma Confrontation
			10.4.1.4 The Phase of Integration
	10.5 Recommended Literature
	References
Chapter 11: Psychodynamic Imaginative Trauma Therapy in the Treatment of Patients with Social Trauma
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
	11.3 The Concept of Psychodynamic Imaginative Trauma Therapy (PITT)
	11.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
	11.5 Suggested Reading
	References
Chapter 12: Music Therapy and Social Trauma
	12.1 Introduction: Methods of Music Therapy under Consideration of the Treatment for Posttraumatic Disorder
	12.2 Essential Learning Content on Music Therapy and Social Trauma
	12.3 Explanatory Approaches to Music, Music Therapy and Social Trauma
		12.3.1 Some Reflections on Music, Political Violence and Social Trauma
		12.3.2 Musical-Scenic Understanding
		12.3.3 Psychodynamic Music Therapy for Social Trauma
		12.3.4 State of Scholarly Knowledge
	12.4 Practical Implications of Music Therapy for Social Trauma
	12.5 Suggested Reading
	References
Chapter 13: Dance/Movement Therapy and Social Trauma
	13.1 Introduction: Dance/Movement Psychotherapy (DMP)
	13.2 DMP and Social Trauma
	13.3 Selected Explanatory Model
		13.3.1 Individual Therapy
		13.3.2 Group Therapy
	13.4 Practical Implications for the Area of Social Trauma
	13.5 Suggested Reading
	References
Chapter 14: Using Psychodrama and Sociodrama to Overcome Social Trauma
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
	14.3 Preferred Model of Explanation
	14.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
	14.5 Suggested Readings and Further Information
	References
Part III: Developmental Psychology of Social Trauma
Chapter 15: Developmental Trauma and Society
	15.1 Introduction
		15.1.1 Developmental Trauma and the Concept of the Average Expectable Environment Revisited
		15.1.2 The Impact of Loss on Child Development
			15.1.2.1 Attachment Theory
			15.1.2.2 Object Relations Theory
			15.1.2.3 Mentalization and Regulation Theory of Attachment
		15.1.3 Violence in Development
		15.1.4 Clinical Perspective on Developmental Trauma: Disorders of Extreme Stress Not Otherwise Specified (DESNOS) and Developmental Trauma Disorder (DTD)
	15.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
	15.3 Preferred Model of Explanation
	15.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
	15.5 Suggested Readings and Further Information
	References
Chapter 16: Complex and Sequential Traumatic Stress Disorders
	16.1 Introduction: Background and Main Theoretical Concepts
		16.1.1 From the Historical Perspective
		16.1.2 From the Perspective of Development
		16.1.3 From the Analytical Perspective
	16.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
	16.3 Preferred Model of Explanation: Case Example
	16.4 Practical Implications for the Field of Social Trauma
	16.5 Suggested Reading
	References
Chapter 17: Attachment and Mentalization in Social Trauma
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
	17.3 Preferred Model of Explanation
	17.4 Practical Implications: Mentalization and Attachment as Protective Factors
	17.5 Suggested Readings and Further Information
	References
Chapter 18: Age Differences in Childhood Trauma
	18.1 Introduction
		18.1.1 Developmental Differences in Reacting to Stressful and Traumatic Experiences
	18.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
	18.3 Preferred Model of Explanation
		18.3.1 Concept of “Developmental Resourceology”
	18.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
	18.5 Suggested Readings and Further Information
	References
Part IV: Memory Studies
Chapter 19: Neurobiology of Memory in Trauma Survivors
	19.1 Introduction
		19.1.1 Biological Correlates
		19.1.2 Cognitive Functioning in the Bosnian Sample of PTSD Patients
	19.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
	19.3 Preferred Model of Explanation
	19.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
		19.4.1 From Individual to Collective
		19.4.2 Conclusion
	19.5 Suggested Reading
	References
Chapter 20: Social Trauma Memory Construction
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
	20.3 Preferred Model of Explanation
	20.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
	20.5 Suggested Readings and Further Information
	References
Chapter 21: Development of Autobiographical Narrating: Possible Implications for Coping with Social Trauma
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
	21.3 The Sociocultural Model of the Development of Autobiographical Narrating: The Possible Impact on the Experience and Consequences of Collective Violence
	21.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
	21.5 Suggested Reading
	References
Chapter 22: Trans-Generational Transmission of Trauma
	22.1 Introduction: Background and Main Theoretical Concepts /Discussions
	22.2 The Trans-Generational Model
	22.3 Attachment and Trauma Transmission
	22.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
	22.5 Suggested Reading
	References
Part V: Social Psychology of Trauma
Chapter 23: Social Trauma: A Socio-Psychological Perspective
	23.1 Introduction
		23.1.1 The Power of the Situation
		23.1.2 Prejudices
	23.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
	23.3 Preferred Model of Explanation
	23.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
	23.5 Suggested Readings and Further Information
	References
Chapter 24: Organizational Psychology: Traumatic Traces in Organization
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Learning Outcomes Related to Social Trauma
	24.3 Preferred Model of Explanation
	24.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
	24.5 Suggested Reading
	References
Chapter 25: Understanding Social Trauma in Low-Resource Settings
	25.1 Background and Theoretical Concepts
	25.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
	25.3 Model of Explanation Social Trauma in LRS
		25.3.1 Sociocultural Factors of Social Trauma in LRS
		25.3.2 Economic and Political Factors and Social Trauma in LRS
		25.3.3 The Social Trauma Response Spectrum
	25.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
	25.5 Suggested Readings and Further Information
	References
Chapter 26: Social Identity Transformations and Social Trauma Nexus
	26.1 Introduction: Background and Main Theoretical Concepts
		26.1.1 Social Identity, Intergroup Dynamics and Conflicts
		26.1.2 Collective Trauma Narratives and Their Transmittance
	26.2 Learning Outcomes: Responses and Societal Dealing with Social Trauma
	26.3 Preferred Model of Explanation
	26.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma: Education for Peace
	26.5 Suggested Readings and Further Information
	References
Chapter 27: Secondary Traumatization
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Learning Outcome for Social Trauma
	27.3 Preferred Model of Explanation: Social Trauma in the Context of Secondary Traumatization
	27.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
	27.5 Suggested Reading and Further Information
	References
Part VI: Legal and Ethical Aspects
Chapter 28: Legal and Ethical Aspects of Social Trauma
	28.1 Introduction
		28.1.1 Public Policy and Social Trauma Nexus in Forced Migration
	28.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
	28.3 Preferred Model of Explanation
	28.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
	28.5 Suggested Reading and Further Information
	References
Chapter 29: Sexual and Gender-Based Violence and Social Trauma
	29.1 Introduction
	29.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
	29.3 Preferred Model of Explanation
	29.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
	29.5 Suggested Reading
	References
Chapter 30: Environmental Violence and Social Trauma in a Post-War Context: A Psychoanalytic Approach
	30.1 Introduction: Background and Main Theoretical Concepts/Discussions
	30.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
	30.3 Preferred Model of Explanation
	30.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
	30.5 Suggested Reading and Further Information
	References
Chapter 31: Ethical Aspects of Social Trauma Research
	31.1 Introduction
	31.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
	31.3 Preferred Model of Explanation
		31.3.1 Competence
		31.3.2 Informed Consent
		31.3.3 Confidentiality
		31.3.4 Recruitment of Participants
		31.3.5 Relations and Boundaries
		31.3.6 Representation
		31.3.7 Neutrality, Advocacy, and Politics
		31.3.8 Postresearch Obligations
	31.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
	31.5 Suggested Reading and Further Information
	References
Chapter 32: Social Trauma Between Psycho-Criminology and Psycho-Victimology
	32.1 Introduction: The History of Humanity Is Based on Violence––But Why Violence?
	32.2 Learning Outcome for Social Trauma: The Psychological Work Between Crime, Social Trauma, and Individual Trauma
	32.3 Preferred Model of Explanation: The Specific Example of the Social Trauma of Yezidi Women
	32.4 Practical Implications of Psycho-Victimology in the Context of Social Trauma
	32.5 Recommended Further Reading and Information
	References
Part VII: Specific Methodology and Practice in Social Trauma Research
Chapter 33: Social Trauma Research
	33.1 Introduction
		33.1.1 Scientific Research as Cause/Justification of Social Traumatic Events
		33.1.2 Specific Methodological Issues in Researching Social Trauma
	33.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
	33.3 Preferred Model of Explanation
	33.4 Practical Implications
		33.4.1 The Social Trauma Research Context
		33.4.2 Sampling Issues
		33.4.3 Finding Scientific Literature on the Topic of Social Trauma
	33.5 Suggested Reading and Further Information
	References
Chapter 34: Quantitative Research in Social Trauma
	34.1 Introduction
	34.2 Learning Outcomes Related to Social Trauma
		34.2.1 Research Questions
		34.2.2 Study Design
		34.2.3 Sampling Procedures
		34.2.4 Measurements
		34.2.5 Data Analysis
	34.3 Preferred Model of Explanation
	34.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
	34.5 Suggested Reading
	References
Chapter 35: Qualitative Approach to Social Trauma Research
	35.1 Introduction
	35.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
	35.3 Preferred Model of Explanation
	35.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
	35.5 Suggested Reading
	References
Chapter 36: Videotestimony Research
	36.1 Introduction: Background and Main Theoretical Concepts/Discussions
		36.1.1 Testimony, History, and Veridicality
		36.1.2 Social Trauma, Uncertainty Cloud, and Acknowledgment
		36.1.3 The Video Dispositif
	36.2 Learning Outcome Related to Social Trauma
	36.3 Preferred Model of Explanation
		36.3.1 Scenic Narrative Microanalysis (SNMA)
		36.3.2 A Case Example
	36.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
	36.5 Suggested Reading and Further Information
	References
Part VIII: Social Trauma and Education
Chapter 37: Education and Social Trauma
	37.1 Introduction
		37.1.1 Modernistic Approaches to Education
		37.1.2 Postmodernist Approaches to Education
		37.1.3 Nationalism, Collective Identities, and Education
	37.2 Learning Outcomes
	37.3 Preferred Model of Explanation: Examples from Educational Systems
		37.3.1 Segregation in Schools and Its Consequences
		37.3.2 The Influence of Structural Variables on the Segregation and Maintenance of Elements of Social Trauma
			37.3.2.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina
			37.3.2.2 Kosovo
			37.3.2.3 Estonia, Latvia, Slovakia, and Romania
			37.3.2.4 Kazakhstan
			37.3.2.5 Tajikistan
		37.3.3 Language, Status, and Political Power: The Impact of Model Behavior
		37.3.4 Perception of Citizenship
		37.3.5 Attitudes toward Segregation/Desegregation
		37.3.6 School Books: Books Reflecting Society
	37.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
	37.5 Suggested Reading
	References
Chapter 38: Education of Migrants and Vulnerable Groups: Trauma or Protective Factor?
	38.1 Introduction
	38.2 Learning Outcomes
	38.3 The Main Lines of Effective Integration Policies of Migrant Children and Youth in Education
	38.4 Practical Implications for the Field of Social Trauma
	38.5 Suggested Further Reading and Information
	References
Chapter 39: University Level Education on Social Trauma
	39.1 Introduction: Background and Main Theoretical Concepts
	39.2 Learning Outcome(s) Related to Social Trauma
	39.3 Preferred Model: The International Interdisciplinary Masters Course “Social Trauma” (CST)
	39.4 Practical Implications in the Field of Social Trauma
	39.5 Suggested Reading
	References
Index