Social Psychology

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
About the Authors
Special Tips for Students
Chapter 1: Introduction to Social Psychology
	What Is Social Psychology?
		The Power of Social Interpretation
	Connections: The Role of Construal in Conflict Negotiations
		Social Psychology, Science, and Common Sense
		Social Psychology Compared with Sociology
		Social Psychology Compared with Personality Psychology
	Try It! Social Situations and Behaviour
	The Power of the Situation
	Connections: The Fundamental Attribution Error: When We Blame the Victims of Violence
		The Power of Social Interpretation
	Where Construals Come From: Basic Human Motives
		The Self-Esteem Approach: The Need to Feel Good About Ourselves
		The Social Cognition Approach: The Need to Be Accurate
	Social Psychology and Social Problems
	Use It! How Would You Use This?
Chapter 2: Methodology: How Social Psychologists Do Research
	Social Psychology: An Empirical Science
		Formulating Hypotheses and Theories
	Try It! Social Psychology Quiz
		Hypotheses Based on Personal Observations
	Research Designs
		The Observational Method
	Connections: Using Observational Research to Develop Anti-Bullying Programs
		The Correlational Method
	Try It! Archival Analysis: Body Image and the Media
	Connections: Random Selection in Political Polls
	Try It! Correlation Does Not Equal Causation
		The Experimental Method: Answering Causal Questions
	Basic Versus Applied Research
	New Frontiers in Social Psychology
		Culture and Social Psychology
		Social Neuroscience
	Ethical Issues in Social Psychology
		Guidelines for Ethical Research
	Use It! How Would You Use This?
Chapter 3: Social Cognition: How We Think about the Social World
	On Automatic Pilot: Low-Effort Thinking
		People as Everyday Theorists: Automatic Thinking with Schemas
	Connections: Do Schemas Affect What You Eat?
		Embodied Cognition: Physical Sensations Can Prime Cognitive Schemas
	Try It! Avoiding Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
		Mental Strategies and Shortcuts: Heuristics
	Connections: Personality Tests and the Representativeness Heuristic
	Try It! Reasoning Quiz
		The Power of Automatic Thinking
	Controlled Social Cognition: High-Effort Thinking
		Thinking about What Might Have Been: Counterfactual Reasoning
	Improving Human Thinking
	Use It! How Would You Use This?
Chapter 4: Social Perception: How We Come to Understand Other People
	Nonverbal Behaviour
		Facial Expressions of Emotion
	Try It! How Many Universal Facial Expressions of Emotion Are There?
	Connections: The Email Dilemma: Communicating without Nonverbal Cues
	Implicit Personality Theories: Filling in the Blanks
		Culture and Implicit Personality Theories
	Causal Attribution: Answering the “Why” Question
		The Nature of the Attributional Process
	Try It! Listen as People Make Attributions
		The Covariation Model: Internal versus External Attributions
		The Fundamental Attribution Error: People as Personality Psychologists
		Self-Serving Attributions
	Try It! Self-Serving Attributions in the Sports Pages
		Defensive Attributions
	Connections: Attributional Biases: Present in the Courtroom?
	Use It! How Would You Use This?
Chapter 5: The Self: Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context
	The Origins of the Self
		The Content of the Self: Self-Schemas
		Cultural Differences in Defining the Self
	Try It! A Measure of Self-Concept Clarity
		Gender Differences in Defining the Self
	Knowing Ourselves through Introspection
	Try It! A Measure of Relational Interdependence
		Focusing on the Self: Self-Awareness Theory
		Judging Why We Feel the Way We Do: Telling More than We Can Know
	Knowing Ourselves by Observing Our Own Behaviour
		Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation
	Knowing Ourselves through Social Interaction
		Seeing Ourselves through the Eyes of Others: The Looking-Glass Self
	Knowing Ourselves by Comparing Ourselves with Others
	Self Control: The Executive Function of the Self
	Self-Esteem: How We Evaluate Ourselves
		Social Comparison Revisited
	Connections: Do Models Make Us Feel Bad about Ourselves?
	Social Acceptance and Self-Esteem: Sociometer Theory
	Self-Evaluation: Biased or Accurate?
		Self-Enhancement: Wanting to Feel Good about Ourselves, Regardless of the Facts
		Self-Verification: Wanting to Know the Truth about Ourselves
	Use It! How Would You Use This?
Chapter 6: Attitudes and Attitude Change: Influencing Thoughts, Feelings, and Behaviour
	The Nature and Origin of Attitudes
		Where Do Attitudes Come From?
		Explicit versus Implicit Attitudes
	Try It! Affective and Cognitive Bases of Attitudes
	When Do Attitudes Predict Behaviour?
		The Theory of Planned Behaviour
		The Theory of Planned Behaviour: Implications for Safer Sex
	How Do Attitudes Change?
		Persuasive Communications and Attitude Change
		Fear and Attitude Change
		Advertising and Attitude Change
	Connections: Are Media Campaigns to Reduce Drug Use Work?
	Try It! Advertising and Mind Control
	Resisting Persuasive Messages
		Attitude Inoculation
		Being Alert to Product Placement
	Changing Our Attitudes because of Our Behaviour: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
		Decisions, Decisions, Decisions
		Dissonance and the Brain
		The Justification of Effort
		Internal versus External Justification
		The Aftermath of Bad Deeds
		Avoiding the Rationalization Trap
	The Solar Temple Revisited
	Use It! How Would You Use This?
Chapter 7: Conformity: Influencing Others
	Conformity: When and Why
	Informational Social Influence: The Need to Know What’s “Right”
		When People Conform to Informational Social Influence
		When Informational Conformity Backfires
		Resisting Informational Social Influence
	Normative Social Influence: The Need to Be Accepted
		Conformity and Social Approval: The Asch Line Judgment Studies
		When Will People Conform to Normative Social Influence?
		Other Conditions under Which People Conform to Normative Social Influence
	Try It! Fashion: Normative Social Influence in Action
		The Consequences of Normative Social Influence
	Connections: Can Normative Social Influence Be Used to Reduce Students’ Binge Drinking?
		Normative Social Influence in Everyday Life
	Minority Influence: When the Few Influence the Many
	Compliance: Requests to Change Your Behaviour
		The Door-in-the-Face Technique
		The Foot-in-the-Door Technique
		Lowballing
	Connections: Do You Use “Reverse” Psychology?
	Obedience to Authority
		The Role of Normative Social Influence
		The Role of Informational Social Influence
		Other Reasons Why We Obey
	Use It! How Would You Use This?
Chapter 8: Group Processes: Influence in Social Groups
	What Is a Group?
		Why Do People Join Groups?
		The Composition and Functions of Groups
	Try It! What Happens When You Violate a Role?
		Group Cohesiveness
	How Groups Influence the Behaviour of Individuals
		Social Facilitation: When the Presence of Others Energizes Us
		Social Loafing: When the Presence of Others Relaxes Us
		Deindividuation: Getting Lost in the Crowd
	Group Decisions: Are Two (or More) Heads Better than One?
		Process Loss: When Group Interactions Inhibit Good Problem Solving
	Connections: Was the Failure of Canada’s Meech Lake Accord the Result of Groupthink?
		Group Polarization: Going to Extremes
	Try It! Choice Dilemmas Questionnaire
		Leadership in Groups
	Conflict and Cooperation
		Social Dilemmas
	Try It! The Prisoner’s Dilemma
		Using Threats to Resolve Conflict
		Negotiation and Bargaining
	Use It! How Would You Use This?
Chapter 9: Interpersonal Attraction: From First Impressions to Close Relationships
	What Causes Attraction?
		The Person Next Door: The Propinquity Effect
	Try It! Mapping the Effect of Propinquity in Your Life
		Similarity
		Reciprocal Liking
		Physical Attractiveness and Liking
		Attraction and the Misattribution of Arousal
	Forming Close Relationships
		Defining Love
	Try It! The Passionate Love Scale
		Gender and Love
		Culture and Love
	Why Do We Love?
		Evolutionary Explanations of Love
	Connections: Does Your Face Reveal Your “Intentions”?
		Attachment Styles and Intimate Relationships
	Maintaining Close Relationships
		Social Exchange Theories
		Equity Theory
		The Role of Commitment in Maintaining Relationships
		The Role of Positive Illusions
	Ending Close Relationships
		Why Relationships End
		The Process of Breaking Up
		The Experience of Breaking Up
	Use It! How Would You Use This?
Chapter 10: Prosocial Behaviour: Why Do People Help?
	Why Do People Help?
		Evolutionary Psychology: Instincts and Genes
	Try It! Does the Reciprocity Norm Increase Helping?
		Social Exchange: The Costs and Rewards of Helping
		Empathy and Altruism: The Pure Motive for Helping
	Personal Determinants of Prosocial Behaviour: Why Do Some People Help More than Others?
		Individual Differences: The Altruistic Personality
		Gender Differences in Prosocial Behaviour
		Socioeconomic Status Differences in Prosocial Behaviour
		Cultural Differences in Prosocial Behaviour
		Religion and Prosocial Behaviour
		The Effects of Mood on Prosocial Behaviour
	Connections: Does “Do Good, Feel Good” Apply to Spending Money on Others?
		Negative-State Relief: Feel Bad, Do Good
	Situational Determinants of Prosocial Behaviour: When Will People Help?
		Environment: Rural versus Urban
		Residential Mobility
		Bystander Intervention: The Latané and Darley Model
	How Can Helping Be Increased?
		Increasing the Likelihood That Bystanders Will Intervene
		Instilling Helpfulness with Rewards and Models
		Can Playing Prosocial Video Games and Music Lyrics Increase Helpfulness?
	Try It! The Lost Letter Technique
	Use It! How Would You Use This?
Chapter 11: Aggression: Why We Hurt Other People
	What Is Aggression?
		Gender and Aggression
		Culture and Aggression
	Try It! The Incidence of Violence in Intimate Relationships
		The Evolutionary Approach to Aggression
	Physiological Influences on Aggression
		Alcohol and Aggression
		Pain, Discomfort, and Aggression
	Connections: Is There a Link between Climate Change and Aggression?
	Situational Causes of Aggression
		Frustration as a Cause of Aggression
		Direct Provocation and Reciprocation
		Social Exclusion
		Aggressive Objects as Aggressive Cues
	Learning to Behave Aggressively
		The Effects of Violence in the Media
		Violent Pornography and Violence against Women
		Putting Media Violence in Perspective: Some Final Thoughts
	How to Reduce Aggression
		Does Punishing Aggression Reduce Aggressive Behaviour?
		Catharsis and Aggression
		What Are We Supposed to Do with Our Anger?
	Connections: Teaching Empathy in School
	Use It! How Would You Use This?
Chapter 12: Prejudice: Causes and Cures
	What Is Prejudice?
		Prejudice: The Affective Component
	Try It! Multiculturalism: Is It Working?
		Stereotypes: The Cognitive Component
	Try It! Stereotype Content: Where Does It Come From?
		Discrimination: The Behavioural Component
		Modern Racism and Other Implicit Prejudices
	What Causes Prejudice?
		The Way We Think: Social Categorization
	Connections: Can Social Categorization Affect Your Reaction to Terrorism?
		What We Believe: Stereotypes
		The Way We Feel: Affect and Mood
		The Way We Assign Meaning: Attributional Biases
		Prejudice and Economic Competition: Realistic Conflict Theory
		Pressure to Conform: Normative Rules
	Individual Differences in Prejudice
		Right-Wing Authoritarianism
		Religious Fundamentalism
		Social Dominance Orientation
	Effects of Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
		Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
		Stereotype Threat
	Interventions for Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination
		The Contact Hypothesis
	Connections: Can Playing Video Games Make You Less Prejudiced?
		Cooperation and Interdependence: The Jigsaw Classroom
		The Extended Contact Hypothesis
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index