Social Accountability Initiatives in Morocco, Tunisia, and Lebanon: Civic Innovation in the Arab World After 2011 (EADI Global Development Series)

Acknowledgements
Contents
Notes on Contributors
Abbreviations
List of Tables
1 Introduction: Social Accountability and Civic Innovation in the Arab World
	1.1 Background
	1.2 A ‘Double Gap’ in the Scholarly Literature
	1.3 Research Questions and Structure of the Volume
	Note
	References
2 Social Accountability in Review: From Conceptual Models to Grounded Practices of Civic Innovation
	2.1 Social Accountability Initiatives as Democratic Renewal
	2.2 From Accountability to Social Accountability
	2.3 Social Accountability: A Theoretical Synopsis
	2.4 Social Accountability Typology and Outcomes
	Notes
	References
3 Social Accountability in Morocco: Recurring Pressures and Sporadic Concessions
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Methodology
	3.3 Accountability in the Moroccan Context
		3.3.1 The Reform of the Constitutional Framework: Plus ça Change…?
		3.3.2 Institutions for Top-Down Accountability: Great Prerogatives, Meagre Results
		3.3.3 Institutional Mechanisms for Bottom-Up Accountability: A Missed Opportunity
	3.4 Reviewing Social Accountability Initiatives: What Does Accountability Look Like for the People in Morocco?
		3.4.1 Multiple Meanings
		3.4.2 Mobilisation Methods
			Building Tools and Creating Spaces for Social Accountability
			Raising Awareness of Fellow Citizens
			Boosting Pressure: Advocacy, Litigation and Actions in the Public Space
		3.4.3 Response from Authorities
			A Complicated Relationship with Civil Society
			Bottom-Up Demands, (Some) Top-Down Responses
		3.4.4 Outcomes
			What Can Citizens and Civil Society Actually Do?
			Results in the Short Term, Doubts About the Long Term
			Civil Society’s Resilience: The Vital Ingredient for Change?
	3.5 Conclusion
	Notes
	References
4 Social Accountability in Tunisia: Processes of Learning in Civic Innovation Between 2011 and 2021
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Methodology
	4.3 Accountability in the Tunisian Context
		4.3.1 Social Accountability in the 2014 Constitution
		4.3.2 The Emergence of the Concept of Social Accountability
			Transparency Initiatives—Increasing Citizens’ Access to Information
			Contentious Actions
			Participatory Governance
	4.4 Meanings: From Constitutional Ideal to Applied Concept
		4.4.1 The Multiple Meanings of Accountability
			Led by Civil Society and/or Citizens
			Targeted at Public Institutions
			Accountability as the Duty to Give Answers
			Accountability as Citizens’ Access to and Participation in Decision-Making
			Accountability as Transparency
			Accountability as the Rule of Law
			Accountability as Decent Public Service Provision
	4.5 Mobilisation Methods: Civil Society Strategies to Move From Concept to Action
		4.5.1 Mobilising Officials
			Persuasion
			Coercion
		4.5.2 Mobilising Citizens
	4.6 Responses: Reactions from Authorities to Social Accountability Initiatives
		4.6.1 Problematic Aspects of Social Accountability
			Lack of ‘Teeth’
			Lack of Evaluation
			The Role of Civil Society
			Who Participates and How?
	4.7 Outcomes: Net Effects of Civic Innovation
		4.7.1 The Participatory Approach: Action Associative (Case #1)
		4.7.2 The Transparency Approach: Al Bawsala (Case #2)
		4.7.3 The Advocacy Approach: El Comita (Case #3)
	4.8 Lessons on Social Accountability in Tunisia
		4.8.1 Formal vs. Informal Institutions
		4.8.2 Demand Side vs. Supply Side
		4.8.3 The Tensions Between Representative and Participatory Democracy
		4.8.4 Tools vs. Contexts
		4.8.5 Confrontation vs. Cooperation
		4.8.6 National vs. Local
	4.9 Conclusion
	Notes
	References
5 Social Accountability in Lebanon: Collaboration Rather Than Confrontation in Times of Crisis
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Methodology
	5.3 Accountability in Lebanon in Context
		5.3.1 Legal Context
		5.3.2 Civil Society Organisations Pre-Arab Spring
		5.3.3 The Arab Spring and its Spillover Effects in Lebanon
		5.3.4 The Current Multidimensional Crisis
		5.3.5 Local Systems of Governance
		5.3.6 The Peacebuilding Project and Local Committees
	5.4 Multiple Meanings
		5.4.1 Accountability as Holding Authorities to Account
		5.4.2 Accountability as Responding to Local Needs
		5.4.3 Accountability as Acting in the Case of Failure
		5.4.4 Accountability as a Legal Measure
		5.4.5 Accountability as Access to Information
		5.4.6 Accountability as a Personal Contribution
	5.5 Mobilisation Methods and Means for Accountability
		5.5.1 Direct Communication
		5.5.2 Support Rather Than Confrontation
		5.5.3 Denouncing on Social Media
		5.5.4 Filing Complaints
	5.6 Responses from Authorities
		5.6.1 Using SA ‘Responsibly’
		5.6.2 Free Qualified ‘Labour’ and Access to Funds
		5.6.3 ‘Soft’ Power
		5.6.4 Contextual Factors
	5.7 Outcomes
	5.8 Discussion and Conclusion
	Notes
	References
6 Conclusion: Social Accountability Initiatives as Sites of Relational Power
	6.1 Answering Our Research Questions
		6.1.1 Meanings
		6.1.2 Mobilisations
		6.1.3 Responses
		6.1.4 Outcomes
	6.2 SAIs as Relational Sites of Power
	6.3 Grounded Lessons and Recommendations
	References
Index