Sniffy: The Virtual Rat, Pro Version 3.0 , Third Edition

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Contents......Page 7
Installation......Page 15
Contacts, Support, and Information......Page 17
Acknowledgments......Page 19
Preferences......Page 21
The File Menu......Page 22
Experiment Menu......Page 23
The Windows Menu......Page 28
Why We Created Sniffy......Page 29
Sniffy, the Program......Page 30
Sniffy Is a Learning Tool, Not a Research Tool......Page 32
Applying What You Learn From Sniffy......Page 33
A First Look at Sniffy Pro......Page 35
Classical Conditioning Background......Page 36
The Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)......Page 37
The Design Classical Conditioning Experiment Dialogue Box......Page 41
The Sensitivity & Fear Mind Window......Page 47
The CS Response Strength Mind Window......Page 48
The Movement Ratio Window......Page 50
The Cumulative Record During Classical Conditioning......Page 51
The Suppression Ratio Window......Page 52
Types of Associations......Page 53
How to Get Reliable, Comparable Results......Page 54
Exporting Your Results to Other Programs......Page 56
Copying and Pasting the Visible Portion of a Window......Page 57
Accelerating Time......Page 59
Background to the Exercises in This Chapter......Page 60
Exercise 1: Basic Acquisition of a CR......Page 61
Exercise 2: Extinction......Page 65
Exercise 3: Spontaneous Recovery......Page 67
Exercise 4: Varying the Strength of the CS......Page 69
Exercise 5: Varying the Strength of the US......Page 76
Some Questions......Page 78
Something to Do......Page 79
Exercise 6: Compound Conditioning Compared With Separate CS Pairings......Page 81
The Compound Conditioning Experimental Condition......Page 82
The Compound Conditioning, Separate Pairing Control Condition......Page 85
Exercise 7: Blocking......Page 87
Blocking Stages 2 and 3......Page 89
Exercise 8: Overshadowing......Page 92
Exercise 9: Overexpectation......Page 94
Summary......Page 97
Something to Do......Page 98
5 Inhibitory Conditioning......Page 99
Exercise 10: Prior Inhibitory Conditioning Slows Excitatory Conditioning......Page 100
Setting Up the Experimental Condition......Page 101
Examining the Results......Page 102
Exercise 11: Inhibitory Conditioning Measured by Response Summation......Page 104
Something to Do......Page 107
Background......Page 109
Exercise 12: Sensory Preconditioning......Page 110
The Experimental Condition......Page 111
The Unpaired Control Condition......Page 113
Stage 1 of Higher-Order Conditioning......Page 116
Stages 2 and 3 of Higher-Order Conditioning......Page 117
Things to Do......Page 118
Background......Page 119
Exercise 14: Basic Acquisition Under the Four Models......Page 122
Exercise 15: Effect on First-Order Conditioning of Habituating the UR......Page 124
Exercise 16: Basic Higher-Order Conditioning Under the Four Models......Page 128
Exercise 17: Effect on Higher-Order Conditioning of Extinguishing the First-Order CR......Page 130
Exercise 18: Effect on Higher-Order Conditioning of Habituating the UR......Page 134
Some Questions......Page 139
Background......Page 141
Exercise 19: Habituation, Sensitization, and Background Conditioning......Page 143
Exercise 20: CS Pre-Exposure Effect......Page 147
Exercise 21: US Pre-Exposure Effect......Page 149
Comparing CS and US Pre-Exposure With the Control......Page 151
A Question......Page 152
Something to Do......Page 153
Edward Thorndike......Page 155
B. F. Skinner......Page 156
The Operant Chamber......Page 159
Reinforcement and Punishment......Page 160
Operant Conditioning: Technique......Page 165
The Sound–Food Association......Page 166
The Cumulative Record......Page 167
Exercise 22: Magazine Training......Page 168
Exercise 23: Shaping Sniffy to Press the Bar......Page 169
Exercise 24: Cumulative Records: Visualizing Sniffy’s Responding......Page 174
Exercise 25: Extinction......Page 177
Exercise 26: Secondary Reinforcement......Page 181
Exercise 27: Spontaneous Recovery......Page 183
Sniffy’s Behavioral Repertoire......Page 185
Exercise 28: The Effects of Acquisition and Extinction on the Relative Frequencies of Sniffy’s Behaviors......Page 187
Another Effect of Magazine Training......Page 191
Exercise 29: The Effect of a Single Mild Punishment......Page 193
Exercise 30: The Effect of a Single Severe Punishment......Page 195
Exercise 31: The Effect of Repeated Mild Punishment......Page 196
Some Questions......Page 198
Background and Examples......Page 199
Variable-Ratio (VR) and Variable-Interval (VI) Schedules......Page 203
Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedules......Page 204
Setting Up a Schedule in the Design Operant Conditioning Experiment Dialogue Box......Page 205
Exercise 32: Placing Sniffy on a Small VR Schedule......Page 207
Exercise 33: Increasing the Value of Sniffy’s VR Schedule......Page 208
Exercise 35: Fixed-Ratio Schedules......Page 210
How Realistic Are Sniffy’s Schedule Performances?......Page 211
Exercise 37: The Effect of Partial Reinforcement on Extinction......Page 212
Exercise 38: Adjunctive Behavior......Page 213
Does Schedule Size Affect Overall Bar-Pressing Rate?......Page 216
Does Schedule Size Affect Resistance to Extinction?......Page 217
Background and Theory......Page 219
Setting Up Discrimination-Learning Experiments......Page 225
Exporting DS Response Strength Data to a Spreadsheet or Statistical Analysis Program......Page 228
Setting Up Stimulus Generalization Tests......Page 230
Exercise 39: Simple Tone-On S+ Discrimination Learning......Page 231
Exercise 40: Stimulus Generalization After Simple Tone-On S+ Discrimination Learning......Page 232
Exercise 41: Simple Tone-On S– Discrimination Learning......Page 234
Exercise 42: Stimulus Generalization After Simple Tone-On S– Discrimination Learning......Page 235
Exercise 43: S+/S– Discrimination Learning......Page 236
Exercise 44: Stimulus Generalization After S+/S– Discrimination Learning......Page 237
Comparing the Three Generalization Gradients......Page 239
Something to Do......Page 240
14 Shaping Behaviors Other Than Bar Pressing......Page 241
Exercise 45: Shaping Sniffy to Beg......Page 243
Exercise 46: Shaping Sniffy to Wipe His Face......Page 245
Exercise 47: Shaping Sniffy to Roll......Page 247
Exercise 48: Shaping Sniffy to Perform Other Behaviors......Page 249
Exercise 49: How Training to Beg, Face Wipe, and Roll Affects the Frequency of Other Behaviors in Sniffy’s Behavior Repertoire......Page 250
Exercise 50: Shaping a Cat to Beg or Walk on Its Hind Legs......Page 252
Questions and Things to Do......Page 255
USB Flash Drives......Page 257
Creating New Folders......Page 258
Creating a Windows Shortcut......Page 259
Saving Files in Windows 7......Page 260
Saving Files in Mac OS X......Page 262
Opening Files in Windows 7......Page 264
Opening Files in Mac OS X......Page 266
Instructions for Windows 7 Users......Page 268
Copying Files From a USB Flash Drive to a Hard Disk......Page 269
To transfer files From a Macintosh to a Windows PC......Page 270
Glossary......Page 271
References......Page 277
Index......Page 279