Smartphone Based Medical Diagnostics

Front Cover......Page 1
Smartphone Based Medical Diagnostics......Page 2
Smartphone Based Medical Diagnostics......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 12
1. Some definitions: medical diagnostics and biosensors......Page 16
2. What is biosensor?......Page 17
3. What sensors are available in smartphones for biosensing?......Page 19
4. Overview of chapters......Page 22
5. Regulatory issues......Page 23
References......Page 24
1. Light......Page 26
2. Digital cameras in smartphones......Page 28
3. White LED flash......Page 30
4. Photometry versus spectrometry......Page 32
5. Absorbance and colorimetry......Page 34
6. Fluorescence......Page 37
7. Scattering......Page 39
8. Microscope attachment......Page 41
9. Illumination/ambient light sensor......Page 42
References......Page 43
1. Ohm's law......Page 44
2. Potentiometric biosensor: Nernst equation......Page 45
3. Amperometric biosensor: Redox reaction......Page 47
4. Conductometric biosensor......Page 48
5. Temperature sensors......Page 51
6. Analog-to-digital conversion and microcontrollers......Page 53
7. Micro-USB port......Page 54
8. Bluetooth and NFC......Page 55
9. Audio jack......Page 56
References......Page 57
1. Background......Page 60
2. Role of smartphone for glucose monitoring......Page 61
3. Colorimetric method......Page 62
3.1 Challenges of smartphone-based colorimetric method......Page 64
3.2 Uneven color development......Page 65
3.3 Effect of ambient light......Page 67
3.4 Effect of exposure time and light sensitivity......Page 68
3.5 3D-printed enclosure......Page 69
4. Electrochemical method......Page 70
4.1 Generations of electrochemical glucose sensor......Page 72
4.2 Smartphone-based electrochemical sensor device......Page 73
6.1 Accuracy requirement......Page 74
6.2 Other requirements......Page 75
References......Page 76
1. Introduction......Page 82
2. Traditional flow cytometry......Page 84
3. Microfluidic flow cytometry......Page 85
4.1 Lens-based imaging system......Page 87
5. Smartphone-based cytometry......Page 89
6.1 Blood cell imaging and counting......Page 90
6.2 Cancer cell imaging and counting......Page 94
6.3 Pathogen, parasite, and microswimmer imaging and counting......Page 95
7. Regulatory issues, medical requirements, and constraints......Page 96
8. Conclusions......Page 97
References......Page 98
1. Introduction......Page 104
3. Hardware requirements for the mobile health systems focused on rapid kits......Page 105
4.1 Consistent imaging......Page 106
4.2 Development of robust image processing software on a smartphone......Page 109
5. Allergen detection......Page 110
7. Rapid blood plasma analysis for detection of hemolysis......Page 111
8. Diagnosis of infectious diseases at the point of care using ELISA-like assays......Page 113
9. Complete replication of ELISA functionality on a smartphone......Page 114
11. Conclusion......Page 115
References......Page 116
7 - Smartphone-based medical diagnostics with microfluidic devices......Page 118
1. Introduction......Page 119
2. Medical diagnostics using microfluidics and the camera module of the smartphone......Page 120
2.1 Detection of the colorimetric signal using the smartphone-embedded camera......Page 121
2.2 Smartphone-based fluorescence diagnostic system......Page 124
2.3 Smartphone-based simple optical diagnostic system: retroreflective signaling probe......Page 127
2.4 Microscopic bioimaging using the smartphone-embedded camera......Page 129
2.5 Other optical detection technologies using the smartphone-embedded camera......Page 130
3. Microfluidic-based medical diagnostics using the illumination sensor of the smartphone......Page 131
4. Electrochemical detection method using a smartphone integrated with microfluidics......Page 134
5. Smartphone-embedded data processing applications and the wireless network......Page 136
7. Conclusions......Page 137
References......Page 138
2.1 Diabetic foot ulcers......Page 144
2.2 Pressure ulcer......Page 147
2.3 Venous leg ulcer......Page 150
3.1 Digital health to facilitate triaging those at high risk of DFU......Page 151
3.2 Digital health to predict and prevent DFU......Page 152
3.3 Digital plantar pressure assessment in predicting DFU......Page 154
3.4 Digital plantar temperature assessment in predicting and preventing DFU......Page 156
3.5 Digital management of physical activity dosages to prevent or heal DFUs......Page 161
3.6 Digital patient education for managing DFU......Page 163
3.7 Digital health for managing wounds......Page 165
3.8 Internet of things and remote management of DFU......Page 166
4. Conclusion......Page 167
References......Page 168
1. Introduction......Page 174
2. Smartphone camera......Page 175
3.1 Bright field microscopy......Page 177
3.2 Dark field microscopy......Page 178
3.4 Fluorescence imaging......Page 180
3.5 Reflectance confocal microscopy......Page 182
4.1 Singlet lens (ball lens, half-ball lens, aspheric lens, or liquid lens)......Page 183
4.3 Multielement commercial microscope objective lens......Page 185
4.4 FOV versus resolution......Page 186
5. Conclusion......Page 187
References......Page 188
1. Introduction......Page 192
2. Introduction to digital and soft battery-free devices with wireless operation......Page 194
3. NFC-enabled battery-free wireless epidermal/miniature optoelectronic devices......Page 196
4. Battery-free and continuous dosimeter applications......Page 199
5. Miniaturized photo- and electrochemical sensors......Page 202
6. Thermal sensors......Page 208
7. Flow sensors......Page 213
8. Devices on market......Page 215
9. Summary......Page 218
References......Page 219
1. Introduction......Page 224
2.1.1 Parasites......Page 225
2.1.2 Bacteria......Page 226
2.2 Chemical food contaminants......Page 227
3.1.1 Culture-based methods......Page 228
3.1.2 Immunoassays......Page 229
3.1.3 Polymerase chain reaction-based methods......Page 230
3.2 Chemical detection......Page 231
4.1 Allergen detection using smartphone-based colorimetry......Page 232
4.3 Lateral flow aptamer assay using smartphone and upconversion nanoparticles......Page 237
4.4 Fluorescence detection of E. coli using smartphone camera......Page 240
4.5 Pesticide detection on paper using smartphone camera......Page 241
4.6 Salmonella and E. coli detection on paper microfluidic devices using smartphone......Page 242
References......Page 244
E......Page 248
H......Page 249
O......Page 250
S......Page 251
Z......Page 252
Back Cover......Page 254