Smart Grids and Microgrids: Technology Evolution

Cover
Half-Title Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1 A Comprehensive Analysis of Numerical Techniques for Estimation of Solar PV Parameters Under Dynamic Environmental Condition
	Nomenclature
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Mathematical Model of Solar PV
		1.2.1 Calculation of Vt, Rse and Rsh
		1.2.2 Effect of Irradiance and Temperature
		1.2.3 Estimation of Maximum Power Point
	1.3 Numerical Techniques for Parameter Estimation
		1.3.1 Gauss-Seidel Technique
		1.3.2 Newton-Raphson (NR) Method
	1.4 Results and Discussion
		1.4.1 Simulation Results
		1.4.2 Experimental Results
		1.4.3 Comparative Analysis
	1.5 Conclusion
	References
2 Energy Storage System in Microgrid
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Need of ESS (Energy Storage Systems)
	2.3 Available ESS (Energy Storage Systems) Technologies
		2.3.1 Type of ESS (Energy Storage Systems)
		2.3.2 Comparison of Storage Technologies
	2.4 Power Electronics Converter in Microgrid
		2.4.1 DC-DC Converter
		2.4.2 DC-AC Inverter AC-DC Rectifier
		2.4.3 AC-AC Converter
	2.5 Control of Interfaced Converters
		2.5.1 DC-DC Bidirectional Converter Interfacing DC-Microgrid
			2.5.1.1 Modeling and Control of the Converter
			2.5.1.2 Typical Case Study in MATLAB-Simulink
		2.5.2 DC-AC VSI Interfacing AC-Microgrid
			2.5.2.1 Modelling and Control of the VSI
			2.5.2.3 Typical Case Study in MATLAB-Simulink
	2.6 Conclusion
	References
3 Economic Feasibility Studies of Simple and Discounted Payback Periods for 1 MWp Ground Mounted Solar PV Plant at Tirupati Airport
	3.1 Introduction
		3.1.1 Background and Motivation
		3.1.2 Literature Review
		3.1.3 Organization of the Paper
	3.2 Application of the Technique
		3.2.1 Economic Evaluation
		3.2.2 Solar PV Plant at Tirupati Airport
		3.2.3 Solar PV Plant – Technical Specifications and Inventories
	3.3 Result Analysis
		3.3.1 Contribution of Solar Energy
		3.3.2 Reduction in CO
		Emissions
		3.3.3 Energy Savings with LEDs
		3.3.4 Panel Efficiency Variation with Temperature
		3.3.5 Estimation of Simple Payback Period (SPP)
		3.3.6 Estimation of DPP
	3.4 Conclusion
	References
4 Impact of Reliability Indices for Planning Charging Station Load in a Distribution Network
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Background
	4.3 Reliability Analysis of Distribution Network
	4.4 Methodology for Allocating Charging Loads in the Test System
		4.4.1 Mathematical Evaluation of the System Under Study
	4.5 Results and Discussions
		4.5.1 Reliability Indices for Slow EV Chargers
		4.5.2 Reliability Indices for Fast EV Chargers
		4.5.3 Comparative Results of Slow and Fast EV Chargers in Evaluating Reliability Indices
		4.5.4 Measures to Improve Reliability Indices in the Distribution Network
	4.6 Conclusion
	Nomenclature
	Appendix
	References
5 Investigation on Microgrid Control and Stability
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Microgrid Control
	5.3 Microgrid Control Hierarchy
		5.3.1 Primary Control
		5.3.2 Secondary Control
		5.3.3 Tertiary Control
		5.3.4 Intelligent Control Methods
	5.4 Control Techniques
		5.4.1 Communication Based Control/Centralized Control
		5.4.2 Conventional Droop Control
		5.4.3 Improved Droop Control Methods
		5.4.4 Summary of Control Techniques
	5.5 Stability of Microgrids
		5.5.1 Stability Classification
		5.5.2 Power Balance Stability
		5.5.3 Control System Stability
	5.6 Stability Analysis Techniques
	5.7 Conclusions
	References
6 Frequency Control in Microgrids Based on Fuzzy Coordinated Electric Vehicle Charging Station
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Microgrid System Framework and Component Description
		6.2.1 Single-Diode PV System Characteristics and its Modelling
		6.2.2 Modelling of an Electric Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS)
		6.2.3 Grid Interfacing Units
	6.3 Designing of the FL Controller for PEVs
	6.4 PEVs Control Strategy
	6.5 Simulation Results and Discussion
		6.5.1 Detailed Analysis of Scenario 1
		6.5.2 Detailed Analysis of Scenario 2
	6.6 Conclusions
	References
7 Role of Renewable Energy Sources and Storage Units in Smart Grids
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Concepts of Renewable Energy
	7.3 Hydro Energy
	7.4 Solar Power
	7.5 Wind Energy
	7.6 Geothermal Energy
	7.7 Energy Storage in Smart Grids
	Conclusion and Future Scope
	Acknowledgement
	References
8 Smart Grid in Indian Scenario
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Smart Grid Technologies
		8.1.2 Why Smart Grid
		8.1.3 Smart Grid Control and Automation
	8.2 Smart Technologies in Smart Grid Implementation
		8.2.1 Measuring and Sensing Technologies
		8.2.2 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
		8.2.3 Demand Side Management and Demand Response (DSM & DR)
		8.2.4 Power Quality Management (PQM)
		8.2.5 Outage Management System (OMS)
		8.2.6 Advanced Power Electronics
		8.2.7 Renewable Energy Integration
		8.2.8 Microgrid
		8.2.9 Wide Area Measurement Systems
		8.2.10 Energy Storage Systems
		8.2.11 Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV)
		8.2.12 Integrated Communication Technologies (ICT)
		8.2.13 Cyber Security
	8.3 Implementation of Smart Grid Programs
		8.3.1 Challenges and Issues of SG Implementation
		8.3.2 Smart Grid Implementation in India: Puducherry Pilot Programs
		8.3.3 Power Quality of the Smart Grid
	8.4 Solar PV System Implementation in India
	8.5 Summary
	References
9 An FPGA Based Embedded Sytems for Online Monitoring and Power Management in a Standalone Micro-Grid
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 System Description
	9.3 Test Cases of Mirco-Grid Controller
	9.4 Signal Acquisition and Conditioning System
	9.5 Online Monitoring System
	9.6 Conclusion
	References
10 Impact of Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids and Micro-Grids
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Microgrids in Electric Vehicle Technology
		10.2.1 Microgrid
		10.2.2 Microgrid Integration of EV with Distributed Generation
		10.2.3 Electric Vehicle Management and Optimal Power Flow
	10.3 Smart Grids in Electric Vehicle Technology
		10.3.1 Smart Grid
	10.4 Why Do We Need to Smarten Electricity Grids?
		10.4.1 Electric Vehicle Charging Scheduling Through Smart Grids
		10.4.2 Charging Stations Powered by Smart Grid
	10.5 Challenges Faced with the Introduction of EVs
	10.6 Current Trends in EV Technology in India
	10.7 The Relevance of Smart Grids and Micro Grids in EV Technology in India
		10.7.1 Relevance of Microgrids
		10.7.2 The Relevance of Smart Grids
		10.7.3 Issues and Recommendations: Grid Technology and EVs in India
		10.7.4 Future Directions
	10.8 Conclusion
	References
11 Power Electronic Converters and Operational Analysis in Microgrid Environment
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 DC-DC Converters
		11.2.1 Buck Converter
		11.2.2 Boost Converter
		11.2.3 Buck-Boost Converter
	11.3 AC-DC Converters (Rectifiers)
		11.3.1 Single Phase Diode Bridge Rectifier (SPDBR)
		11.3.2 Single Phase Controlled Bridge Rectifier (SPCBR)
		11.3.3 Three Phase Controlled Rectifier
		11.3.4 Power Factor Correction Circuits (PFCs)
	11.4 DC-AC Converters (Inverters)
		11.4.1 Single Phase Two-Level Inverter (SPI)
		11.4.2 Three Phase Inverter
		11.4.3 Single Stage Inverters
		11.4.4 Multilevel Inverters
	11.5 AC-AC Converters
		11.5.1 Single Phase AC-AC Voltage Controller
		11.5.2 Single Phase Cycloconverter
	11.6 Tools for Simulating Power Electronic Converters
		11.6.1 MATLAB
		11.6.2 PSPICE
		11.6.3 PLECS
		11.6.4 SABER
	References
12 IoT Based Underground Cable Fault Detection
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Types of Fault in Underground Cables
		12.2.1 Open Circuit Fault
		12.2.2 Short Circuit Fault
		12.2.3 Earth Fault
	12.3 Fault Location Methods
		12.3.1 Online Method
		12.3.2 Offline Method
			12.3.2.1 Murray Loop Test
			12.3.2.2 Varley Loop Test
			12.3.2.3 Cable Thumping
			12.3.2.4 Time Domain Reflectometer
			12.3.2.5 High Voltage RADAR Methods
	12.4 Internet of Things
	12.5 Fault Detection in Cable Through IoT
	12.6 Conclusion
	Annexure
	References
13 A Architectural Approach to Smart Grid Technology
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Background of Power Grid
	13.3 India’s Current Situation
	13.4 Current Structure of Smart Grid
	13.5 The Smart Grid
	13.6 Smart Grid Components
		13.6.1 Smart Meter
		13.6.2 Distribution Automation
		13.6.3 Management of the Request-Response
		13.6.4 Demand Side Management
		13.6.5 Intelligent Equipment
		13.6.6 Transmission Automation
		13.6.7 Vehicle Electric
		13.6.8 Electric Storage
		13.6.9 Sources of Renewable Energy
	13.7 Smart Grid Indian Drivers
	13.8 Smart Grid India’s Latest Initiative
	13.9 Smart Grid Architecture Challenges and New Technologies
		13.9.1 Power System Planning
	13.10 Smart Grid Deployment Sophistication and Regular Organization
		13.10.1 Difficulty and Limitations
		13.10.2 Standard Organizations Related to Smart Grids
	13.11 Intelligent Grid Design Approach
		13.11.1 Smart Grid Concept Steps
		13.11.2 Intelligent Grid Frame Function
	13.12 Graphical Representation Review of Smart Grid Functionality
		13.12.1 Architecture for IEC, Model and Demand System Response
		13.12.2 Intelligent Grid Methods
	13.13 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
14 Role of Telecommunication Technologies in Microgrids and Smart Grids
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 The Role of Microgrid and Smart Grid Towards Technology Development
		14.2.1 Microgrid
			14.2.1.1 Smart Parking Lot Using a Microgrid Control System
			14.2.1.2 Smart Community Microgrid (SCMG)
			14.2.1.3 Intelligent Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Street Lighting System Using a Micro Distributed Energy Storage System
			14.2.1.4 Residential Microgrid
		14.2.2 Smart Grid
			14.2.2.1 Automated Meter Reading (AMR) and Smart Meter
			14.2.2.2 Vehicle to Grid (V2G)
			14.2.2.3 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)
			14.2.2.4 Smart Sensors
			14.2.2.5 Sensors and Actuator Network (SANET)
	14.3 Research Challenges and Opportunities in Microgrid and Smart Grid
		14.3.1 Research Challenges in Microgrid
		14.3.2 Research Challenges in Smart-Grid
		14.3.3 Opportunities in Microgrid
		14.3.4 Opportunities in Smart Grid
	14.4 Solutions for Research Challenges and Future Trends
		14.4.1 Solutions
		14.4.2 Future Trends in Microgrid and Smart Grid
	14.5 Role of Effective Communication Strategies in Microgrids and Smart Grids
		14.5.1 IoT in Microgrids and Smart Grids
		14.5.2 Cloud Computing in Microgrids and Smart Grids
	14.6 Smart Grids - Microgrids: A Demanding Use Case for Future 5G Technologies
	14.7 Conclusion
	Abbreviations
	References
Index
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