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دانلود کتاب Small Animal Surgery Textbook
دانلود کتاب کتاب درسی جراحی حیوانات کوچک
مشخصات کتاب
Small Animal Surgery Textbook
ویرایش: 4
نویسندگان: Theresa Welch Fossum
سری:
ISBN (شابک) : 9780323100793, 9780323397520
ناشر: Elsevier Health Sciences
سال نشر: 2013
تعداد صفحات: 1777
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
حجم فایل: 77 مگابایت
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 71,000
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Cover Page Blank Page Title Page Copyright page Dedication About the Authors Editor-in-Chief Editors Contributors Preface Content General Format chapter format Anesthesia Protocols New to this Edition Expert consult Special Features Art Program Index Small Animal Fracture Management Application Acknowledgments Author Acknowledgments personal acknowledgments Table of Contents One General Surgical Principles 1 Principles of Surgical Asepsis Aseptic and Sterile Techniques Transmission of Microorganisms Sources of contamination. Animal sources. Inanimate sources. Airborne sources. Principles of Hospital Asepsis Sterile Technique Levels of sterility and disinfection. Critical. Semicritical. Noncritical. Preparation of Surgical Packs Wrapping Instrument Packs Folding and Wrapping Gowns Folding and Wrapping Drapes Handling and Storage of Sterilized Instruments and Equipment Sterile Shelf Life Handling Sterilized Items Unwrapping and Opening Sterile Items Unwrapping large sterile linen/paper/polypropylene packs that cannot be held during distribution. Unwrapping sterile linen/paper packages that can be held during distribution. Unwrapping sterile items in paper/plastic or plastic peel-back pouches. Opening sterile container systems. Pouring Solutions into Basins References Suggested readings 2 Sterilization and Disinfection Disinfection Sterilization Steam Sterilization Types of Steam Sterilizers Gravity displacement sterilizer. Prevacuum sterilizer. Flash sterilizer. Chemical (Gas) Sterilization Ethylene oxide. Plasma Sterilization Peracetic Acid Sterilization Ionizing Radiation Cold Chemical Sterilization Sterilization Indicators References 3 Surgical Facilities, Equipment, and Personnel and Care and Maintenance of the Surgical Environment Structure and Design of the Surgical Area Description and Function of Rooms in the Surgical Area Dressing Room Anesthesia and Surgical Preparation Areas Anesthesia Supply Room Nurses’ Work Station Sterile Instrument Room Equipment Room Housekeeping Supply Room Scrub Sink Area Gowning and Gloving Area Operating Room Room “Turnover” Postoperative Recovery Area Minor Procedures Surgery Room Personnel Operating Room Supervisor and Surgical Technician Repairs and Renovations Care and Maintenance of the Surgical Environment Daily Cleaning Routines Operating Room Scrub Sinks Anesthesia and Patient Preparation Room Recovery Room Weekly and Monthly Cleaning Routines References 4 Preoperative and Intraoperative Care of the Surgical Patient History Taking Physical Examination Laboratory Data Determination of Surgical Risk Client Communication Patient Stabilization Oxygen Therapy Fluid Therapy Crystalloid Solutions Colloid Solutions Blood Products Intraoperative Fluid Therapy References 5 Preparation of the Operative Site Dietary Restrictions Excretions Treatment of Hair Positioning Sterile Skin Preparation Draping References 6 Preparation of the Surgical Team Surgical Attire Surgical Scrub Scrub Technique Scrub Solutions Scrub Duration Gowning Gloving Closed Gloving Open Gloving Assisted Gloving Removing Gloves Aseptically Maintaining Sterility During Surgery References Suggested readings 7 Surgical Instrumentation Instrument Categories Scalpels Scissors Needle Holders Tissue Forceps Hemostat Forceps Tissue Forceps Retractors Miscellaneous Instruments Instrument Care and Maintenance Cleaning Lubricating and Autoclaving Cold Sterilization Draping and Organizing the Instrument Table 8 Biomaterials, Suturing, and Hemostasis Sutures and Suture Selection Suture Characteristics Suture size. Flexibility. Surface characteristics and coating. Capillarity. Knot tensile strength. Relative knot security. Specific Suturing Materials Absorbable Suture Materials Organic absorbable materials. Synthetic absorbable materials. Monofilament absorbable materials. Multifilament absorbable materials. Nonabsorbable Suture Materials Organic nonabsorbable materials. Synthetic nonabsorbable materials. Metallic sutures. Surgical Needles Suture Selection for Different Tissue Types Skin. Abdominal closure. Muscle and tendon. Parenchymal organs. Hollow viscus organs. Infected or contaminated wounds. Vessels and vascular anastomoses. Other Biomaterials Tissue Adhesives Ligating Clips Skin Staples Synthetic Surgical Mesh Biologic Tissue Grafts Common Suture Techniques Suture Patterns Subcutaneous and subcuticular patterns. Interrupted Suture Patterns Simple interrupted pattern. Horizontal mattress pattern. Cruciate pattern. Vertical mattress pattern. Halsted pattern. Gambee pattern. Continuous Suture Patterns Simple continuous pattern. Ford interlocking pattern. Lembert pattern. Connell and Cushing patterns. Tendon Sutures Three-loop pulley suture. Bunnell suture. Far-near–near-far suture. Knot Tying Instrument ties. Hand ties. Burying the knot. Suture Removal Hemostatic Techniques and Materials Topical Hemostatic Agents Energy-Based Hemostasis—Electrosurgery Monopolar electrosurgery. Bipolar electrosurgery. Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser. Vessel sealing. References 9 Surgical Infections and Antibiotic Selection Mechanisms of Antibiotic Action Destruction of Bacterial Cell Walls Inhibition of Protein Synthesis Inhibition of DNA Synthesis “Drugs of last resort” Causes of Antibiotic Failure and Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance Surgical Infections Classification of Surgical Wounds Classifications of Surgical Infections Prevention of Surgical Infections Prophylactic and Therapeutic Use of Antibiotics Prophylactic Use Therapeutic Use References Suggested readings 10 Nutritional Management of the Surgical Patient Diets for enteral use. Diets for total parenteral nutrition. Diets for partial parenteral nutrition. Methods of Providing Hyperalimentation Total Parenteral Nutrition Partial Parenteral Nutrition Enteral Hyperalimentation Nasoesophageal Intubation Pharyngostomy Tubes Esophagostomy Tube Gastrostomy Tubes Blind percutaneous gastrostomy tube placement. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement. Flank incision gastrostomy tube placement. Gastrostomy tube placement by mid-line laparotomy. Low-profile gastrostomy tube devices. Enterostomy Tube Calculation of Rate and Volume of Feeding Parenteral Feeding Complications Enteral Feeding Complications Mechanical Complications Gastrointestinal Complications Metabolic Complications References 11 Fundamentals of Physical Rehabilitation Definitions General Considerations Treatment Modalities Cryotherapy Heat Therapy Therapeutic Ultrasound Pulsed Signal Therapy Cold Laser Therapy Massage Passive Range of Motion and Stretching Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Therapeutic Exercise Standing exercises. Balancing exercises. Sit-to-stand/stand-to-down exercises. Gait training or patterning. Ground/land treadmill. Controlled walks. Cavaletti rails and obstacle work. Weaving and circles. Hills. Stair climbing. Wheelbarrowing and dancing. Trotting. Pulling or carrying weights. Controlled ball and Frisbee playing. Toy batting and tug-of-war. Aversion techniques. Aquatic Therapy Underwater treadmill. Swimming. Measuring Outcomes in Rehabilitation Developing a Treatment Plan Specific Concerns for Rehabilitating Fracture Patients Specific Concerns in Rehabilitating Neurologic Patients Specific Concerns for Rehabilitating Osteoarthritic Patients Specific Concerns for Rehabilitating Patients After Joint Surgery References 12 Anesthesia and Perioperative Multimodal Therapy Review of Pain Pathways Pain Assessment Monitoring Nursing Care Premedications Benzodiazepines Diazepam. Midazolam. Zolazepam. Acepromazine Alpha-2 Agonists Anticholinergics Induction Medications Propofol Ketamine Thiobarbiturates Etomidate Opioids Morphine Fentanyl Hydromorphone Oxymorphone Methadone Buprenorphine Butorphanol Opioid Antagonists Regional Anesthesia Topical Anesthetic Local Infiltration Nerve Blocks Distal Limb Nerve Blocks Brachial Plexus Block MUMR Block Intraarticular Block Intercostal Nerve Blocks Infraorbital and Maxillary Blocks Mandibular and Mental Nerve Blocks Neuraxial Anesthesia Epidural Placement Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs Miscellaneous Drugs Other Treatment Options Postoperative Patient Evaluation References 13 Principles of Minimally Invasive Surgery Definitions and Terminology Endoscopy: General Principles, Equipment, and Techniques Indications Flexible Endoscopy Rigid Endoscopy Foreign Bodies Equipment Flexible Endoscopes Endoscopes. Biopsy/cytology equipment. Interventional tools for flexible endoscopes. Rigid Endoscopes Colonoscopes. Laryngoscopes. Rigid endoscopy with special additional equipment needs. Laparoscopes/thoracoscopes. Cystoscopes. Rhinoscopes. Arthroscopes. Equipment Care Antibiotics Procedures Biopsies Biopsy of gastrointestinal mucosa. Cytologic Preparations Washes Foreign Body Removal Postendoscopy care. Specialized Interventional Procedures Arthroscopy: General Principles, Equipment, and Techniques Indications Equipment Equipment Care Antibiotics General Procedures Specific Procedures Postarthroscopy Care Suggested readings 14 Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Therapy General Principles and Techniques Definitions Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Mesenchymal Stem Cells Autologous versus Allogeneic Stem Cells Indications Orthopedic and Spine Repair and Osteoarthritis. Cardiac Disease. Hepatic and Gastrointestinal Disease. Diabetes. Other Diseases/Conditions. Platelet-Rich Plasma and Regenerative Medicine Formation of PRP Applications of PRP Bone. Tendon. Ligament. Osteoarthritis. References 15 Advanced Imaging for Surgeons Physics: Overview Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Computed Tomography (CT) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Hybrid Imaging with PET/CT Clinical Applications References Suggested reading Two Soft Tissue Surgery 16 Surgery of the Integumentary System General Principles and Techniques Wound Management Surgical Anatomy Wound Healing Stages of Wound Healing Inflammatory Phase. Débridement Phase. Repair Phase. Maturation Phase. Moist Wound Healing Host Factors Affecting Wound Healing Wound Characteristics Affecting Wound Healing External Factors Affecting Wound Healing Management of Open or Superficial Wounds Débridement Surgical Débridement. Autolytic Débridement. Bandage (Mechanical) Débridement. Enzymatic Débridement. Biosurgical Débridement. Antibiotics Topical Wound Medications Topical Antimicrobials and Antibiotics Triple Antibiotic Ointment. Silver Sulfadiazine. Nitrofurazone. Gentamicin Sulfate. Cefazolin. Mafenide. Topical Wound-Healing Enhancers Aloe Vera. Acemannan. Tripeptide-Copper Complex. D-Glucose Polysaccharide (Maltodextrin NF). Honey. Sugar. Growth Factors. Hydrolyzed Bovine Collagen. Chitosan. Other Topical Wound Agents. Wound Cleansing Solutions Commercial Wound Cleansers Chlorhexidine Diacetate Povidone-Iodine Tris EDTA Other Solutions Other Wound Treatment Methods Assessment of Skin Viability Integumentary Surgery Sutures Staplers Tissue Adhesives Drains Vacuum-Assisted Wound Closure. Tourniquets Wound Closure Postoperative Care and Assessment References Bandages Wound Bandaging Materials Contact (Primary) Layer Wet Adherent. Dry Adherent. Adherent Film or Skin Sealant. Nonadherent. Hypertonic Saline. Hydrogel. Hydrocolloids. Calcium Alginate. Foams. Antimicrobial (Polyhexamethyl Biguanide) Gauze Dressings. Other Antimicrobial Dressings. Bioactive Dressings. Transparent Vapor-Permeable Films. Intermediate (Secondary) Layer Outer (Tertiary) Layer. Types of Bandages Absorbent Bandages Adherent Bandages Wet-Dry. Wet-Wet. Dry-Dry. Nonadherent Bandages Occlusive Bandages Tie-Over Bandages Stabilizing Bandages Postoperative or Closed Wound Bandages Pressure Bandages Pressure Relief Bandages Bandaging Techniques Bandaging the Thorax and Abdomen Bandaging the Head Bandaging the Extremities Principles of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Skin Tension and Elasticity Tension Lines and Tension Relief Tension Lines Tension Relief Skin Stretching and Expansion Suture Patterns Subdermal Sutures Walking Sutures External Tension-Relieving Sutures Prevention of “dog Ears” Relaxing Incisions Simple Relaxing Incisions Multiple Punctate Relaxing Incisions V-to-Y Plasty Z-Plasty Skin Biopsy Removal of Skin Tumors Removal of Irregular Skin Defects Circular Defects Triangular Defects. Square and Rectangular Defects Fusiform Defects Crescentic Defects Pedicle Flaps Advancement Flaps Rotational Flaps Transposition Flaps Interpolation Flaps Pouch and Hinge Flaps Tubed Pedicle Flaps Axial Pattern Flaps Caudal Auricular Axial Pattern Flap Superficial Temporal Artery Axial Pattern Flap Omocervical Axial Pattern Flap (Superficial Cervical Axial Pattern Flap) Thoracodorsal Axial Pattern Flap Lateral Thoracic Axial Pattern Flap Superficial Brachial Axial Pattern Flap Caudal Superficial Epigastric Axial Pattern Flap Cranial Superficial Epigastric Axial Pattern Flap Deep Circumflex Iliac Axial Pattern Flap Genicular Axial Pattern Flap Reverse Saphenous Conduit Flap Lateral Caudal Axial Pattern Flap Composite Flaps Myocutaneous and Muscle Flaps Myocutaneous Flaps Platysma Myocutaneous Flap Latissimus Dorsi Myocutaneous Flap Cutaneous Trunci Myocutaneous Flap Trapezius Osteomyocutaneous Flap Muscle Flaps External Abdominal Oblique Muscle Flap Cranial Sartorius Muscle Flap Caudal Sartorius Muscle Flap Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle Flap Temporalis Muscle Flap Omental Flaps Microvascular Flap Transfer Skin Grafts Full-Thickness Skin Grafts Sheet Grafts Plug, Punch, or Seed Grafts and Strip Grafts Mesh Grafts Split-Thickness Skin Grafts Stamp Grafts Surgical Management of Specific Skin Disorders Burns and Other Thermal Injuries Treatment Burn Wound Management References Electrical Injuries Treatment Frostbite Treatment Chemical Injuries Treatment Alkali Acid Skin Reactions to Radiation Therapy Treatment Animal Bite Wounds and Abscesses References Snakebite Treatment Reference Pressure Sores Treatment Elbow Hygroma Treatment Reference Lick Granulomas Treatment Reference Dermoid Sinus (Pilonidal Sinus) Treatment Interdigital Pyoderma Treatment Redundant Skin Folds Lip Folds Lip Fold Resection (Cheiloplasty) Antidrool Cheiloplasty Nasal Folds Nasal Skin Fold Resection Vulvar Folds Tail Folds Tail Fold Resection Surgery of the Tail Caudectomy Caudectomy in Adults Partial Caudectomy Complete Caudectomy Surgery of the Digits and Footpads Biopsy Onychectomy Dissection Onychectomy Nail Clipper Onychectomy Postoperative Care and Complications Deep Digital Flexor Tenectomy Dewclaw Removal Dewclaw Removal in Puppies Dewclaw Removal in Adults Digit Amputation Footpad Injuries Superficial Pad Loss Lacerations Paw Salvage Fusion Podoplasty References 17 Surgery of the Eye General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Concerns Preparation OF the Surgical Site Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Techniques Eyelid Laceration Repair Conjunctival and Corneal Lacerations Temporary Tarsorrhaphy Conjunctival Flap Hood Flap 360-Degree Conjunctival Flap Third Eyelid Flap Enucleation or Exenteration Transconjunctival Enucleation Lateral Enucleation Transpalpebral Enucleation Exenteration Ocular Evisceration and Intrascleral Prosthesis Placement Healing and the Eye Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications References Specific Diseases Entropion Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Techniques Eyelid Tacking Excisional Procedures Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Ectropion Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Techniques Wedge Resection Conjunctival Resection V-Y Correction Modified Kuhnt-Szymanowski Procedure Lateral Blepharoplasty Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Protrusion of the Third Eyelid Gland Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Techniques Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Traumatic Proptosis Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Techniques Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Lid Masses Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Techniques Single-Pedicle Advancement Flap Lip-to-Lid Flap Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Reference 18 Surgery of the Ear General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Concerns Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Techniques Lateral Ear Canal Resection Vertical Ear Canal Ablation Total Ear Canal Ablation Lateral Bulla Osteotomy Ventral Bulla Osteotomy Healing and the Ear Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations References Specific Diseases Otitis Externa Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Complications References Otitis Media and Interna Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Aural Hematomas and Traumatic Lesions of the Pinna and Ear Cartilage Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Techniques Aural Hematomas Avulsions of the Ear Margin Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Neoplasia of the Pinna and External Ear Canal Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Inflammatory Polyps Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Techniques Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References 19 Surgery of the Abdominal Cavity General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Concerns Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Techniques Ventral Midline Celiotomy in Cats and Female Dogs Ventral Midline Celiotomy in Male Dogs Paracostal Celiotomy Abdominal Exploration Abdominal Wall Closure Healing and the Abdominal Wall Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Reference Specific Diseases Umbilical and Abdominal Hernias Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Techniques Abdominal Hernias Paracostal hernias. Cranial pubic ligament (prepubic) hernias. Umbilical Hernias Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Inguinal, Scrotal, and Femoral Hernias Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Techniques Inguinal Hernias Scrotal Hernias Femoral Hernias Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Peritonitis Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Techniques Abdominocentesis Diagnostic Peritoneal Lavage Exploratory Laparotomy Open Abdominal or Closed-Suction Drainage Open abdominal drainage. Closed-suction drainage. Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Hemoperitoneum Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Techniques Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References 20 Surgery of the Digestive System Surgery of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Concerns Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Techniques Biopsy Techniques Temporary Carotid Artery Ligation Partial Maxillectomy Partial Mandibulectomy Mandibular Rim Excision Tonsillectomy Glossectomy Pharyngotomy Salivary Gland Excision Healing of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations References Suggested reading Specific Diseases Congenital Oronasal Fistula (Cleft Palate) Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical examination findings. Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Techniques Closure of Hard Palate Defects Closure of Soft Palate Defects Reconstruction of Soft Palate Hypoplasia Closure of Primary Clefts Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Reference Acquired Oronasal Fistulae Definition/Synonyms General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Techniques Direct Apposition Single-Layer Flap Repair Rotational Flap Repair Double-Flap Repair Conchal Cartilage Graft Repair Vertical Ear Canal Graft Repair Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Reference Oral Tumors Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Suggested reading Salivary Mucoceles Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Techniques Mandibular and Sublingual Salivary Gland Excision Zygomatic Gland Excision Parotid Gland Excision Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Suggested reading Oropharyngeal Penetrating Trauma Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Exam Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Surgical Technique Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Surgery of the Esophagus General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Concerns Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Techniques Approach to the Cervical Esophagus Approach to the Cranial Thoracic Esophagus via a Lateral Intercostal Thoracotomy Approach to the Esophagus at the Heart Base via a Right Lateral Thoracotomy Approach to the Caudal Esophagus via a Caudal Lateral Thoracotomy Esophagotomy Partial Esophagectomy Support or Patching Techniques Esophagostomy Healing of the Esophagus Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Reference Suggested reading Specific Diseases Esophageal Foreign Bodies Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Surgical Technique Endoscopic Removal of Esophageal Foreign Bodies Balloon Catheter-Assisted Removal of Foreign Objects Surgical Removal of Esophageal Foreign Objects Suture Materials and Special Instrument Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Suggested reading Esophageal Strictures Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Esophagoscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Treatment Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Bougienage Balloon Dilation Suture materials and special instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Suggested reading Esophageal Diverticula Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Esophageal Neoplasia Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Surgical Technique Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Suggested reading Hiatal Hernia Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Suggested reading Gastroesophageal Intussusception Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Reference Suggested reading Cricopharyngeal Achalasia Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis medical treatment Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Reference Suggested reading Vascular Ring Anomalies Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Thoracoscopic Ligation and Division of the Ligamentum Arteriosum Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Suggested reading Surgery of the Stomach General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Concerns Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Techniques Gastroscopy Gastrotomy Partial Gastrectomy and Invagination of Gastric Tissue Temporary Gastrostomy Pylorectomy with Gastroduodenostomy (Billroth I) Partial Gastrectomy with Gastrojejunostomy (Billroth II) Pyloromyotomy and Pyloroplasty Fredet-Ramstedt pyloromyotomy. Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty. Y-U pyloroplasty. Gastropexy Tube gastropexy. Circumcostal gastropexy. Muscular flap (incisional) gastropexy. Belt-loop gastropexy. Gastrocolopexy. Laparoscopic prophylactic gastropexy. Endoscopically Assisted Gastropexy. Laparoscopic Sutured Gastropexy. Intracorporeally Sutured Laparoscopic Gastropexy. Mini-laparotomy prophylactic gastropexy. Healing of the Stomach Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Prognosis References Specific Diseases Gastric Foreign Bodies Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Gastroduodenoscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Suggested reading Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Suggested reading Benign Gastric Outflow Obstruction Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Endoscopic removal of polyps Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Gastric Ulceration and Erosion Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management endoscopic Treatment Surgical treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Suggested reading Gastric Neoplasia and Infiltrative Disease Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Endoscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Reference Suggested reading Surgery of the Small Intestine General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Concerns Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Techniques Biopsy Techniques Ultrasonographic biopsy. Flexible endoscopic biopsy. Laparoscopic biopsy of the small intestine. Enterotomy Intestinal Resection and Anastomosis Sutured anastomoses. Stapled anastomoses. Serosal Patching Bowel Plication Healing of the Small Intestine Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations References Suggested reading Specific Diseases Intestinal Foreign Bodies Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Endoscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Endoscopic technique Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Suggested reading Intestinal Neoplasia Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Endoscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Suggested reading Intussusception Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Colonoscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Suggested reading Pythiosis Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Endoscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Reference Suggested reading Intestinal Volvulus and Torsion Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Suggested reading Surgery of the Large Intestine General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Concerns Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Techniques Biopsy Techniques Colopexy Colon Resection and Anastomosis Sutured anastomoses. Stapled anastomoses. Typhlectomy Bilateral pubic and ischial osteotomy. Colostomy End-on colostomy. Diverting loop colostomy. Healing of the Large Intestine Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations References Suggested reading Specific Diseases Neoplasia Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Proctoscopy/colonoscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Endoscopic biopsy Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Suggested reading Colitis Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning colonoscopic biopsy Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Reference Suggested reading Megacolon Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Subtotal Colectomy Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Reference Suggested reading Surgery of the Perineum, Rectum, and Anus General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Concerns Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Techniques Rectal Resection Ventral approach. Anal approach. Rectal pull-through approach. Dorsal approach. Lateral approach. Anal Sacculectomy Healing of the Rectum Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Specific Diseases Anal Neoplasia Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Suggested reading Anal Sac Infection and Impaction Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Techniques Closed technique. Open technique. Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Reference Perineal Hernia Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Techniques Approach Traditional (Anatomic) Herniorrhaphy Internal Obturator Transposition Herniorrhaphy Ductus Deferopexy Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Suggested reading Perianal Fistulae Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Techniques Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Reference Suggested reading Rectal Prolapse Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Fecal Incontinence Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Techniques Fascial Sling Implantation of a Silicone Elastomer Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Suggested reading 21 Surgery of the Liver General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Concerns Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Techniques Percutaneous Liver Biopsy Percutaneous blind biopsy. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided biopsy. Laparoscopic Liver Biopsy Surgical Liver Biopsy Partial Lobectomy Complete Lobectomy Left lateral liver lobe. Left medial liver lobe. Central division of the liver. Right lateral liver lobe. Caudate process of the caudate liver lobe. Healing of the Liver Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations References Suggested reading Specific Diseases Portosystemic Vascular Anomalies Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Techniques Ameroid Constrictor Placement on Extrahepatic Shunts Cellophane Banding of Extrahepatic Shunts Ligation of Single Extrahepatic Shunts Jejunal Portography Transvenous Retrograde Portography Ligation or Attenuation of Intrahepatic Shunts Isolation and Ligation of IHPSS Involving the Left Medial or Lateral Liver Lobes Isolation and Ligation of Right-Sided IHPSS Hydraulic Occlusion of IHPSS Intravascular Occlusion of IHPSS Partial Hepatectomy for Removal of Hepatic Arteriovenous Fistula Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Suggested reading Cavitary Hepatic Lesions Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Hepatobiliary Neoplasia Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Hepatic Lobe Torsion Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Reference 22 Surgery of the Extrahepatic Biliary System General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Concerns Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Diagnostic Imaging Surgical Techniques Choledochal Tube Stenting Cholecystotomy Laparoscopic-Assisted Cholecystostomy Cholecystectomy Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Choledochotomy Bile Flow Diversion Repair of Common Bile Duct Injuries Healing of the Biliary Tract Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Complications Special Age Considerations References Cholelithiasis Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Reference Gallbladder Mucoceles Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Bile Peritonitis Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References 23 Surgery of the Endocrine System Surgery of the Adrenal and Pituitary Glands General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Management Anesthesia Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Technique Adrenalectomy via a Midline Abdominal Approach Adrenalectomy via a Paralumbar Approach Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy Healing of the Adrenal and Pituitary Glands Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations References Specific Diseases Adrenal Neoplasia Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Suggested reading Pituitary Neoplasia Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Surgery of the Pancreas General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Management Anesthesia Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Technique Laparoscopic Pancreatic Biopsy Surgical Pancreatic Biopsy Partial Pancreatectomy Healing of the Pancreas Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Reference Specific Diseases Pancreatic Abscesses and Pseudocysts Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Pancreatic Abscesses/Pseudocysts Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Insulinomas Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Gastrinomas Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Endoscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Exocrine Pancreatic Neoplasia Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Reference Surgery of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Management Anesthesia Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Technique Healing of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Specific Diseases Feline Hyperthyroidism Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Intracapsular Thyroidectomy Modified Extracapsular Approach for Thyroidectomy Modified Intracapsular Approach for Thyroidectomy Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Hyperparathyroidism Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment References Thyroid Carcinomas in Dogs Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References 24 Surgery of the Hemolymphatic System Surgery of the Lymphatic System General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Management Anesthesia Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Diagnostic Imaging Surgical Technique Fine-Needle Aspiration TruCut Biopsy Incisional Biopsy Lymphadenectomy Healing of the Lymphatic System Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations References Specific Diseases Lymphedema Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Lymphography and Lymphoscintigraphy Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Direct Lymphangiography Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Reference Suggested reading Surgery of the Spleen General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Management Anesthesia Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Technique Splenic Biopsy Splenic aspiration. Surgical biopsy. Repair of Lacerations and Splenic Rupture Partial Splenectomy Total Splenectomy Laparoscopic Partial Splenectomy/ Splenic Biopsy Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations References Specific Diseases Splenic Torsion Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Splenic Neoplasia Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References 25 Surgery of the Kidney and Ureter General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Management Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Technique Renal Biopsy Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Biopsy. Laparoscopically Guided Biopsy. Surgical Biopsy. Needle Biopsy. Wedge Biopsy. Nephrectomy Partial Nephrectomy Nephrotomy Pyelolithotomy Ureterotomy Ureteral Reimplantation Ureteral Anastomosis Nephrostomy Tube Placement Neoureterostomy Ureteroneocystostomy Healing of the Kidney and Ureter Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations References Specific Diseases Ectopic Ureter Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Neoureterostomy Ureteroneocystostomy Cystoscopically Guided Laser Ablation Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Renal and Ureteral Calculi Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Percutaneous Antegrade Pyelography. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Percutaneous Nephropyelostomy Tubes. Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Prognosis References Renal and Ureteral Neoplasia Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Prognosis References Renal and Perirenal Abscesses Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Prognosis References 26 Surgery of the Bladder and Urethra General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Management Anesthesia Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Technique Cystotomy Cystostomy (Prepubic Catheterization) Intrapelvic Urethral Anastomosis Urethrotomy Prescrotal urethrotomy. Perineal urethrotomy. Urethrostomy Prescrotal urethrostomy. Scrotal urethrostomy. Canine perineal urethrostomy. Feline perineal urethrostomy. Prepubic urethrostomy. Subpubic urethrostomy. Transpelvic urethrostomy. Permanent Urinary Diversion Healing of the Bladder and Urethra Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations References Specific Diseases Uroabdomen Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Bladder and Urethral Calculi Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Lithotripsy Laparoscopically Assisted Cystoscopy Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Urethral Prolapse Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Resection Urethropexy Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Reference Bladder and Urethral Neoplasia Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Retrograde cystoscopy. Laboratory Findings Transurethral biopsy. Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Urinary Incontinence Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Cystoscopy. Laboratory Findings Other Diagnostics Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Colposuspension Cystourethropexy Endoscopic Collagen Injection Bladder Flap Reconstruction of a Hypoplastic Urethra Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Feline Idiopathic cystitis Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References 27 Surgery of the Reproductive and Genital Systems General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Management History Females Physical examination. Clinical pathology. Hormone concentrations. Diagnostic imaging. Other tests. Males Physical examination. Clinical pathology. Hormone concentrations. Diagnostic imaging. Other tests. ANESTHEsia Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Female Reproductive Tract Male Reproductive Tract Surgical Technique Ovariohysterectomy/Ovariectomy Laparoscopic-Assisted Ovariohysterectomy or Ovariectomy Orchiectomy Canine castration Open Prescrotal Castration. Closed prescrotal castration. Perineal castration. Scrotal ablation. Feline castration Cryptorchid Castration Vasectomy Cesarean Section Cesarean without ovariohysterectomy. En bloc resection. Neonatal care (Fig. 27-14). Mastectomy Episiotomy Episioplasty Testicular Biopsy Prostatic Biopsy Ultrasound-guided biopsy. Palpation-guided biopsy. Transrectal fine-needle aspiration. Open biopsy. Prostatectomy Total prostatectomy. Subtotal prostatectomy. Subtotal prostatectomy with capsulectomy. Intracapsular subtotal prostatectomy. Healing of the Reproductive and Genital Systems Suture Materials/Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations References Surgery of the Female Reproductive Tract Specific Diseases Mammary Neoplasia Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Uterine Neoplasia Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Vaginoscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Pyometra Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Positioning Surgical Anatomy Surgical Technique Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Vaginal Prolapse/ Hyperplasia/Tumor Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Uterine Prolapse Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Positioning Surgical Anatomy Surgical Technique Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Surgery of the Male Reproductive Tract Specific Diseases Prostatic Hyperplasia Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Reference Prostatic Abscesses Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Omentalization Multiple Drain Technique Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Prostatic Cysts Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Positioning Surgical Technique Omentalization Marsupialization Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Reference Prostatic Neoplasia Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Testicular and Scrotal Neoplasia Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Positioning Surgical Technique Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Hypospadias Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Prepuce Reconstruction Urethral Reconstruction Subtotal Penile Amputation Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Reference Phimosis Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Paraphimosis Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Preputiotomy Preputial Lengthening Partial Penile Amputation Phallopexy Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Penile and Preputial Trauma and Neoplasia Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Preputial Lacerations Penile Lacerations or Punctures Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis 28 Surgery of the Cardiovascular System General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Management Anesthesia Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Technique Inflow Occlusion Cardiopulmonary Bypass Healing of Cardiovascular Structures Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations References Specific Diseases Mitral Regurgitation Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Echocardiography. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Patent Ductus Arteriosus Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Echocardiography. Angiography. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Standard Approach Jackson Approach Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Pulmonic Stenosis Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Echocardiography. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Interventional Treatment Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Valve Dilation Open Patch-Graft Correction With Inflow Occlusion. Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Aortic Stenosis Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Echocardiography. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Ventricular Septal Defect Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Echocardiography. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Pulmonary Artery Banding Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Reference Atrial Septal Defect Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Echocardiography. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Reference Tetralogy of Fallot Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Echocardiography. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Reference Pericardial Effusion and Pericardial Constriction Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Echocardiography. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Subphrenic (Subtotal) Pericardiectomy via Right Thoracotomy Total Pericardiectomy Thoracoscopic Pericardiectomy Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Cardiac Neoplasia Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Right Atrial Hemangiosarcoma Chemodectoma Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Bradycardia Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Electrocardiography. Diagnostic Imaging Echocardiography. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References 29 Surgery of the Upper Respiratory System General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Management Anesthesia Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Technique Rhinotomy Dorsal approach to the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Ventral approach to the nasal cavity. Lateral approach to the rostral nasal cavity. Intraoral approach to the rostral nasal cavity. Tracheotomy Tracheostomy Temporary tracheostomy. Permanent tracheostomy. Tracheal Resection and Anastomosis Ventriculocordectomy Oral approach. Laryngotomy approach. Healing of the Respiratory Tract Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations References Specific Diseases Brachycephalic Syndrome Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Pharyngoscopy/laryngoscopy. Flexible endoscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Stenotic Nares Resection (Rhinoplasty) Elongated Soft Palate Resection (Staphylectomy) Everted Laryngeal Saccules Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Laryngeal Collapse Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laryngoscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Laryngeal Paralysis Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laryngoscopy. Laboratory Findings Additional Diagnostics Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Unilateral Arytenoid Lateralization Partial Laryngectomy Oral approach. Laryngotomy approach. Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Tracheal Collapse Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laryngoscopy. Tracheoscopy/bronchoscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Extraluminal Stents Endoluminal Stent Placement Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Laryngeal and Tracheal Tumors Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic imaging. Laryngoscopy. Tracheoscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Partial Laryngectomy Complete or Total Laryngectomy Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Nasal Tumors Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Endoscopy of the choana and nares. Rhinoscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Biopsy Transnostril core biopsies. Nasal flushes. Rhinotomy Nasal planum resection. Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Nasal Aspergillosis Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Rhinoscopy. Sinuscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Surgical Technique Technique for Administering Clotrimazole Trephination Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References 30 Surgery of the Lower Respiratory System General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative management Anesthesia Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Technique Thoracotomy Intercostal thoracotomy. Median sternotomy. Thoracoscopy. Lung Biopsy Fine-needle aspiration. Keyhole biopsy. Thoracoscopic biopsy. Intrathoracic biopsy. Directed keyhole biopsy. Surgical biopsy. Partial Lobectomy Complete Lobectomy Healing of the Lungs and Sternum Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations References Specific Diseases Thoracic Wall Trauma Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Positioning Surgical Technique Rib Fractures Flail Chest Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Pulmonary Neoplasia Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Thoracoscopic Biopsy or Partial Lobectomy Thoracoscopic Lobectomy Surgical Partial or Complete Lobectomy Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Pulmonary Abscesses Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Lung Lobe Torsion Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Computed tomography. Bronchoscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Pectus Excavatum Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Thoracic Wall Neoplasia Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Positioning Surgical Technique En Bloc Resection of Thoracic Wall Neoplasia Partial Sternectomy Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References 31 Surgery of the Lower Respiratory System General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Concerns Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Techniques Needle Thoracentesis Chest Tube Placement Trocar and large bore chest tubes. Small-bore wire-guided chest tubes. Chest Tube Removal Continuous Thoracic Suction Healing of the Pleura Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations References Specific Diseases Traumatic Diaphragmatic Hernia Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment COMPlications Prognosis References Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic Hernia Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Pneumothorax Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Reference Suggested reading Pleural Effusion Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Thoracoscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Suggested reading Chylothorax Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Techniques Mesenteric Lymphangiography Thoracic Duct Ligation Active Pleuroperitoneal or Pleurovenous Shunting Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Suggested reading Pyothorax Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Suggested reading Thymomas, Thymic Branchial Cysts, and Mediastinal cysts Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Suggested reading Three Orthopedics 32 Fundamentals of Orthopedic Surgery and Fracture Management General Principles and Techniques Definitions Problem Identification Differential Diagnosis Orthopedic Examination Physical Examination Orthopedic Examination Forelimb Below the carpus. Carpus. Radius. Elbow. Humerus. Shoulder. Scapula. Rear Limb Below tarsus. Hock. Tibia. Stifle. Patella. Collateral ligaments. Cruciate ligaments. Meniscus. Femur. Hip. Hip luxation. Hip laxity. Pelvis. Rule Out Neurologic Disease Additional Diagnostic Techniques Suggested reading Perioperative Patient Management Preoperative Management Pain Management and Anesthesia Antibiotics Fracture Support Robert Jones Bandages Metal Spoon Splints Soft Padded Bandages Spica Splints Ehmer Slings Velpeau Slings Postoperative Care and Assessment Reference Operative Planning Classification Of Fractures Open Fractures Physeal Fractures Decision Making in Fracture Management Fracture-assessment Score Mechanical Factors Biologic Factors Clinical Factors Interpretation of the Fracture- Assessment Score Fracture Reduction Closed Reduction Open Reduction Direct Reduction Indirect Reduction Fracture Treatment Planning Suggested reading Bone Grafting Cancellous Bone Autografts Proximal Humerus Proximal Tibia Ilial Wing Cortical Bone Autografts Cancellous Bone Allografts Cortical Bone Allografts Demineralized Bone Matrix Collagen Bone Morphogenic Protein Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Platelet-Rich Plasma Ceramics Bioglass Polymer References Fracture Fixation Systems External Coaptation Casts Indications and Biomechanical Principles Application Postoperative Care External Fixators Linear External Fixator Indications and Biomechanical Principles Equipment and Supplies Fixation pins. External connectors. Linkage devices. Application Unilateral-uniplanar (type Ia) fixators. Unilateral-biplanar (type Ib) fixators. Bilateral-uniplanar (type II) fixators. Bilateral-biplanar (type III) fixator. External skeletal fixators with intramedullary pins. Acrylic splints. Postoperative Care Circular External Fixators Indications and Biomechanical Principles Equipment and Supplies Wires. Rings. Wire fixation bolts. Frame construction. Wire tensioner. Wrenches. Application Fracture treatment. Arthrodesis. Bone lengthening. Bone transport. Angular limb deformity correction. Postoperative Care Hybrid Circular External Fixators Indications and Biomechanical Principles Equipment and Supplies Application Type Ia hybrid fixators. Type Ib hybrid fixators. IM pin tie in hybrid fixators. Postoperative Care Intramedullary Fixation Intramedullary Pins and Kirschner Wires Indications and Biomechanical Principles Equipment and Supplies Application Postoperative Care Interlocking Nails Indications and Biomechanical Principles Equipment and Supplies Application Postoperative Care Orthopedic Wire Cerclage and Hemicerclage Wire Indications and Biomechanical Principles Equipment and Supplies Application Cerclage wire. Postoperative Care Tension Bands Indications and Biomechanical Principles Equipment and Supplies Application Postoperative Care Plate and Screw Fixation Bone Plates and Screws Indications and Biomechanical Principles Equipment and Supplies Screws. Plates. Application Lag screw. Position screw. Plate screw. Locking screw. Plates (Box 32-14) Compression plate. Neutralization plate. Bridging plate. Buttress plate. Locking plate. Minimally invasive percutaneous osteosynthesis. Postoperative Care Reference Suggested reading Fracture Healing Normal Fracture Healing Vascular Supply Fracture Healing and Fracture Management Inflammatory Phase of Bone Healing Indirect Bone Healing Direct Bone Healing Intramembranous Bone Healing Trabecular Bone Healing Physeal Healing Implant Removal Reference Suggested reading Complications in Fracture Healing Delayed Union Nonunion Osteomyelitis Malunion Osteotomies Corrective Osteotomy for Deformities Corrective Osteotomy for Joint Incongruity Reference Suggested reading for edition 33 Management of Specific Fractures Maxillary and Mandibular Fractures Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Interdental Stabilization Techniques Application of Interdental Fixation Application of Maxillomandibular Fixation Surgical Treatment Application of Interdental Wires Application of Interfragmentary Wires Application of Bone Plates and Screws Application of External Skeletal Fixators External fixators. Acrylic fixators. Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Open Reduction of Mandibular Fractures Open Reduction of Fractures of the Vertical Ramus and Temporomandibular Joint Open Reduction of Maxillary Fractures Stabilization of Mandibular Symphyseal Fractures Stabilization of Mandibular Transverse Fractures Stabilization of Oblique Fracture Lines Stabilization of Comminuted Fractures Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Reference Suggested reading Scapular Fractures Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Approach to the Scapular Spine and Body Approach to the Scapular Neck and Glenoid Cavity Application of Orthopedic Wire Application of Kirschner Wires Application of Bone Plates and Screws Stabilization of Specific Fractures Scapular Body and Spine Fractures Avulsion Fractures of the Supraglenoid Tuberosity and Fractures of the Scapular Neck and Articular Surface Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Reference Suggested reading Humeral Fractures Humeral Diaphyseal and Supracondylar Fractures Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Surgical Approach to the Humeral Diaphysis Implant Application Techniques Specific to the Humerus Application of an intramedullary pin. Application of an interlocking nail. Application of external skeletal fixation. Application of bone plates and screws. Fixation Techniques for Specific Fractures Midshaft transverse or short oblique fractures. Midshaft long oblique fractures or reducible comminuted fractures with a large butterfly fragment. Midshaft comminuted fractures with multiple fragments. Supracondylar fractures. Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Suggested reading Humeral Articular, Physeal, and Metaphyseal Fractures Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Surgical Approach to the Proximal Epiphysis Surgical Approach to the Lateral Portion of the Humeral Condyle and Epicondyle Surgical Approach to the Elbow via Olecranon Osteotomy Stabilization of Proximal Epiphyseal and Metaphyseal Fractures Stabilization of Proximal Physeal Fractures Stabilization of Lateral or Medial Condylar Fractures Stabilization of T- or Y-Fractures of the Elbow Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Suggested reading Radial and Ulnar Diaphyseal Fractures Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Craniomedial Approach to the Radius Implant Application Techniques Specific to the Radius Application of casts. Application of intramedullary pins. Application of external skeletal fixators. Application of bone plates and screws. Stabilization of midshaft transverse or short oblique radial fractures. Stabilization of midshaft long oblique radial fractures or comminuted fractures with a large butterfly fragment. Stabilization of midshaft comminuted radial fractures with multiple fragments. Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Suggested reading Radial and Ulnar Metaphyseal and Articular Fractures Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Caudal Approach to the Ulna Approaches to the Proximal and Distal Radius and Ulna Stabilization of Proximal Radial and Ulnar Fractures Stabilization of Distal Radial and Ulnar Fractures Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Reference Suggested reading Radial and Ulnar Physeal Fractures Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Approach to the Proximal Radial Physis Approach to the Distal Radial Physis Approach to the Distal Ulnar Physis Stabilization of Nondisplaced Physeal Fractures Stabilization of Displaced Physeal Fractures With Crossed Kirschner Wires or Steinmann Pins Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Suggested reading Radial and Ulnar Growth Deformities Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Preoperative Planning Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Ulnar Ostectomy and Autogenous Fat Graft Partial Physeal Resection Radial Ostectomy and Free Autogenous Fat Graft Oblique Radial and Ulnar Osteotomy Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Carpal and Tarsal Fractures Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Stabilization of Radial Carpal Bone Fractures Stabilization of Transverse Calcaneal Fractures Stabilization of Talar Trochlear Fractures Stabilization of Talar Neck Fractures Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Suggested reading Metacarpal, Metatarsal, Phalangeal, and Sesamoid Fractures and Luxations Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Stabilization of Transverse Metacarpal or Metatarsal Fractures Stabilization of Avulsion Fractures and Oblique Diaphyseal Fractures Stabilization of Comminuted Diaphyseal Fractures Sesamoid Bone Excision Suture Repair of Luxations Digit Amputation Arthrodesis Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Reference Suggested reading Sacroiliac Luxations and Fractures Pelvic Fractures Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Surgical Approach Stabilization Using a Screw Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Suggested reading Iliac, Ischial, and Pubic Fractures Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Application of Plates and Screws Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Approach to the Iliac Body Stabilization of the Ilium With a Bone Plate Stabilization of the Ilium With Lag Screws Approach to and Stabilization of Ischial Fractures Approach to and Stabilization of Pubic Fractures Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Suggested reading Acetabular Fractures Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Approach to the Acetabulum via Trochanteric Osteotomy Application of Bone Plates and Screws Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Suggested reading Femoral Fractures Femoral Diaphyseal and Supracondylar Fractures Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Surgical Approach to the Femoral Diaphysis Implant Application Techniques Specific to the Femur Application of intramedullary pins. Application of interlocking nails. Application of external skeletal fixation. Application of bone plates and screws. Fixation Techniques for Specific Fractures Stabilization of midshaft transverse or short oblique fractures. Stabilization of midshaft long oblique fractures or comminuted fractures with one or two large butterfly fragments. Stabilization of midshaft comminuted fractures with multiple fragments. Stabilization of supracondylar fractures. Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Suggested reading Femoral Metaphyseal and Articular Fractures Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Femoral Head and Neck Fractures Stabilization of an Avulsion Fracture of the Femoral Head With a Lag Screw Stabilization of a Femoral Neck Fracture With a Partially Threaded Cancellous Lag Screw Stabilization of a Femoral Neck Fracture With Triangulated Kirschner Wires Stabilization of Intertrochanteric Fractures Stabilization of a Unicondylar Fracture With a Lag Screw Stabilization of a Bicondylar Fracture With a Lag Screw, and With Steinmann Pins or a Bone Plate Stabilization of Comminuted Distal Femoral Fractures Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Suggested reading Femoral Physeal Fracture Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Surgical Approach to the Proximal Femur Surgical Approach to the Distal Femur Stabilization of Proximal Femoral Physeal Fracture With Triangulated Kirschner Wires Stabilization of Proximal Femoral Physeal Fracture With Lag Screw Stabilization of Trochanteric Physeal Fracture With Tension Band Wire Stabilization of Salter I or Ii Distal Femoral Physeal Fractures with Steinmann Pins Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Suggested reading Patellar Fractures Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Suggested reading Tibial and Fibular Fractures Tibial and Fibular Diaphyseal Fractures Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Craniomedial Approach to the Tibia Implant Application Techniques Specific to the Tibia Application of casts. Application of intramedullary pins. Application of interlocking nails. Application of external skeletal fixation. Type II frames. Application of bone plates and screws. Fixation Techniques for Specific Fractures Stabilization of midshaft transverse or short oblique fractures. Stabilization of midshaft long oblique fractures or comminuted fractures with a large butterfly fragment. Stabilization of midshaft comminuted fractures with multiple fragments. Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Suggested reading Tibial and Fibular Metaphyseal and Articular Fractures Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Surgical Approach to the Proximal Tibia Surgical Approach to the Distal Tibia Stabilization of Proximal Tibial Fractures Stabilization of Malleolar Fractures Application of tension band. Application of lag screws. Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Suggested reading Tibial and Fibular Physeal Fractures Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Surgical Approach to the Craniomedial Tibia Surgical Approach to the Distal Physis Stabilization of Nondisplaced Fractures Stabilization of Displaced Fractures Stabilization of Avulsion Fractures of the Tibial Tuberosity Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Reference Suggested reading 34 Diseases of the Joints General Principles and Techniques Definitions General Considerations Diagnosis of Joint Diseases Clinical Presentation Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Synovial fluid collection. Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Principle 1: Weight Management Principle 2: Nutritional Supplementation Omega-3 fatty acids. Slow-acting, disease-modifying osteoarthritis agents. Principle 3: Exercise Moderation Principle 4: Physical Rehabilitation Therapy Principle 5: Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Therapy and Other Medical Therapies NSAIDs. Other medical therapies. Antibiotics. Corticosteroids. Surgical Treatment Surgical Anatomy Surgical Technique Arthrotomy Endoscopically Assisted Joint Surgery Closed versus Open Joint Reduction Healing of Cartilage Defects and Response of Cartilage to Treatment Joint Stabilization Joint Immobilization Continuous Passive Motion Postoperative Care and Assessment Nutritional Management Physical Rehabilitation References Suggested reading Selected Nonsurgical Diseases of Joints Degenerative Joint Disease Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Arthroscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Suggested reading Septic (Bacterial) Arthritis Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Reference Suggested reading Rickettsial and Anaplasmal Polyarthritis Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Prognosis Reference Suggested reading Lyme Arthropathy Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Prognosis References Suggested reading Nonerosive Idiopathic Immune-Mediated Polyarthritis Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Prognosis References Suggested reading Chronic Inflammatory-Induced Polyarthritis Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Prognosis Plasmacytic-Lymphocytic Synovitis Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Prognosis Systemic Lupus Erythematosus–induced Polyarthritis Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Prognosis Suggested reading Rheumatoid Arthritis Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Prognosis Feline Chronic Progressive Polyarthritis Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Prognosis Reference Temporomandibular Joint Luxation and Locked Jaw Syndrome Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique BEARD Procedure Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Suggested reading Temporomandibular Joint Dysplasia Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Partial Resection of the Zygomatic Arch Mandibular Condylectomy Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Scapular Luxation Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Scapulohumeral Joint Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Proximal Humerus Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Arthroscopic Treatment of Shoulder OCD Indications. Instrumentation. Portal sites and technique. Postoperative Care and Assessment Open Surgical Techniques for Osteochondritis Dissecans Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Infraspinatus Tenotomy for Exposure of the Scapulohumeral Joint Caudal Approach to the Scapulohumeral Joint Postoperative Care and Assessment Suture Materials and Special Instruments Prognosis References Suggested reading Scapulohumeral Joint Luxation Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Surgical Stabilization of a Medial Luxation Cranial Approach to the Shoulder Joint Surgical Stabilization of a Lateral Luxation Shoulder Arthrodesis Excision Arthroplasty Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Reference Suggested reading Shoulder Instability Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Arthroscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnoses Medical Management Surgical Treatment Arthroscopy for Shoulder Instability Tightrope Stabilization of Medial Shoulder Instability Open Surgery for Shoulder Instability Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Biceps Tendon Disease Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Arthroscopic Treatment Open Surgical Treatment Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Suggested reading Elbow Joint Canine Elbow Dysplasia Fragmented Coronoid Process Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Arthroscopic Treatment of FCP Indications. Instrumentation. Portal Sites and Technique Subtotal Coronoidectomy Arthroscopic subtotal coronoidectomy by power burr. Arthroscopic-assisted subtotal coronoidectomy by osteotome. Postoperative Care and Assessment Open Surgical Treatment of FCP Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Open Surgical Technique Exposure of the Medial Coronoid Process via Transection of the Pronator Teres Muscle Open subtotal coronoidectomy. Exposure of the Medial Coronoid Process via Muscle Splitting Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Suggested reading Radial-Ulnar Incongruence Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Proximal Ulnar Segmental Osteotomy Distal Segmental Ulnar Osteotomy Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Medial Compartment Disease Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Arthroscopy Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Arthroscopic Treatment of MCD Abrasion arthroplasty. Microfracture. Subtotal Coronoidectomy Proximal Ulnar Osteotomy Distal Ulnar Osteotomy Postoperative Care and Assessment Suture Materials and Special Instruments Complications Prognosis Reference Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Distal Humerus Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Arthroscopy. Laboratory findings. Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning for Open Surgery Surgical Technique Arthroscopy Open Surgery Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Reference Suggested reading Ununited Anconeal Process Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Removal of the Anconeal Process: Lateral Approach Removal of the Anconeal Process and Medial Coronoid Process: Combined Medial Approach Ulnar Osteotomy Lag Screw Fixation of the Ununited Anconeal Process Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Reference Suggested reading Incomplete Ossification of the humeral condyle Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Arthroscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Traumatic Elbow Luxation Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Open Reduction of an Elbow Luxation Elbow Arthrodesis Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Elbow Luxation or Subluxation Caused by Premature Closure of the Distal Ulnar or Radial Physes Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Ulnar-Lengthening Osteotomy Shortening Ostectomy Radial Lengthening Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Reference Congenital Elbow Luxation Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Carpal Luxation or Subluxation Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Arthroscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Approach to the Carpal Bones Pancarpal Arthrodesis Pancarpal Arthrodesis with an External Fixator Partial Carpal Arthrodesis Partial Carpal Arthrodesis with Intramedullary Pins Partial Carpal Arthrodesis with Cross Pins and a Lag Screw Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Reference Suggested reading Carpal Subluxation Resulting From Collateral Ligament Injury Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Approach to the Carpal Collateral Ligaments Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Carpal Laxity Syndrome Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Prognosis Reference Coxofemoral Joint Hip Dysplasia Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Arthroscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Implant Designs Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Juvenile Pubic Symphysiodesis Pelvic Osteotomy Femoral Head and Neck Ostectomy Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Suggested reading Coxofemoral Luxation Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Closed Reduction of a Craniodorsal Luxation Closed Reduction of a Caudoventral Luxation Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Exploration of the Hip Joint Capsule Reconstruction Joint Reconstruction Translocation of the Greater Trochanter Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Suggested reading Legg-Perthes Disease Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Reference Stifle Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Arthroscopy. Indications. Instrumentation. Portal sites and technique. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Lateral Approach to the Stifle Joint Medial Approach to the Stifle Joint Intracapsular Repair Lateral Retinacular Stabilization Tightrope Stabilization Fibular Head Advancement Primary Repair with Augmentation Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy Radiographic assessment. Surgical technique. Tibial Wedge Osteotomy Radiographic assessment. Surgical technique. Tibial Tuberosity Advancement Radiographic assessment. Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Suggested reading Caudal Cruciate Ligament Injury Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Exploratory Arthrotomy Suture Stabilization Use of Autogenous Tissue Entrapment (Tenodesis) of the Popliteal Tendon Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Collateral Ligament Injury Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Medial Collateral Ligament Injury Lateral Collateral Ligament Injury Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Multiple Ligament Injuries Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Meniscal Injury Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Arthroscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Meniscal release. Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Exploratory Arthrotomy Partial Meniscectomy Meniscal Release Midbody release. Transection of the meniscotibial ligament. Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Medial Patellar Luxation Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Arthrotomy Deepening of the Trochlear Groove Trochlear wedge recession. Trochlear block recession. Release of the medial joint capsule. Tibial tuberosity transposition. Lateral imbrication. Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Lateral Patellar Luxation Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Stifle Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Arthroscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Arthroscopy Arthrotomy Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Tarsus Ligament Injury of the Tarsus Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Arthroscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Arthroscopy Tarsocrural Luxation or Subluxation Shearing Injuries Partial Tarsal Arthrodesis Tarsometatarsal Luxation Tarsocrural Joint Arthrodesis Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Tarsus Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Arthroscopy. Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Arthroscopy Arthrotomy Dorsomedial Approach to the Tarsus Plantaromedial Approach to the Tarsus Dorsolateral Approach to the Tarsus Plantarolateral Approach to the Tarsus Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Reference Suggested reading 35 Management of Muscle and Tendon Injury or Disease General Principles and Techniques Muscle Contusion and Strains Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Physical Rehabilitation Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Suggested reading Muscle-Tendon Unit Laceration Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Physical Rehabilitation Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Muscle Laceration Tendon Laceration Suture Materials and Special Instruments Healing of Tendons and Muscles Postoperative Care Physical Rehabilitation Prognosis References Suggested reading Muscle-Tendon Unit Rupture Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Achilles Tendon Rupture Achilles Tendon Avulsion Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care Physical Rehabilitation Prognosis References Suggested reading Supraspinatus Tendinopathy Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Physical Rehabilitation Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care Physical Rehabilitation Prognosis References Fibrotic Contracture of the Infraspinatus Muscle Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Physical Rehabilitation Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care Prognosis References Suggested reading Quadriceps Contracture Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Physical Rehabilitation Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Z-plasty Muscle Release Transarticular Fixator Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Suggested reading Fibrotic Myopathy Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Physical Rehabilitation Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care Prognosis References Suggested reading Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon Displacement Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Physical Rehabilitation Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care Prognosis 36 Other Diseases of Bones and Joints Hypertrophic Osteopathy Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Prognosis Reference Panosteitis Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Treatment Surgical Treatment Prognosis Craniomandibular Osteopathy Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Prognosis Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Prognosis Reference Bone Neoplasia Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Staging. Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Bone Biopsy Amputation Forequarter amputation. Coxofemoral disarticulation. Midfemoral amputation. Scapulectomy. Acetabulectomy Limb-Sparing Techniques Cortical allograft with carpal arthrodesis. Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Suggested reading Joint Neoplasia Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Surgical Treatment Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Osteomyelitis Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Acute Osteomyelitis Chronic Osteomyelitis Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Four Neurosurgery 37 Neurodiagnostic Overview for the Small Animal Surgeon Radiography and Contrast Radiography References Electrodiagnostics Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis Cisternal Puncture Lumbar Puncture 38 The Neurologic Examination and Relevant Neuroanatomy Mental Status Cranial Nerves Attitude/Posture Gait Postural Reactions Spinal Reflexes Pain Sensation (Nociception) 39 Surgery of the Brain General Principles and Techniques Definitions General Considerations Preoperative Management Anesthetic Considerations Standard Surgical Approaches to the Brain Rostrotentorial (Lateral) Craniotomy Transfrontal Craniotomy Suboccipital Craniotomy (Foramen Magnum Decompression [FMD]) Healing of the Brain Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Specific Diseases Congenital Hydrocephalus Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Intracranial Arachnoid Cyst Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Reference Chiari-Like Malformation Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References Brain Tumors Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Complications References Traumatic Brain Injury Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis 40 Surgery of the Cervical Spine General Principles and Techniques Definitions General Considerations Preoperative Management Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Standard Surgical Approaches to the Cervical Spine Ventral Approach to the Cervical Spine Dorsal Approach to the Cervical Spine Healing of the Spinal Cord Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Specific Diseases Cervical Disk Disease Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Complications Prognosis References Caudal Cervical Spondylomyelopathy (“wobbler Syndrome”) Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Ventral Procedures (Distraction-Stabilization) Dorsal Procedures (Laminectomy ± Stabilization) Suture Materials and Special Instruments Complications Prognosis Craniocervical Junction AnomalieS Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Complications Prognosis References Spinal Arachnoid Diverticulum Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Complications Prognosis Spinal Neoplasia Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Complications Prognosis References Spinal Trauma Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis 41 Surgery of the Thoracolumbar Spine General Principles and Techniques Definitions General Considerations Preoperative Management Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Standard Surgical Approaches to the Thoracolumbar Spine Dorsal Approach to the Cranial and Mid-Thoracic Spine Dorsal Approach to the Thoracolumbar Spine Hemilaminectomy Dorsal laminectomy Lateral and Dorsolateral Approaches to the Thoracolumbar Spine Healing of the Spinal Cord Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Specific Diseases Thoracolumbar Disk Disease Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Reference Hemivertebra Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Spinal Neoplasia Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Spinal Trauma Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis 42 Surgery of the Cauda Equina General Principles and Techniques Definitions General Considerations Preoperative Management Anesthesia Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Technique Dorsal Laminectomy Facetectomy and Foraminotomy Healing of the Cauda Equina Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Specific Diseases Degenerative Lumbosacral Stenosis Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Complications Prognosis References Neoplasia Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Malignant Nerve Sheath Tumors (MNST) Tumors Involving the Vertebral Body or Surrounding Soft Tissues Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Trauma Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Techniques Transilial Pins Modified Segmental Spinal Fixation Steinmann Pins and PMMA Suture Materials/Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis 43 Nonsurgical Disorders of the Brain and Spine Specific Diseases Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Prognosis References Degenerative Myelopathy Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Prognosis References Ischemic/Vascular Disease Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Prognosis References Noninfectious Inflammatory Disease Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Prognosis References Corticosteroid-Responsive Meningitis/Arteritis Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Prognosis DisKospondylitis Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Technique Suture Materials/Special Instruments Postoperative Care And Assessment Prognosis Reference 44 Peripheral Nervous System Disorders and Diagnostic Techniques Muscle and Nerve Biopsy Specific Diseases Acquired Myasthenia Gravis Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Prognosis Autoimmune Polymyositis Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Prognosis Acute Idiopathic Polyradiculoneuritis Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory findings. Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Prognosis Reference Tick Paralysis Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Prognosis Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Achilles Tendon Rupture Surgical Technique Colposuspension Surgical Technique Suture Materials/Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Reference Corrective Procedures for Premature Physeal Closure and Radial Ulnar Growth Deformities Definitions Synonyms General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Radiography Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Techniques Ulnar Ostectomy and Free Autogenous Fat Graft Partial Physeal Resection Radial Ostectomy and Free Autogenous Fat Graft Radial and Ulnar Osteotomy with Continuous Distraction Oblique Osteotomy Transverse Lengthening Osteotomy Proximal Ulnar Ostectomy Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Perianal Fistulae Débridement With Fulguration or Laser Ablation Surgical Technique Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Excision Arthroplasty Fibular Head Advancement Surgical Technique Hypophysectomy Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning References Intracapsular Repair for Cranial Cruciate Ligament Injury Surgical Techniques Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Reference Midfemoral Amputation Surgical Technique Acetabulectomy Limb-Sparing Techniques Cortical allograft with carpal arthrodesis. Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Midhumeral Approach Surgical Technique Primary Repair with Augmentation Surgical Technique Purse-String Suture for Mitral Valve Repair Mitral Regurgitation Definition Synonyms General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Radiography/Echocardiography Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Techniques Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Reference Scapulectomy Surgical Technique Surgical Treatment of Synovial Cysts Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Signalment. History. Physical Examination Findings Radiography Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Surgical Treatment Prognosis Tail Amputation Surgical Technique Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Transpelvic Sling Procedure for Urinary Incontinence Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Reference Transsphenoidal Approach for Hypophysectomy Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References Valve Dilation Surgical Technique Suture Materials/Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis
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