Small Animal Anesthesia and Pain Management: A Color Handbook

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 11
Contributors......Page 12
Abbreviations......Page 13
CHAPTER 1 Equipment required for inhalant anesthesia......Page 14
Introduction......Page 15
Flowmeters......Page 16
Vaporizers......Page 17
Gas supply......Page 21
Scavengers......Page 26
Breathing circuits and components......Page 28
Rebreathing circuit (circle breathing system)......Page 29
Non-rebreathing circuits......Page 35
Selecting a breathing circuit......Page 40
Ventilators......Page 41
Amount of oxygen flow required to remove the CO[sub(2)] exhaled by the anesthetized animal from a nonrebreathing circuit......Page 42
Changes of anesthetic depth during anesthesia maintenance......Page 43
Conservation of the patient’s body temperature and airway moisture......Page 44
Global issues, including pollution control and energy conservation......Page 45
Endotracheal tube construction......Page 46
Endotracheal tube selection......Page 47
Laryngoscopes......Page 49
Induction chambers......Page 50
Face masks......Page 51
Checking the accuracy of the flowmeter......Page 52
Positive pressure leaks......Page 53
Negative pressure leaks......Page 55
Monitoring of waste gas and pollution......Page 57
Further reading......Page 58
CHAPTER 2 Preanesthetic medication: drugs and dosages......Page 60
Reasons for preanesthetic medication......Page 61
Preanesthetic medication protocols......Page 63
Disadvantages of using acepromazine......Page 65
Disadvantages of using benzodiazepines......Page 67
Differences between the various alpha-2 adrenocepter agonists......Page 69
Disadvantages of using alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists......Page 71
Differences between the dissociatives......Page 73
Disadvantages of using dissociatives......Page 75
Advantages of using anticholinergic agents......Page 76
Preanesthetic medication doses and properties......Page 78
Disadvantages of using opioids......Page 80
ASA I and II dogs......Page 81
ASA I and II cats......Page 82
ASA III and IV dogs and cats......Page 84
Case example......Page 85
Further reading......Page 86
CHAPTER 3 Intravenous injection techniques and intravenous anesthetic agents......Page 88
Arm—Brain (cephalic vein to brain) circulation time......Page 89
Apnea caused by intravenous anesthetic agents during induction......Page 90
Characteristics of intravenous anesthetic agents used in dogs and cats......Page 91
Short-term immobilization......Page 93
Other factors to consider......Page 94
Induction......Page 95
Total intravenous anesthesia......Page 96
Other factors to consider......Page 97
Other factors to consider......Page 98
Induction and maintenance......Page 100
Other factors to consider......Page 101
Overview......Page 102
Other factors to consider......Page 103
Further reading......Page 104
CHAPTER 4 Inhalant anesthetic agents......Page 106
Introduction......Page 107
Anesthetic partial pressure gradient: induction phase......Page 109
Types of volume barriers......Page 111
Factors that do not affect minimum alveolar concentration values......Page 113
Pungency and airway irritation......Page 114
Desflurane......Page 115
Technique for face mask induction......Page 117
Technique for chamber induction......Page 118
Premature awakening during a surgical procedure......Page 120
Anesthetic plane becomes too deep......Page 121
Further reading......Page 122
CHAPTER 5 Anesthesia monitoring and management......Page 124
Introduction......Page 125
Objective assessment of circulatory function......Page 126
Physiology of blood pressure monitoring......Page 129
Non-invasive blood pressure monitoring......Page 131
Drug and surgical effects on blood pressure......Page 135
Managing blood pressure......Page 136
Factors that influence pulse oximetry......Page 141
Hypoxemia......Page 143
Objective assessment of ventilatory function......Page 147
Managing abnormal ETCO[sub(2)]......Page 151
Use of multigas (anesthetic gas) monitors......Page 153
Body temperature......Page 155
Bood glucose levels......Page 156
Blood lactate levels......Page 157
Depth of anesthesia......Page 158
Proper pain management......Page 160
Neuromuscular blockade monitoring......Page 161
Further reading......Page 163
CHAPTER 6 Fluid therapy......Page 164
Indications for fluid therapy under general anesthesia......Page 165
Crystalloids......Page 166
Blood products......Page 169
Further reading......Page 172
CHAPTER 7 Anesthetic emergencies and cardiopulmonary resuscitation......Page 174
Apnea......Page 175
Hypoxemia......Page 176
Laryngospasm......Page 177
Bradycardia......Page 178
Hemorrhage......Page 179
Cardiac arrhythmias......Page 180
Hyperthermia......Page 182
Action to be taken......Page 183
Defibrillation......Page 185
Further reading......Page 187
CHAPTER 8 Airway management and ventilation......Page 188
Difficulty in intubation......Page 189
Laryngospasm......Page 190
Airway occlusion and changing the endotracheal tube......Page 191
Oral surgery......Page 192
Extubation......Page 193
Ventilator settings......Page 195
Bellows ventilations......Page 196
Engler ADS......Page 197
Further reading......Page 198
CHAPTER 9 Injectable sedative and anesthesia–analgesia combinations in dogs and cats......Page 200
Dexmedetomidine/medetomidine-based protocols......Page 201
Dexmedetomidine/medetomidine–ketamine combinations......Page 202
Dexmedetomidine/medetomidine–butorphanol combinations......Page 204
Dexmedetomidine/medetomidine–butorphanol–midazolam/diazepam sedative combinations......Page 205
Dog-specific dexmedetomidine combinations......Page 207
Cat-specific combinations......Page 211
Dexmedetomidine/medetomidine–butorphanol–ketamine–midazolam/diazepam combination......Page 212
Alternative injectable anesthetic combinations and techniques for giant breed dogs......Page 213
Chemical restraint combinations for animals with systemic illness or geriatric dogs and cats......Page 214
Tiletamine/zolazepam–butorphanol–dexmedetomidine/medetomidine......Page 216
Tiletamine/zolazepam–dexmedetomidine/medetomidine combination without opioids......Page 219
Tiletamine/zolazepam–opioid combinations without dexmedetomidine/medetomidine......Page 220
Case examples......Page 221
Further reading......Page 225
CHAPTER 10 Anesthetic considerations for specific diseases......Page 226
General considerations......Page 227
Examples of anesthetic protocols for dogs with liver dysfunction......Page 228
General considerations......Page 229
Anesthetic management and pharmacologic considerations......Page 231
Anesthetic protocols for cats with cardiac dysfunction......Page 233
Anesthetic management and pharmacologic considerations......Page 234
Examples of anesthetic protocols for dogs and cars with respiratory dysfunction......Page 235
General considerations......Page 236
Other considerations......Page 237
General considerations......Page 238
General considerations......Page 239
Anesthetic management and pharmacologic considerations......Page 240
Examples of anesthetic protocols for dogs and cats with urinary and renal dysfunction......Page 241
Examples of anesthetic protocols for dogs with gastric dilatation/volvulus......Page 242
General considerations......Page 243
Anesthetic management and pharmacologic considerations......Page 244
Resuscitation of neonates......Page 245
General considerations......Page 247
Anesthetic management and pharmacologic considerations......Page 248
Further reading......Page 249
CHAPTER 11 Local anesthetic agents and anesthetic techniques......Page 250
Types of local anesthetic agent......Page 251
Additives......Page 252
Landmarks......Page 253
Drugs and equipment......Page 254
Landmarks......Page 255
Landmarks......Page 256
Approach......Page 257
Approach......Page 259
Area and nerves blocked......Page 260
Approach......Page 261
Landmarks......Page 262
Approach......Page 263
Epidural catheter placement......Page 267
Approach......Page 268
Drugs......Page 269
Drugs and equipment......Page 271
Approach......Page 272
Further reading......Page 274
CHAPTER 12 Acute pain management......Page 276
Principles of pain management......Page 277
Origins of somatic and visceral pain and pain management......Page 278
Drugs used in analgesic therapies for acute pain......Page 281
Local anesthetic agents......Page 283
Other constant rate infusion alternatives......Page 285
Local anesthetic blocks during surgery......Page 287
Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs......Page 288
Tramadol......Page 289
Lidocaine patch......Page 291
Similarities and differences between lidocaine patches and fentanyl patches......Page 293
NSAIDS......Page 294
Further reading......Page 295
CHAPTER 13 Chronic pain management for osteoarthritis and neuropathic pain......Page 296
Introduction......Page 297
Spinal wind-up......Page 298
Medications used in the management of chronic pain......Page 299
Other drugs that should be considered......Page 302
For neuropathic pain in cats......Page 303
Further reading......Page 304
CHAPTER 14 Cancer pain management......Page 306
Physiology of cancer pain......Page 307
Opioids......Page 308
Others......Page 309
Further reading......Page 311
CHAPTER 15 Anesthesia in shelter medicine and high volume/high quality spay and neuter programs......Page 312
Introduction......Page 313
Preimmobilization and anesthesia considerations......Page 315
Tiletamine/zolazepam (Telazol/Zoletil), butorphanol (Torbugesic), dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor) (TTDex)......Page 317
Further reading......Page 323
CHAPTER 16 Euthanasia......Page 324
Principles of euthanasia......Page 325
Euthanasia under general anesthesia......Page 326
Two-stage approach to euthanasia: anesthesia–sedation prior to euthanasia......Page 327
Intravenous access for drug administration......Page 328
Further reading......Page 329
Appendix: Anesthetic dosage reference ranges......Page 330
A......Page 331
C......Page 332
F......Page 333
K......Page 334
O......Page 335
S......Page 336
Z......Page 337