Slope Stabilization and Erosion Control: A Bioengineering Approach: A Bioengineering Approach

BOOK COVER......Page 1
HALF-TITLE......Page 2
TITLE......Page 5
COPYRIGHT......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 10
PREFACE......Page 12
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 14
REFERENCES......Page 16
2.1  INTRODUCTION......Page 17
2.2.1  EVAPOTRANSPIRATION......Page 20
2.2.2  INTERCEPTION......Page 21
Stemflow......Page 22
Soil detachment by raindrop impact......Page 24
2.2.3  INFILTRATION......Page 30
2.2.4  SURFACE CRUSTING......Page 34
2.3.1  SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND FLOW VELOCITY......Page 35
2.3.2  SEDIMENT TRANSPORT CAPACITY......Page 37
2.3.3  SOIL DETACHMENT BY FLOW......Page 41
2.3.4  TRANSPORT OF SPLASHED MATERIAL......Page 42
2.3.5  SEDIMENTATION......Page 43
Shear velocity in open ground......Page 45
Shear velocity with vegetation......Page 46
Drag coefficients......Page 47
2.4.1  SOIL REINFORCEMENT......Page 50
2.4.4  ARCHING AND BUTTRESSING......Page 52
2.4.5  SURCHARGING......Page 54
2.4.6  WIND LOADING......Page 55
2.5.1  WATER EROSION......Page 56
2.5.2  SLOPE STABILITY......Page 60
2.6  SALIENT PROPERTIES OF VEGETATION......Page 61
APPENDIX 2.A:......Page 66
FACTOR OF SAFETY WITHOUT VEGETATION:......Page 67
REFERENCES......Page 68
3.1  INTRODUCTION......Page 74
Potential natural vegetation and climate......Page 75
Climatic influences and variation in vegetation......Page 76
Tundra and boreal zones......Page 77
Temperate deciduous forest zones......Page 78
Subtropical vegetation and savannah......Page 79
3.2.3  PRESENT LAND USES AND BIOENGINEERING POTENTIAL IN THE NATURAL CLIMATIC AND VEGETATION ZONES......Page 80
3.3.1  CHOICE OF APPROACH......Page 81
Succession......Page 82
Plant strategies......Page 84
3.3.3  ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA......Page 85
Soil chemical factors......Page 86
Bioclimate......Page 87
3.3.4  BIOTECHNICAL CRITERIA......Page 88
3.3.5  PLANT SELECTION......Page 90
Stability......Page 91
3.4.2  SITE PREPARATION AND AMELIORATION......Page 92
Surface finishing......Page 93
Binders......Page 94
Seeding......Page 95
Turves......Page 96
Hydroseeding......Page 97
Dry mulch seeding......Page 98
Seeding in cold environments......Page 99
3.4.6  PLANTING ON SLOPES......Page 100
3.4.7  COMBINED BIOENGINEERING APPROACHES......Page 101
Fascines......Page 102
Slope grids......Page 103
Aftercare for herbaceous swards......Page 104
3.5.1  OBJECTIVES FOR MANAGEMENT......Page 105
Maintenance of vegetation structure......Page 106
No management case: nutrient cycle development or blockage......Page 107
Mowing......Page 108
3.5.3  MANAGING WOODY VEGETATION......Page 109
3.5.4  OPERATIONAL IMPLICATIONS AND SOLVING SPECIFIC PROBLEMS......Page 110
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 111
4.1  THE NEED FOR SIMULATED VEGETATION......Page 113
4.2  THE USE OF MULCHES......Page 114
4.3  THE ROLE OF MULCHES IN WATER EROSION CONTROL......Page 116
4.3.2  THE ROLE OF MULCHES IN INCREASING SOIL INFILTRATION......Page 117
4.3.3  THE ROLE OF MULCHES IN INCREASING SURFACE STORAGE......Page 118
4.3.4  THE ROLE OF MULCHES IN CONTROLLING RUNOFF VELOCITY......Page 119
4.3.5  EFFECT OF MULCHES ON SOIL STRUCTURE AND POROSITY......Page 120
4.3.6  EFFECT OF MULCHES ON BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY......Page 123
4.4  THE ROLE OF MULCHES IN WIND EROSION CONTROL......Page 124
4.5  THE ROLE OF MULCHES IN VEGETATION ESTABLISHMENT......Page 126
Temperature......Page 127
Light penetration......Page 128
Soil moisture......Page 129
Toxicity......Page 130
4.6  THE USE OF GEOTEXTILES......Page 131
4.7  THE ROLE OF GEOTEXTILES IN WATER EROSION CONTROL......Page 135
4.7.1  EFFECTS OF GEOTEXTILES ON SOIL PROTECTION......Page 136
4.7.2  EFFECTS OF GEOTEXTILES ON HYDROLOGY......Page 137
4.7.3  EFFECTS OF GEOTEXTILES ON HYDRAULICS......Page 139
4.7.4  EFFECTS OF GEOTEXTILES ON SOIL STRENGTH......Page 141
4.9  THE ROLE OF GEOTEXTILES IN VEGETATION ESTABLISHMENT......Page 142
Temperature......Page 143
Soil moisture......Page 144
Soil trafficking......Page 145
REFERENCES......Page 146
5.1  INTRODUCTION......Page 152
5.2  SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES......Page 153
5.2.1  ROLE OF VEGETATION COVER......Page 154
Plant canopy......Page 156
Plant roots......Page 158
5.2.2  VEGETATION LAYOUTS......Page 160
Crop rotations......Page 161
High density planting......Page 162
Multiple cropping......Page 163
Ground cover crops......Page 164
Grass strips......Page 166
Strip cropping......Page 167
5.4  DESIGN OF VEGETATIVE SYSTEMS FOR WATER EROSION CONTROL......Page 169
5.5  EROSION CONTROL ON SLOPES......Page 170
5.5.2  SELECTION OF VEGETATION SPECIES......Page 171
5.5.3  DESIGN OF VEGETATION COVERS......Page 173
Road banks......Page 174
Recreational areas......Page 179
Mining spoil......Page 180
Spacing......Page 181
Wattling......Page 183
Directional layouts......Page 186
5.5.5  COMPOSITE SOLUTIONS......Page 187
5.6  EROSION CONTROL IN CHANNELS......Page 189
5.6.1  VEGETATION AS A CHANNEL LINING......Page 190
Species requirements......Page 191
Design principles......Page 192
Channels with permanent flows......Page 195
Channels with discontinuous flow......Page 196
Gullies......Page 198
Objectives......Page 199
Gully stabilization structures......Page 200
Grassed waterways......Page 201
5.7  SHORELINE PROTECTION......Page 202
5.7.1  BASIC PRINCIPLES......Page 203
5.7.3  COMPOSITE SOLUTIONS......Page 205
5.7.4  SALT MARSHES AND MUD-FLATS......Page 209
REFERENCES......Page 211
6.1  INTRODUCTION......Page 216
6.2  VEGETATION AND WIND EROSION CONTROL......Page 221
6.3  VEGETATION AND SHEAR VELOCITY......Page 222
6.4.1  SEDIMENT ENTRAINMENT......Page 224
6.4.2  SEDIMENT TRANSPORT......Page 226
6.5  PREDICTION OF WIND EROSION......Page 227
6.6  CONTROLLING WIND EROSION USING VEGETATION......Page 229
6.6.1  BOUNDARY SHELTERBELTS......Page 231
6.6.2  IN-FIELD SHELTER......Page 235
Basis for an ecological succession......Page 236
Managing the second phase......Page 238
The final phase......Page 241
REFERENCES......Page 242
7.1  INTRODUCTION......Page 246
7.2.1  SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL AND SOIL-ROOT SYSTEM......Page 247
7.2.2  EFFECTIVE STRESS AND TOTAL STRESS ANALYSES......Page 248
7.2.3  FAILURE MODES......Page 249
7.3  HYDROSTATIC PORE PRESSURE AND SUCTION......Page 253
7.3.1  UNSATURATED FLOW......Page 254
7.3.2  SATURATED FLOW......Page 255
7.3.3  COMBINED FLOW......Page 256
7.3.4  EFFECTS OF VEGETATION......Page 257
7.4  SOIL REINFORCEMENT BY ROOTS......Page 258
7.5.1  ROOT GEOMETRY......Page 263
7.5.2  STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF ROOTS......Page 267
7.5.3  CONTRIBUTION TO SHEAR STRENGTH......Page 269
7.6  RELIABILITY......Page 273
7.7  SOIL BIOENGINEERING SYSTEMS......Page 274
7.8.1  HILLSIDE SLOPES......Page 278
7.8.2  EMBANKMENT AND CUT SLOPES......Page 280
7.8.3  RIVER BANKS......Page 284
7.8.4  SLOPES ON PERMAFROST......Page 287
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 288
REFERENCES......Page 289
8.1  OVERCOMING UNCERTAINTY......Page 295
8.2  VEGETATION SELECTION AND MANAGEMENT......Page 297
8.3  COSTS......Page 300
REFERENCES......Page 301
INDEX......Page 303