Sleep Neurology: A Comprehensive Guide to Basic and Clinical Aspects

Foreword
Preface
Contents
List of Contributors
Part I: Neurobiology of Sleep and Wakefulness
	1: Neurobiology of Wakefulness
		Introduction
		Neural Circuits of Wakefulness
		Anatomical Components of the Arousal System
			Brain Stem Nuclei
				The Locus Ceruleus (LC)
				Pedunculopontine Tegmentum (PPT) and Laterodorsal Tegmentum (LDT)
				Raphe Nuclei
			Thalamus
			Hypothalamus
			Neurotransmitters of Wakefulness
				Acetylcholine
				Norepinephrine
				Serotonin
				Histamine
				Hypocretin (Orexin)
				Dopamine
				Glutamate
			Electroencephalogram (EEG) of Wakefulness
			Physiology of Wakefulness
		Conclusion
		References
	2: Neurobiology of Sleep
		Introduction
		NREM Sleep
			Neural Pathways
			Neurotransmitters
			Key Points
			Polysomnography Findings
			Physiology
				Motor Activity
				Sensory Information Processing
			Homeostatic Controls
				Cardiovascular Functions
				Respiratory Changes
				Endocrine Functions
				Body Temperature
				Renal Function
				Digestive Functions
			REM Sleep
			Acetylcholine
			Monoamines
			GABA
			Melanin-Concentrating Hormone (MCH)
			Polysomnography Findings
			Physiology
				Metabolism and Blood Flow
				Cardiovascular Functions
				Respiratory Changes
				Body Temperature
				Sexual Functions
		Conclusion
		References
	3: Neurobiology of the Control of Sleep
		Introduction
		Circadian Rhythm
			Circadian Anatomy
				The Pacemaker: The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
				Circadian Afferents
				Circadian Efferents
			Circadian Physiology
				Generation of Circadian Rhythms
				Circadian Entrainment
				Circadian Coupling Disorders
			Markers of Process C
				Dim Light Melatonin Onset
				Body Temperature
				Cortisol
		Homeostatic Control of Sleep
			Anatomy
			Physiology
			Markers
		Ultradian Rhythm
		Circadian Draining of Waste During Sleep
		Conclusion
		References
	4: The Neurological Consequences of Sleep Deprivation
		Introduction
		Incidence of Sleep Deprivation
		Effects of Acute Sleep Deprivation
			Neurobiology of Sleep Deprivation
		Effects of Chronic Sleep Restriction
		Pathophysiology of Sleep Loss
		Recovery from Sleep Loss
		Summary
		References
	5: Neurobiology of Dreams
		Introduction: Terminology and History of Psychophysiological Research on Dreaming
		Dream Phenomenology, Recall Frequency, and Functions of Dreaming
		Neuropsychology of Dreaming
		Electrophysiology of Dreaming
		Neuroimaging; Insights into the Neuroanatomy and Neurochemistry of Dreaming
		Recent Advances in Dream Research Through New Methods of Sleep Recording and Analysis
		References
	6: Neurobiology of Memory and Sleep
		Introduction
		Memory Processes
		Neurobiology of Memory
		Role of Sleep in Memory
		Role of Specific Sleep Stages in Memory
		Role of Alternative Sleep Periods in Memory
		Conclusion
		References
	7: Neurobiology of Insomnia
		Introduction
		Sleep-Wake Regulation Systems
			Wakefulness
			Sleep
			Flip-Flop Switch
			Homeostatic Regulation
			Circadian Regulation
			Alterations in Insomnia
		Methods and Techniques
			Electroencephalography (EEG)
				Insomnia Subtypes
			Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
			Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
			Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
			Evoked Potentials (ERPs)
				Insomnia Subtypes
		Waking Aspects of Insomnia
			24-Hour Phenomenon
			Physiological Measurements and Cognitive Deficits
			Waking EEG
			Waking ERPs
			Cerebral Connectivity
		Insomnia and ADHD
		A New Way to See Insomnia?
		Conclusion and Future Directions
		Further Readings
		References
	8: Narcolepsy and Central Nervous System Hypersomnias
		Introduction
		Narcolepsy
		Idiopathic Hypersomnia
		Kleine Levin Syndrome (KLS)
		Conclusions
		References
	9: Neurobiology of Parasomnias
		Introduction
			General Pathophysiology
		NREM Sleep-Related Parasomnias
			Disorders of Arousal (DOA)
				Pathophysiology of Disorders of Arousal
				Etiology of Disorders of Arousal
				Pathophysiology of SRED
		REM Sleep-Related Parasomnias
			REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD)
				Pathophysiology of RBD
			Parasomnia Overlap Disorder and Status Dissociatus
			Recurrent Isolated Sleep Paralysis
			Nightmares
		Other Parasomnias
		Isolated Symptoms and Normal Variants: Sleep Talking
		Conclusions
		References
	10: Neurobiology of Sleep-Related Movements
		Periodic Limb Movements
			Dopaminergic Dysfunction and Supraspinal Networks
			Iron Status
			Striatal and Cortical Hypoadenosinergic State
			Spinal Cord
			Genetic Diathesis
			Other Theories
		Other Leg Motor Activities During Sleep
			Alternating Leg Muscle Activation
			Hypnagogic Foot Tremor
			High-Frequency Leg Movements
		Excessive Fragmentary Myoclonus
		Propriospinal Myoclonus at Sleep Onset
		Sleep Bruxism
		Sleep-Related Rhythmic Movement Disorder
		Sleep-Related Leg Cramps
		Sleep Starts
		Neck Myoclonus During Sleep
		Conclusion
		References
Part II: Sleep in Neurologic Conditions
	11: Sleep in Seizure Disorders
		Introduction
		Sleep-Related Epilepsy
			Sleep-Related Hypermotor Epilepsy
			The Clinical Spectrum of Benign Epilepsy During Sleep
			Sleep Macrostructure
			Sleep Microstructure
		Sleep Disorders, Co-morbidity, Differential Diagnosis and Consequences
			Co-morbid Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Epilepsy
			Co-morbid Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) in Epilepsy
			Co-morbid Parasomnia in Epilepsy
			Association of Sleep with Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP)
		The Effect of Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) on Sleep
		Sleep and System Epilepsy: The Cognitive Impact
		References
	12: Sleep in Headaches
		Introduction
		Pathophysiological Considerations
		The Specific Links Between Headache and Sleep
			Sleep Disturbances in Subjects with Headache
		Specific Sleep Disorders in Subjects with Headache
			Insomnia
			Non-rapid Eye Movement Sleep Parasomnias
			Sleep-Disordered Breathing
			Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movements (PLMS)
			Sleep Bruxism (SB)
			Narcolepsy
			Circadian Rhythm Disorders
		Objective Studies in Headaches
			Hypnic Headache Syndrome
		Treatment for Both Migraine and Sleep
			Nonpharmacologic Treatment
				Diet
				Behavioral Interventions
				Biofeedback
				Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Interventions
				Natural Treatments
				Nonpharmacologic Treatment in Children and Adolescents
			Pharmacologic Treatment
				Antihistaminics
				Melatonin
				Serotonergic Drugs
		Conclusion
		References
	13: Sleep in Cerebral Palsy
		Introduction
		Spectrum of Sleep Disorders in Children with CP
			Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
				Insomnia
				Circadian Rhythm Disorders
				Hypersomnias, Parasomnias, and Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
		Risk Factors Associated with the Development of Sleep Disorders in Children with CP
			Intrinsic Factors
				Structural Abnormalities
				Epilepsy
				Visual Impairment
				Cognitive Disability
				Pain and Muscle Spasticity
			Extrinsic Factors
				Antiepileptic Medications
				Positioning and Posturing Devices
				Familial and Cultural Effects
		Behavioral Correlates
		Social Impact of Sleep Disorders on Children with Cerebral Palsy and Their Families
		Treatment of Sleep Disorders in Children with CP
		References
	14: Sleep and Cerebrovascular Disease
		Introduction
		Sleep Disorders and Stroke Risk
			Sleep Duration and Its Effects on Stroke Risk Factors
				Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Risk of Stroke
		Sleep Disorders as a Consequence of Stroke
			Insomnia
			Hypersomnia/Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
			Restless Leg Syndrome/Periodic Limb Movements of Sleep
			REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
			Circadian Variation
		Diagnosis of Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Stroke Patients
		Wake-Up Strokes
		Stroke Recovery
		References
	15: Sleep in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
		Introduction
		Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep
		Parasomnias
		Insomnia
		Circadian Rhythm Disorders
		Hypersomnia and Fatigue
		Sleep-Related Breathing Disorder in ALS
		Treatment of ALS
			Invasive Ventilation
		References
	16: Sleep After Traumatic Brain Injury
		Introduction
		Pathophysiology of TBI
		Sleep After TBI
			Sleep and Sleep-Wake Cycle Are Often Altered After TBI
			Pathophysiology of Sleep-Wake Disorders After TBI
			Sleep-Wake Disturbances After TBI
			Insomnia
			Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, Increased Need for Sleep, and Hypersomnia
			Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
			Sleep-Breathing Disorders
			Management of Sleep and Sleep-Wake Disorders After TBI
		The Role of Sleep in Recovery After TBI
		Conclusions
		References
	17: Disorders of Sleep and Wakefulness in Parkinson’s Disease and Other Movement Disorders
		Introduction
		Parkinson’s Disease
			Insomnia in Parkinson’s Disease
			REM Behavior Disorder in Parkinson’s Disease
			Restless Legs Syndrome in Parkinson’s Disease
			Sleep Apnea in Parkinson’s Disease
			Circadian Rhythm Disturbances in Parkinson’s Disease
		Excessive Daytime Sleepiness and Sleep Attacks in Parkinson’s Disease
		Sleep in Other Movement Disorders
			Essential Tremor
			Tourette Syndrome
			Dystonia
			Huntington’s Disease
			Cerebellar Ataxias
		Conclusion
		References
	18: Sleep in Elderly Adults and in Subjects with Dementia
		Introduction
		Regulation of Sleep and Wakefulness
		The Functions of Sleep
		Sleep in the Healthy Elderly
		Polysomnographic Measurement of Sleep
		Sleep in Subjects with Dementia
		Sleep Disturbances and Risk of Dementia
		Treatment of Sleep Disorders in Subjects with Dementia
		Non-pharmacological Treatment
		Summary
		References
Index