Sleep and Dreaming: Scientific Advances and Reconsiderations

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 11
Introduction......Page 13
References......Page 15
1.1. An integrative strategy......Page 17
2. The phenomenology and psychophysiology of waking, sleeping, and dreaming......Page 18
2.1. Early findings of distinct differences between REM and NREM mentation......Page 19
2.2. Overview of the NREM-REM sleep mentation controversy......Page 23
2.3. Methodological considerations in the study of dreaming......Page 25
3.1. Recent findings in human neurobiology......Page 31
3.2. Reciprocal interaction: A neurobiological update......Page 37
3.3. Contemporary theories of conscious states......Page 44
3.3.4. The activation-synthesis model......Page 46
3.3.5. Comparison of activation-only to activation-synthe-sis models’ explanations for the origin of dream imagery in…......Page 52
4. A new state space model: AIM......Page 55
4.1. The three dimensions of the state space......Page 56
4.2. The AIM state space......Page 58
4.3. Discrete conscious states and the continuous state space model......Page 64
4.4. Summary of the AIM model and the nature of conscious states......Page 65
NOTE......Page 66
2. REM sleep is controlled by pontine brain stem mechanisms......Page 67
4. Not all dreaming is correlated with REM sleep......Page 68
5. Dreaming is preserved with pontine brain stem lesions......Page 69
7. Dreaming is actively generated by forebrain mechanisms......Page 70
8. Dreams are generated by a specific network of forebrain mechanisms......Page 71
9. The relationship between dreaming and REM sleep reconsidered......Page 72
NOTES......Page 73
1.1. The discovery of REM and NREM mentation......Page 75
1.2. Widespread evidence for cognitive activity in NREM sleep......Page 76
1.3. Summary......Page 78
2. Experimental results bearing on the models......Page 79
2.2. Memory consolidation......Page 80
2.3. Event-related potentials......Page 81
2.6. Inter-relationships between mentation contents from different reports......Page 82
2.9. Memory versus physiological “activation”......Page 83
3. An alternative model: Covert REM sleep processes in NREM sleep......Page 84
3.2. Physiological processes anticipate REM sleep onset......Page 85
3.6. Covert REM sleep: A disorder of arousal?......Page 86
3.10. Drug-induced covert REM sleep......Page 87
4.1. Evaluation of a probabilistic model......Page 88
NOTES......Page 90
1. Introduction......Page 91
2.2. REM deprivation (REMD) studies in animals......Page 92
2.5. REM sleep and memory consolidation in humans: Recent reports......Page 94
2.6. Theta rhythm and REM sleep......Page 95
3.1. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)......Page 96
3.2. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)......Page 97
4. Brain stem lesions and REM sleep in humans......Page 98
5. Functional imaging studies of brain activity in REM sleep......Page 99
7. Conclusions......Page 100
Introduction......Page 101
1.2. What is it to be “functional”?......Page 102
2.1. Theories in cognitive neuroscience......Page 103
2.2. Theories in dream psychology......Page 104
3.3. Proposition 1......Page 106
3.4. Proposition 2......Page 107
3.5. Proposition 3......Page 111
3.6. Proposition 4......Page 113
3.7. Proposition 5......Page 114
3.8. Proposition 6......Page 115
4.2. Dreaming among other mammals: Evidence for the rehearsal of survival skills......Page 116
5. Testability and predictions......Page 117
6.2. Why do we dream about “current concerns”?......Page 118
6.4. Threat simulation as a biological defense system......Page 119
7.1. Theories on dreaming and evolution......Page 120
7.3. Other theories on dreaming......Page 121
NOTES......Page 122
Open Peer Commentary and Authors’ Responses......Page 127
How does the dreaming brain explain the dreaming mind?......Page 131
Dreaming as an active construction of meaning......Page 134
Internally-generated activity, non-episodic memory, and emotional salience in sleep......Page 135
Dreams have meaning but no function......Page 137
Sleep, not REM sleep, is the royal road to dreams......Page 138
REM sleep deprivation: The wrong paradigm leading to wrong conclusions......Page 139
REM and NREM mentation: Nielsen’s model once again supports the supremacy of REM......Page 140
How and why the brain makes dreams: A report card on current research on dreaming......Page 141
REM sIeep = dreaming: The never-ending story......Page 143
Mental states during dreaming and daydreaming: Some methodological loopholes......Page 144
Play, dreams, and simulation......Page 145
Conceptual coordination bridges information processing and neurophysiology......Page 146
The divorce of REM sleep and dreaming......Page 149
Shedding old assumptions and consolidating what we know: Toward an attention-based model of dreaming......Page 151
Needed: A new theory......Page 155
Mesolimbic dopamine and the neuropsychology of dreaming: Some caution and reconsiderations......Page 157
REM sleep: Desperately seeking isomorphism......Page 158
The case against memory consolidation in REM sleep: Balderdash!......Page 161
Dreaming is not an adaptation......Page 163
Sleep, dreaming, and brain activation......Page 166
The prevalence of typical dream themes challenges the specificity of the threat simulation theory......Page 167
Each distinct type of mental state is supported by specific brain functions......Page 168
Where is the forest? Where is the dream?......Page 170
State-dependent modulation of cognitive function......Page 172
The dramaturgy of dreams in Pleistocene minds and our own......Page 173
The waking-to-dreaming continuum and the effects of emotion......Page 174
Reflexive and orienting properties of REM sleep dreaming and eye movements......Page 177
The ghost of Sigmund Freud haunts Mark Solms’s dream theory......Page 178
New multiplicities of dreaming and REMing......Page 180
The interpretation of physiology......Page 182
The “problem” of dreaming in NREM sleep continues to challenge reductionist (two generator) models of dream generation......Page 183
A new approach for explaining dreaming and REM sleep mechanisms......Page 185
Dreaming has content and meaning not just form......Page 186
Papez dreams: Mechanism and phenomenology of dreaming......Page 188
Lucid dreaming: Evidence and methodology......Page 189
All brain work – including recall – is state-dependent......Page 192
Nightmares: Friend or foe?......Page 193
“Spandrels of the night?”......Page 194
Dream production is not chaotic......Page 195
Novel concepts of sleep-wakefullness and neuronal information coding......Page 196
The illusory function of dreams: Another example of cognitive bias......Page 199
A more general evolutionary hypothesis about dream function......Page 200
Sorting out additions to the understanding The most controversial proposition of threat avoidance theory,
 of cognition durin......Page 201
Dreams and sleep: Are new schemas revealing?......Page 204
Critical brain characteristics to consider in developing dream and memory theories......Page 205
Post-traumatic nightmares as a dysfunctional state......Page 206
Insights from functional neuroimaging studies of behavioral state regulation in healthy and depressed subjects......Page 207
Toward a new neuropsychological isomorphism......Page 208
Expanding Nielsen’s covert REM model, questioning Solms’s approach to dreaming and REM sleep, and reinterpreting the…......Page 209
Nielsen’s concept of covert REM sleep is a path toward a more realistic view of sleep psychophysiology......Page 211
Dreaming is not a non-conscious electrophysiologic state......Page 212
“The dream of reason creates monsters”....especially when we neglect the role of emotions in REM-states......Page 216
Neurotransmitter mechanisms of dreaming: Implication of modulatory systems based on dream intensity......Page 218
Metaphoric threat is more real than real threat......Page 220
One machinery, multiple cognitive states: The value of the AIM model......Page 221
Neural constraints on cognition in sleep......Page 222
The contents of consciousness during sleep: Some theoretical problems......Page 223
Search activity: A key to resolving contradictions in sleep/dream investigation......Page 224
Some myths are slow to die......Page 227
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 228
Dream research: Integration of physiological and psychological models......Page 229
Continued vitality of the Freudian theory of dreaming......Page 232
Evaluating the relationship between REM and memory consolidation: A need scholarship and hypothesis testing......Page 235
The mechanism of the REM state is more than a sum of its parts......Page 236
Neuronal basis of dreaming and mentation during slow-wave (non-REM) sleep......Page 237
Inclusive versus exclusive approaches and
 to sleep and dream research......Page 239
Evolutionary psychology can ill afford adaptionist and mentalist credulity......Page 241
Critique of current dream theories......Page 242
The pharmacology of threatening dreams......Page 244
Threat perceptions and avoidance in recurrent dreams......Page 245
HR2.1. Defining dreaming......Page 247
HR2.5. Dream content and dream meaning......Page 248
HR2.7. Sleep inertia and motivational factors......Page 249
HR3.3. Are some NREM reports every bit as dreamy as REM reports?......Page 250
HR3.4. Is intense dreaming confined largely to REM sleep?......Page 251
HR3.5. Is dreaming the subjective correlate of REM sleep physiology?......Page 252
HR4.1. Currently measurable sleep physiology and dream phenomenology......Page 253
HR4.2. Contribution of forebrain versus brainstem in dream initiation......Page 255
HR4.3. The relative importance of different neuromodulators......Page 256
HR4.4. Opportunities for dream studies in emerging neuroscience technologies......Page 257
HR5.3. Sleep as the substrate of dreaming......Page 258
HR6.1. Synaptic plasticity......Page 260
HR6.6. Memory transfer......Page 261
HR7. Conclusion......Page 262
SR1. What generates NREM apex dreams?......Page 263
SR4. Loss of REM with preservation of dreaming......Page 264
SR6. Dopamine in relation to other neurotransmitters......Page 265
SR8. Importance of converging evidence......Page 266
SR11. Concluding remarks......Page 267
NR1. The definition of dreaming is inadequate......Page 268
NR2. Authors add new information that supports the model......Page 270
NR3. Consideration of waking processes in the model......Page 273
NR4. Demonstrations of dreaming during stages 3 and 4 sleep and their implication for the existence of mentation unique to NR......Page 274
NR5.2. Do isomorphic correlates of dreaming exist only at the level of REM sleep executive control?......Page 275
NR5.3. Can REM sleep events dissociate from the REM sleep configuration?......Page 276
NR8. The model needs validation......Page 277
NR8.2. Study 2: Do signs of covert REM sleep appear in NREM sleep?......Page 278
NR9. Conclusion......Page 283
VR1. Early REMD studies in animals, the pedestal technique, and stress......Page 285
VR3.1. REM sleep is involved in procedural but not in declarative memory......Page 286
VR3.2. Contesting the position that REM sleep is involved in procedural memory......Page 287
VR5. Lack of effects on memory of brainstem lesions or antidepressant drugs that profoundly suppress or eliminate REM sleep......Page 288
VR7. Our theory for the function of REM sleep......Page 289
VR9. Is slow-wave sleep (SWS) involved in memory consolidation?......Page 290
RR0. Overview......Page 291
RR1.1. Dreams are organized simulations, not random activation patterns......Page 292
RR1.3. Random activation of  “affect programs” or systematic activation of threat simulations......Page 293
RR1.5. Dreams are more organized than they are bizarre......Page 294
RR2.1. Cognitive biases and the unreliability of dream recall......Page 295
RR2.5. The continuity hypothesis......Page 297
RR2.6. Do animals practice survival skills during REM dreaming?......Page 298
RR2.8. Are threat simulations useful and adaptive?......Page 299
RR3.1. Were ancestral humans prone to suffer from PTSD?......Page 300
RR3.3. Does threat simulation necessarily cause disturbing nightmares?......Page 301
RR4. Evidence from typical dreams......Page 302
RR5. Evidence from recurrent dreams and nightmares......Page 304
RR6. Other forms and functions of dreaming......Page 305
RR8. How to test TST properly?......Page 307
RR9. TST and the philosophy of consciousness......Page 309
NOTE......Page 310
References......Page 311
B. Neurotransmitter and neuromodulatory systems......Page 351
A. Electrophysiology......Page 353
C. Circadian rhythms......Page 354
D. Sleep and neuroplasticity......Page 355
B. Prefrontal cortical deactivation, sleep, and dreaming......Page 356
A. Meditation and religious experience......Page 357
B. Hypnosis......Page 358
G. Neuropsychiatric disorders......Page 359
References......Page 361
Index......Page 367