Skin 3-D Models and Cosmetics Toxicity

Preface
About This Book
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1: Artificial Skin Models for Animal-Free Testing: 3D Skin Reconstruct Approach, a Journey in the Past Two Decades
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Approach Toward an Animal Alternative
	1.3 Merits/Demerits of Elective Methods
	1.4 Skin Equivalent: 3D Skin Model, a Valuable Alternative to Animal Tests
	1.5 Skin Equivalents As Far
		1.5.1 In Vitro Reconstituted Epidermis
		1.5.2 Development of Full-Thickness Skin Equivalents (FTSE)
		1.5.3 Most Recent Skin Equivalents
	1.6 Future Perspective: Next-Generation Skin Equivalents, a More Advanced Way Ahead!
	1.7 Conclusion
	References
		Uncategorized References
2: Fabrication of Ready-to-Use Ex Vivo Human Skin Models for Chemical Testing: Current Status and Challenges
	2.1 Part 1: Introduction
		2.1.1 Skin Appendages
	2.2 Part 2: Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RHE) and Full-Thickness Skin (FTS) Models
		2.2.1 Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RHE)
		2.2.2 Full-Thickness Skin (FTS)
		2.2.3 Future Developments of FTS and RHE Models
	2.3 Part 3: Bioprinting of Skin Constructs
		2.3.1 Biomaterials for Skin Bioinks
		2.3.2 Advances in Skin Bioprinting
		2.3.3 Bioprinting Limitations and New Prospective
	2.4 Part 4: Micro-Tissue Equivalents (Organoids) Models
		2.4.1 Organoid Models of Disease
	2.5 Part 5: Chemical Irritation, Corrosion, and Sensitization Testing Using Skin Organoids
	2.6 Part 6: Summary and Conclusions
	References
3: Human Skin Reconstructs Model Systems in Mechanistic Research, Safety, and Efficacy Studies of Cosmetics: Pros and Cons
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 3D Skin Models in the Dermatological Studies
	3.3 Microfluidics: 3D Skin-on-a-Chip Platform
	3.4 Ex Vivo Skin Explant
	3.5 Advantages of 3D Skin or Ex Vivo Skin Explants
	3.6 Limitations and Other Perspectives of 3D Skin or Ex Vivo Skin Explants
	References
4: Skin-on-a-Chip Microfluidic Devices: Production, Verification, and Uses in Cosmetic Toxicology
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Production of Skin-on-a-Chip Devices
		4.2.1 Sourcing and Production of Skin Models for Skin-on-a-Chip Devices
		4.2.2 Fabrication Methodologies of the Housing Units of Skin-on-a-Chip Devices
		4.2.3 Material Selection for Fabrication of Skin-on-a-Chip Housing Plates
		4.2.4 Design of the Nutrient Support System Within the Skin-on-a-Chip Device
		4.2.5 Biosensor Integration into the Skin-on-a-Chip Device
	4.3 Verification of Skin Structure and Function Within the Skin-on-a-Chip Device
		4.3.1 Histological and Immunohistological Examination of Skin Model Structure
		4.3.2 Determining Cell Viability of the Retained Skin Model
		4.3.3 Accessing the Flow Rate and Perfusion of the Retained Skin Model by the Vascular/Microfluidic System
		4.3.4 Determining Barrier Performance of the Retained Skin Model
		4.3.5 Confirming Cell Position within the Retained Skin Model
	4.4 Advancements and Applications of Skin-on-a-Chip Technology
	References
5: 3D Bioprinting of Skin Tissue Model
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Ultrastructure and ECM Composition
		5.2.1 Epidermis
		5.2.2 Basement Membrane
		5.2.3 Dermis
		5.2.4 Hypodermis
	5.3 3D Bioprinting Methods Applied in Skin Bioprinting
		5.3.1 Extrusion-Based Bioprinting
		5.3.2 Inkjet-Based Bioprinting
		5.3.3 Laser-Assisted Bioprinting
	5.4 Bioprinted Skin Tissue
		5.4.1 Toward Well-Defined Physiological Matrix
		5.4.2 Toward Well-Defined Cellular Architecture
		5.4.3 Toward Well-Defined Skin Appendages
		5.4.4 Toward Well-Defined Vascular Bed
	5.5 Validation of Bioprinted Functional Artificial Skin
	5.6 Challenges and Future Directions of Skin Tissue Fabrication
	5.7 Conclusion
	References
6: Solar Radiation and Phototoxicity of Cosmetics: Avenues of In Vitro Skin Models
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Solar Radiation
	6.3 Skin Physiology
		6.3.1 Epidermis
		6.3.2 Dermis
		6.3.3 Hypodermis
	6.4 Phototoxicity
		6.4.1 Mechanism of Phototoxicity
	6.5 Skin Models for Phototoxicity
		6.5.1 2D Skin Models
			6.5.1.1 NIH 3T3 Cell Line
			6.5.1.2 HaCaT Cells
		6.5.2 3D Skin Models
			6.5.2.1 SkinEthic 3D Model
			6.5.2.2 EpiSkin 3D Model
			6.5.2.3 EpiDerm
		6.5.3 In Vitro 2D Vs 3D Models
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
7: Cosmetic Ingredients: Various Efficacy-Based Testing Methods in the 3D Skin-Based Model Systems
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Industrial Cosmetic Ingredient Efficacy Solutions
		7.2.1 Antiaging
		7.2.2 Skin Whitening
		7.2.3 UV Protection
		7.2.4 Skin Pigmentation
	7.3 Skin and Eye Irritation Assessment of Cosmetic Products
	7.4 Safety Testing Skin Corrosion
	7.5 Skin Sensitization
	7.6 3D Skin Model on the Skin Microbiome Cosmetic Ingredients Test and Efficacy
	References
8: Animal Component-Free Medium for Long-Term Maintenance of Human Skin Explants and Its Application in Toxicity Studies of Co...
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Human Skin Explants-Applications
	8.3 Generation of Skin Explants
	8.4 Preservation of Skin Tissue for Explant Generation
	8.5 Low-Temperature Preservation
	8.6 Dynamic Culture Conditions
	8.7 Culture Techniques for Human Keratinocytes
		8.7.1 In Serum-Containing Medium with a Feeder Layer
		8.7.2 In Serum-Free Media Without a Feeder Layer
	8.8 Culture at Air-Liquid Interface (ALI)
	8.9 Animal Component-Free Medium
	8.10 Composition of Animal Component-Free Medium for Skin Explants
	8.11 Future Directions
	References
9: Regulatory Requirements for Safety/Toxicity Assessment of Cosmetics/Nanocosmetic Products: Challenges and Opportunities
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Nanotechnology in Cosmetics
	9.3 Current Regulatory Framework of Cosmetics
		9.3.1 European Union (EU)
		9.3.2 United States of America (USA)
		9.3.3 Canada
		9.3.4 Japan
		9.3.5 China
		9.3.6 Brazil
		9.3.7 Australia
		9.3.8 Korea
		9.3.9 India
	9.4 Ban of Cosmetic Testing on Animals
	9.5 Alternative Methods for Animal Testing
	9.6 Roadblocks to the Implementation of Animal Alternatives
	9.7 Overcoming Roadblocks to Implement Alternatives
	9.8 Conclusion
	References
10: Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA) for Safety of Cosmetics and Personal Care Products
	10.1 Introduction
		10.1.1 Cosmetics and Personal Care Products
			10.1.1.1 IATA
			10.1.1.2 Non-Testing Methods
			10.1.1.3 Testing Methods
	10.2 New Approach Methods
		10.2.1 IATA in Skin Sensitization
		10.2.2 IATA Methodologies
	10.3 International Cooperation in the Development of Alternative Test Methods
	10.4 Conclusion
	References
11: Approaches for In Silico Validation of Safety (Toxicity) Data for Cosmetics
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Estimating Ingredients of Cosmetic Products: Models and Regulations
		11.2.1 The Cosmetics Regulation of the European Union (EU) (EC/1223/2009)
		11.2.2 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
	11.3 Next-Generation Risk Assessment (NGRA)
		11.3.1 The Reach Chemicals Regulation (EC/1907/2006)
		11.3.2 SEURAT-I Project
			11.3.2.1 The COSMOS Project
	11.4 Intuitive and In Silico Methodologies for Impact Prediction
		11.4.1 Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSARs) for Dermal Absorption
			11.4.1.1 Structural Rules Capturing Structure-Activity Relationships
		11.4.2 PBK Model
		11.4.3 Grouping and Read Across
		11.4.4 The Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) Approach
	11.5 The Relevance of In Silico Technologies in Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs)
		11.5.1 The Way Forward
	11.6 Conclusions
	References
12: Role of Omics Approach in the Toxicity/Safety Study of Cosmetics
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Cosmetic Toxicology
	12.3 Need to Study Cosmetic Toxicity
	12.4 The Way to Omics Approaches
		12.4.1 Genomics
		12.4.2 Transcriptomics
		12.4.3 Proteomics
		12.4.4 Metabolomics
		12.4.5 Lipidomics
		12.4.6 Microbiomics
	12.5 Conclusion
	References
13: Application of 3D Skin Model Systems in Assessing the Safety/Toxicity of Fragrances and Flavors, Hair Dyes, Preservatives,...
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Fragrances and Flavors
	13.3 Preservatives
	13.4 Colorants and Hair Dyes
	13.5 Conclusion
	References
14: Toxicokinetic and Toxicodynamic Studies of Cosmetics and Personal Care Products Using 3D Skin Models: Progress Made and Pa...
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Three-Dimensional (3D) Skin Models
	14.3 Methods of Spheroid Production
	14.4 Human Skin Equivalents (HSEs)
	14.5 Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RHEs)
	14.6 Full-Thickness HSEs
		14.6.1 Materials for Constructing HSE Scaffolds
			14.6.1.1 Decellularized Extracellular Matrix (dECM)
			14.6.1.2 Protein-Based ECM
		14.6.2 Hydrogel-Based Support Systems
			14.6.2.1 Toxicological Testing of Cosmetic Products
			14.6.2.2 Toxicokinetic Study
	14.7 Safety and Toxicity Assessment of Cosmetic Products
		14.7.1 Assessment of Genotoxicity
		14.7.2 Assessment of Skin Sensitization
		14.7.3 Assessment of Dermal Absorption
		14.7.4 Assessment of Skin and Eye Irritation
		14.7.5 Assessment of Skin Corrosion
		14.7.6 Assessment of Cytotoxicity
		14.7.7 Assessment of Phototoxicity
	References
Resource Link