Sino-African Cooperation for Schistosomiasis Control in Zanzibar: A Blueprint for Combating other Parasitic Diseases (Parasitology Research Monographs, 15)

Preface
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Schistosoma haematobium (Bladder Fluke): Life Cycle and Morphology
	1.1 Characteristics
		1.1.1 Name of the parasite: Schistosoma haematobium
		1.1.2 Geographic Distribution/Epidemiology
		1.1.3 Biology/Morphology
		1.1.4 Symptoms of the Disease (Schistosomiasis of the Bladder, Bladder-Bilharziasis)
		1.1.5 Common Diagnosis
		1.1.6 Immunodiagnosis
		1.1.7 Pathway of Infection
		1.1.8 Prophylaxis
		1.1.9 Incubation Period
		1.1.10 Prepatent Period
		1.1.11 Patency
		1.1.12 Therapy
		1.1.13 Genome of Schistosoma Species
	Further Reading
Chapter 2: Praziquantel: A Broad-Spectrum Drug Acting against Trematodes and Cestodes Parasitizing Humans and Animals
	2.1 Historical Background
	2.2 Recent Control Measurements
		2.2.1 History
		2.2.2 Chemical Composition of Praziquantel
		2.2.3 First Efficacy Tests
		2.2.4 Dose and Administration
		2.2.5 Use during Pregnancy
		2.2.6 Side Effects
		2.2.7 Toxicity Studies
		2.2.8 Mode of Action
		2.2.9 Tolerability
		2.2.10 Efficacy of Praziquantel and Other Drugs on Tapeworms
	Further Reading
Chapter 3: The Global Status and Control of Human Schistosomiasis: An Overview
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Epidemiology
	3.3 Diagnosis
	3.4 Treatment
	3.5 Management
	3.6 Prevention
	3.7 Challenges for the Global Schistosomiasis Elimination Program
	3.8 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 4: Schistosomiasis Control Program in Zanzibar: An Overview
	4.1 Schistosomiasis Endemicity in Zanzibar
	4.2 Initiatives for Schistosomiasis Control in Zanzibar
		4.2.1 Initiatives before 2010
		4.2.2 Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation (SCORE)
		4.2.3 Zanzibar Elimination of Schistosomiasis Transmission (ZEST) Project
	4.3 Strategic Plans of Schistosomiasis Control in Zanzibar
		4.3.1 Health Master Plan for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases in Zanzibar
			4.3.1.1 Overall Mission, Vision and Goal
			4.3.1.2 Guiding Principles and Strategic Priorities
			4.3.1.3 Measures to Be Taken in Schistosomiasis Control Plan
	References
Chapter 5: Sino-Africa Cooperation Project of Schistosomiasis Control: A Pathway Analysis
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Favorable Conditions for Cooperation Between African Countries and P.R. China
		5.2.1 Good Foundation for Cooperation
		5.2.2 Strong Policy Commitments and Great Achievements Gained
		5.2.3 New Tools and Improved Capacity
		5.2.4 Development of Social-Economics
	5.3 Limited Factors for Cooperation Between African Countries and P.R. China
		5.3.1 Different Epidemiological Characteristics
		5.3.2 Low Chemotherapy Coverage
		5.3.3 Inadequate Water Supply and Poor Sanitation
		5.3.4 Lack of Perfect Health System
		5.3.5 Insufficient Government Coordination Capacity
	5.4 Cooperation Priorities Between China and Africa in Schistosomiasis Control
		5.4.1 To Improve Coordination at Different Administrative Levels
		5.4.2 To Adopt New and Effective Snail Control Methods
		5.4.3 To Integrate High-Quality Diagnostic Tools
		5.4.4 To Strengthen Disease Mapping
		5.4.5 To Improve Surveillance Systems
		5.4.6 To Expand the Coverage of Chemotherapy
	5.5 The Way Forwards
	Further Reading
Chapter 6: China-Zanzibar Cooperation Project of Schistosomiasis Control: Study Design
	6.1 Background
	6.2 The Aim of the Pilot Study
	6.3 Study Method and Design
		6.3.1 Study Area and Population
		6.3.2 Human Treatment by Preventive Chemotherapy
			6.3.2.1 Baseline Investigation of S. haematobium Infection
			6.3.2.2 Transmission Pattern of S. haematobium Infection
			6.3.2.3 The Assessment of China´s Praziquantel Against S. haematobium
		6.3.3 Snail Control by a Novel Molluscicides
			6.3.3.1 Field Investigation of the Distribution of Bulinus spp.
			6.3.3.2 Biological Study of Bulinus spp. Snail in Laboratory
			6.3.3.3 The Molluscicidal Efficacy in Killing Bulinus spp. Snails in Laboratory and Field
		6.3.4 Behavior Interventions by Health Education
			6.3.4.1 Historical Data Collection and Questionnaire Survey
			6.3.4.2 Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) About Schistosomiasis
	6.4 Statistical Analysis
	6.5 Beneficiaries and Stakeholders
	6.6 Discussion
	6.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7: Epidemiological Survey of Schistosomiasis in Zanzibar
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Method
		7.2.1 Study Area and Population
		7.2.2 Field Procedures
		7.2.3 Laboratory Procedures
		7.2.4 Snail Survey
		7.2.5 Infectious Snail Detection
	7.3 Results
		7.3.1 Disease Survey
			7.3.1.1 General Situation
			7.3.1.2 District Schistosomiasis Infection
			7.3.1.3 Population Schistosomiasis Infection
		7.3.2 Snails Survey
			7.3.2.1 General Survey Situation
			7.3.2.2 Snail Results
	7.4 Discussion
	7.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8: Mapping of Schistosomiasis Haematobia in Zanzibar
	8.1 Background
	8.2 Research Materials and Methods
		8.2.1 Time and Area Under Study
		8.2.2 Data Records and Generation of Spatial Coordinates
			8.2.2.1 Human Data
			8.2.2.2 Snail Data
		8.2.3 Annotating Attribute Data
		8.2.4 The Spatial Database
		8.2.5 The Nearest Neighbor Analysis
		8.2.6 Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis
			8.2.6.1 Global Spatial Autocorrelation
			8.2.6.2 Local Spatial Autocorrelation
		8.2.7 Spatial Scan Statistics
		8.2.8 Staff Training
	8.3 Results
		8.3.1 Geographic Information Database of Schistosomiasis Control Based on Google Earth and ArcGIS
			8.3.1.1 Surveys
			8.3.1.2 Spatial Databases
			8.3.1.3 Infected Humans
			8.3.1.4 Snail Distribution
		8.3.2 Spatial Characteristics of Snail Distribution
			8.3.2.1 Distribution of Snail Sites
			8.3.2.2 The Nearest Neighbor Analysis
			8.3.2.3 Global Spatial Autocorrelation
			8.3.2.4 Local Spatial Autocorrelation
			8.3.2.5 Spatial Clustering Analysis
		8.3.3 Training
	8.4 Significance and Prospects
	References
Chapter 9: Bulinus Snails Control by China-made Niclosamide in Zanzibar: Experiences and Lessons
	9.1 Background
	9.2 Methods
		9.2.1 Laboratory Tests
		9.2.2 Filed Methods of Application
	9.3 Results
		9.3.1 Laboratory Tests
		9.3.2 Field Tests
	9.4 The Key Point in Local Schistosomiasis Control
	References
Chapter 10: Human Chemotherapy by China-Made Praziquantel in Zanzibar: Efficacy and Safety
	10.1 Background
	10.2 Methods
		10.2.1 Ethics Statement
		10.2.2 The Efficacy of China-Made Praziquantel
		10.2.3 The Safety of China-Made Praziquantel
		10.2.4 Procedures
		10.2.5 Outcome
		10.2.6 Statistical Analysis
	10.3 Results
		10.3.1 Baseline Characteristics
		10.3.2 Efficacy of China-Made Prazqiuantel
		10.3.3 Safety of China-Made Praziquantel
	10.4 Discussion
	References
	Further Reading
Chapter 11: A Package of Health Education Materials: Effectiveness for Schistosomiasis Control in Zanzibar
	11.1 Baseline Survey of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice
		11.1.1 Methods
			11.1.1.1 Study Area and Study Design
			11.1.1.2 KAPs Survey
			11.1.1.3 Parasitology
			11.1.1.4 Data Analysis
			11.1.1.5 Ethical Consideration
		11.1.2 Results
			11.1.2.1 Demographic Characteristics at Household and Individual Level
			11.1.2.2 Past Medical Record
			11.1.2.3 Knowledge about Schistosomiasis
			11.1.2.4 Attitude and Practice Towards Schistosomiasis
			11.1.2.5 Association of Schistosomiasis Knowledge with Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors
			11.1.2.6 Association of Attitude and Practices with Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors
			11.1.2.7 Logistic Regression of Factors Associated with KAP
			11.1.2.8 Association of the Prevalence of Schistosomiasis with KAPs
		11.1.3 Discussion
		11.1.4 Conclusion
	11.2 Health Education Methods
		11.2.1 School Children
			11.2.1.1 Health Education Class
			11.2.1.2 Health Promotion Competition
	11.3 Schistosomiasis Poster Competition Protocol
		11.3.1 Participants
		11.3.2 Poster Requirements
			11.3.2.1 Subject and Contents
			11.3.2.2 Making Requirements
		11.3.3 Rewards
		11.3.4 Funding
		11.3.5 Competition Timetable
		11.3.6 Contact Information
		11.3.7 Residents
			11.3.7.1 Community Health Promotion Conference
			11.3.7.2 Community Slogan Painting
			11.3.7.3 Risk Area Alarming
	11.4 The Evaluation of the Effect of Health Education
		11.4.1 Methods
			11.4.1.1 Location and Population
			11.4.1.2 Health Education Sessions
			11.4.1.3 Statistical Analysis
		11.4.2 Result
			11.4.2.1 Population Samples before and after Health Sessions
			11.4.2.2 The Awareness Rate and Behavioral Correctness Rate after Health Education
			11.4.2.3 Comparison of the Awareness and Behavioral Correctness Rate before and after Sessions
		11.4.3 Discussion
		11.4.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12: The Novel Strategy of China-Zanzibar Cooperation Project of Schistosomiasis Control: The Integrated Strategy
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 The Integrated Strategy of Schistosomiasis in China
	12.3 Schistosomiasis Prevention and Control Work in Africa
	12.4 China Aids African Schistosomiasis Control Project
	12.5 Multi-Sectoral Schistosomiasis Control Cooperation Meeting
	12.6 Cooperating with the Health Department for Health Education
	12.7 Cooperating with the Water Resources Department
	12.8 Agricultural Control Intermediate Host Bulinus of Schistosomiasis
	12.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Construction of an Epidemic Management Information System Leading to Schistosomiasis Elimination in Zanzibar
	13.1 Background
	13.2 Demand Analysis
		13.2.1 Government Analysis
		13.2.2 Resource Analysis
		13.2.3 Process Analysis
		13.2.4 Business Analysis
		13.2.5 Coding Analysis
		13.2.6 Technical Analysis
			13.2.6.1 System Performance Requirements
			13.2.6.2 System Security Requirements
	13.3 Overall Design
		13.3.1 Overall Architecture
		13.3.2 Functional Model
		13.3.3 Application Architecture
	13.4 Functional Application
		13.4.1 General Functions
			13.4.1.1 Information Collection
			13.4.1.2 Entering Information
			13.4.1.3 Information Review
			13.4.1.4 Information Quality Control
			13.4.1.5 Report Generation
			13.4.1.6 Information Inquiry
		13.4.2 Main Module Function Description
			13.4.2.1 Inspection and Treatment Management Module
			13.4.2.2 Water Body Snail Situation Management Module
				13.4.2.2.1 Basic Information of Water Body
				13.4.2.2.2 Snail Control Information
			13.4.2.3 Geographic Information Distribution
				13.4.2.3.1 Distribution of Residents
				13.4.2.3.2 Display of Water Environment Distribution
			13.4.2.4 Deployment and Implementation
				13.4.2.4.1 Implementation Plan
				13.4.2.4.2 System Debugging
				13.4.2.4.3 Online Acceptance
				13.4.2.4.4 Operation and Maintenance Management
		13.4.3 For the Community
			13.4.3.1 Unified Crowd Coding
			13.4.3.2 Innovative Application
		13.4.4 For Medical Institutions
			13.4.4.1 Disease Reference
			13.4.4.2 Environmental Inspection
		13.4.5 For Government Supervision
	References and Further Reading
Chapter 14: Management of China-Zanzibar Cooperation Project: Lessons Learned
	14.1 The Implementation and Management Principles
		14.1.1 Comply with Local and International Rules to the Maximum Level in the Project Planning and Execution
		14.1.2 Meet the Local Needs in all Aspects of the Project
		14.1.3 Fuse the Merits of Chinese Experiences with the Local Situations in the Execution of the Project
	14.2 Organization and Responsibilities
		14.2.1 China
			14.2.1.1 National Health and Family Planning Commission
			14.2.1.2 Ministry of Commerce
			14.2.1.3 Ministry of Foreign Affairs
			14.2.1.4 Jiangsu Province Health Department
			14.2.1.5 Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases (JIPD)
			14.2.1.6 National Institute of Parasitic Disease, China CDC
			14.2.1.7 Chinese Medical Team in Zanzibar
		14.2.2 Zanzibar
			14.2.2.1 The Ministry of Foreign Affairs
			14.2.2.2 The Ministry of Finance
			14.2.2.3 The Ministry of Health
		14.2.3 WHO
		14.2.4 Project Organization Structure
		14.2.5 Coordination
			14.2.5.1 Coordination among the Project, Local Government and Sectors
			14.2.5.2 Partnership on an International Level
	14.3 Human Resource Management: Capacity Building Oriented Approach
		14.3.1 Chinese Team Recruitment and Training
		14.3.2 Local Personnel Recruitment and Training
			14.3.2.1 The Recruitment and Labor Division of Local Team
			14.3.2.2 Training of the Local Team
		14.3.3 Human Resource Management System Construction
		14.3.4 Cultural Integration
	14.4 Infrastructure Construction and Supply Management
		14.4.1 Laboratory and Offices
		14.4.2 Material and Device Supply
			14.4.2.1 Material Procurement, Commodity Inspection and Shipping
			14.4.2.2 Technical Material Management
			14.4.2.3 Life Material Management
	14.5 Financial Management
		14.5.1 Financial Personnel Management
		14.5.2 Financial Management System
	Further Reading
Chapter 15: Evaluation of China-Zanzibar Cooperation Project of Schistosomiasis: No-Stakeholder
	15.1 Background for Evaluation
	15.2 Objectives and Methods
	15.3 Preparation Information for Evaluation
		15.3.1 Review Team
		15.3.2 Working Group
		15.3.3 Key Review Stakeholders
		15.3.4 Data Collection
		15.3.5 Data Analysis
		15.3.6 Key Deliverable
	15.4 Evaluation Approach and Findings
		15.4.1 Project Documents and Reports Review
		15.4.2 Field Visits and Local Facility Investigation
		15.4.3 Workshop for Schistosomiasis Elimination
		15.4.4 Interviews with Representatives from China and Zanzibar NDT
			15.4.4.1 Minister of Health
			15.4.4.2 Deputy Minister of Health
			15.4.4.3 Coordinator
			15.4.4.4 Salim Ali Khatib, Team Leader, Snail Survey Team
			15.4.4.5 Local Staff Responsible for Data Management
	15.5 Results of Evaluation
		15.5.1 Shehias Level
		15.5.2 Africa and International Level
	15.6 Discussion and Recommendation
		15.6.1 Extension of Project
			15.6.1.1 Material Point of Extention
			15.6.1.2 Extension of Cooperation
		15.6.2 Further Development of the Project