Single Cell Oils

Cover Page......Page 1
Title: Single Cell Oils......Page 2
ISBN 1893997804......Page 3
Dedication......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
The Early Years......Page 8
A Process for GLA Production......Page 12
A Process for a Cocoa Butter Equivalent Fat......Page 14
The Quest for a Docosahexaenoic Acid-Rich SCO......Page 15
An ARA-Rich SCO......Page 16
Other Sources of PUFA-SCO......Page 17
SCO and Competition from Genetically Modified Plant Oils......Page 21
References......Page 24
Arachidonic Acid-Producing M. alpina and Related Strains......Page 28
12 Desaturase-Defective Mutants......Page 30
6 Desaturase-Defective Mutants......Page 31
Mutants with Enhanced Desaturase Activities......Page 32
6 Desaturase......Page 33
Elongase......Page 34
Genetic Manipulation of M. alpina Strains......Page 35
References......Page 36
Importance of Long-Chain w-3 Fatty Acids in Human Health......Page 43
Need for Alternative Technology Development......Page 44
Bio-Rational Approach to Technology Development......Page 45
Preliminary Toxicology Screen......Page 49
Fermentation Scale-Up......Page 50
Safety of the Biomass and Extracted DHA-Rich Oil......Page 53
Conclusion......Page 54
References......Page 55
Occurrence of PUFA-Rich TAG in Microalgae......Page 60
Accumulation of PUFA in Microalgae......Page 61
Biosynthesis of PUFA in P. Cruentum......Page 62
The Molecular Species Composition of the Galactolipids of P. cruentum Is Modified by Temperature......Page 63
Selection of Chill-Sensitive Mutants of P. cruentum Reveals a Novel Role for TAG......Page 64
Recovery from nitrogen starvation......Page 65
PUFA-Rich TAG Can Be Used as a Reservoir of PUFA for the Modification of Choloroplastic Lipids......Page 66
Isolation and Characterization of Parietochloris incisa......Page 67
Induced Accumulation of AA in P. Incisa......Page 68
Effect of Cell Density on AA Content......Page 70
Biosynthesis of AA in P. Incisa......Page 71
Role of AA in P. Incisa......Page 73
Acknowledgments......Page 75
References......Page 76
Arachidonic Acid......Page 80
Some Properties of M. alpina and M. Alpina Lipids......Page 81
LCPUFA Biosynthesis in M. alpina......Page 85
Fermentation of M. alpina......Page 87
References......Page 88
Introduction......Page 93
Significance of DHA......Page 95
C. cohnii as Production Organism......Page 96
Strain Selection and Optimization......Page 97
Industrial Production of DHASCO™......Page 98
Characteristics of DHASCO™......Page 102
References......Page 104
Microalgae as a Source of ω-3 PUFA......Page 106
Mass Cultivation of Ulkenia......Page 107
Properties of the DHA Oil Derived from Ulkenia......Page 108
Genetics of Ulkenia......Page 109
References......Page 112
Introduction......Page 114
Uses of Alternative Carbon Sources......Page 115
Use of Acetic Acid......Page 116
Ethanol as Carbon Source......Page 123
Lipid Production from C2 Carbon Sources......Page 127
References......Page 128
Dunaliella salina......Page 131
Haematococcus pluvialis......Page 134
Other Carotenoids and Other Organisms......Page 136
References......Page 138
Structure and Significance......Page 145
Sources......Page 147
Factors Influencing EPA Production......Page 151
Cultivation Systems for Microalgae......Page 154
Cultivation Strategies for EPA Production by Microalgae......Page 156
Prospects of EPA Production by Microorganisms......Page 157
Conclusion......Page 160
References......Page 161
Introduction......Page 168
Safety Evaluation......Page 169
Safety Assessment Approach......Page 170
Safety of Source Organisms......Page 171
Nonclinical Toxicology of SCO......Page 173
Postmarket Surveillance......Page 175
United States......Page 176
Europe......Page 179
Novel Foods......Page 180
EFSA......Page 181
Conclusion......Page 182
References......Page 183
Introduction......Page 189
SCO Studies in Animals: PUFA Levels in Tissues and Functional Studies......Page 193
Trial Design and Treatments......Page 195
Outcomes......Page 196
SCO Studies in Adults......Page 197
References......Page 199
General Considerations for Single Cell Oil Extraction......Page 209
Extraction of Single Cell OIl γ-Linolenic Acid from Mucor circinelloides......Page 211
Process Design......Page 213
Extraction of DHA-Rich Oils from Crypthecodinium cohnii and Schizochytrium sp.......Page 215
Pre-Treatment and Cell Disruption......Page 217
Extraction and Refining......Page 218
General Considerations......Page 220
Extraction......Page 222
References......Page 223
Introduction......Page 227
Carbon Dioxide as the Preferred Supercritical Fluid......Page 229
Fundamental Principles: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects......Page 231
Extraction of Biochemicals from Algae......Page 235
Chlorella vulgaris......Page 236
Botryococcus braunii......Page 237
Dunaliella......Page 238
Haematococcus pluvialis......Page 239
P. rhodozyma......Page 240
Mortierella......Page 241
Conclusions......Page 242
References......Page 243
A Short History of the Commercial Production of SCO......Page 246
DHA Oil from Crypthecodinium......Page 247
New Sources of SCO......Page 248
Genetic Engineering of Microbes......Page 249
Genetic Engineering of Plants......Page 250
New Food Applications......Page 251
Animal Applications......Page 252
References......Page 253