Silicon-on-Sapphire Circuits and Systems: Sensor and Biosensor Interfaces

Contents......Page 8
Acknowledgments......Page 14
Preface......Page 16
1.1 Introduction......Page 20
1.2 Why SOI?......Page 21
1.3 The SOS Fabrication Process......Page 22
1.3.1 Advantages of SOS......Page 24
1.4 SOS Wafer Manufacturing......Page 25
1.5 Peregrine SOS Process Features......Page 28
1.5.2 Fully Depleted Devices......Page 29
1.6 MOS Devices in the Peregrine SOS Process......Page 30
1.7 SOS MOS Characteristics for Analog Design......Page 33
1.7.1 Transistor Transconductance Parameter......Page 34
1.7.2 Modeling the Subthreshold Region......Page 39
1.7.4 Above-threshold Statistical Characteristics......Page 47
1.7.5 Subthreshold Statistical Characteristics......Page 51
1.7.6 Comparison Between Data and Simulation of SOS MOSFETs......Page 53
1.8 Summary......Page 57
2.1 Introduction......Page 58
2.2 A Model of the SOS MOSFET in Strong Inversion......Page 59
2.2.2 Strong Inversion Model Results and Discussion......Page 60
2.3 Hot Electron Effects in SOS MOSFETs......Page 67
2.3.1 Standard Hot-Electron Effects Models......Page 73
2.3.2 Hot Carrier Generated Kink Effect Modeling of SOS Devices......Page 76
2.3.3 Results and Discussion......Page 81
2.4 EKV Model and Parameter Extraction......Page 82
2.4.1 The EKV Model......Page 83
2.4.2 EKV Model Results and Discussion......Page 86
2.5.1 Modeling Bipolar Devices in SOS......Page 90
2.5.2 A Chance for BiCMOS SOS?......Page 95
2.6 SOS Flash Memory Devices......Page 96
2.6.1 SOS Flash Memory Design......Page 97
2.6.2 SOS Flash Memories Experimental Results......Page 99
2.6.3 SOS Flash Memories Performance Evaluation and Model......Page 103
2.7 Conclusions......Page 105
2.8 Data Collection Methods......Page 106
3.2 Analog Characteristics of SOS MOSFETs......Page 108
3.3 SOS Current Mirrors......Page 113
3.4 SOS Supply-Independent Current Reference......Page 116
3.5 SOS Single-Stage Amplifiers......Page 117
3.5.1 SOS Common-Source Amplifiers......Page 118
3.5.2 SOS Cascoded Common-Source Amplifiers......Page 126
3.5.3 SOS Source-Follower Amplifiers......Page 130
3.6 SOS Differential Amplifiers......Page 135
4.1 Operational Amplifiers in SOS......Page 144
4.2 Comparator Circuits in SOS......Page 150
4.2.1 SOS High-Performance Comparators......Page 152
4.2.2 SOS Low-power Comparator......Page 155
4.3 SOS Bandgap References......Page 157
5.2 SOS Inverter Characteristics......Page 164
6.1 Introduction......Page 174
6.2.1 SOS Capacitive DAC Converters......Page 175
6.2.2 SOS Capacitive DAC Accuracy......Page 176
6.2.3 SOS Resistive DACs......Page 182
6.3 SOS DACs......Page 183
6.3.1 SOS Successive Approximation Analog-to-Digital Converters......Page 184
6.3.2 Operation of a SAR......Page 186
6.3.3 Capacitive Ladder and Charge Scaling......Page 189
6.3.4 SAR ADC Design in SOS and Optimization......Page 190
6.3.5 A High-Performance 8-Bit SAR ADC......Page 193
6.3.6 A High-Precision 10-Bit SOS SAR ADC......Page 198
6.3.7 A Low-Power 8-bit SOS SAR ADC......Page 200
6.3.8 A C-2C Ladder Ultralow Power SOS SAR ADC......Page 205
6.4 SOS Asynchronous ΣΔ Analog to Digital Converters......Page 208
6.4.1 Result in SOS Technology......Page 212
6.5 Summary......Page 214
7.1 Introduction......Page 216
7.1.1 Advantages of SOS Photodetectors and Image Sensors......Page 217
7.2 Photodetector Design: General Theory......Page 218
7.2.1 Quantum Efficiency......Page 219
7.2.2 Photodiode Photocurrent Models......Page 221
7.3.1 Generation Rate, Diffusion Coefficients, and Electron Mobility......Page 223
7.3.2 Characterization of the Depletion Region......Page 224
7.3.3 Quantum Efficiency and Responsivity......Page 225
7.4 SOS Photodetectors......Page 226
7.4.1 SOS PN Photodiodes......Page 227
7.4.2 SOS Phototransistors......Page 232
7.4.3 SOS PIN Photodiodes......Page 235
7.5 Conclusions......Page 246
8.1 Introduction......Page 248
8.2 Overview of Photosensitive Circuits......Page 249
8.2.1 Active Pixels......Page 250
8.2.2 Photodiodes and Active Pixel Operation......Page 251
8.2.3 Active Pixel Sensors......Page 252
8.3 Noise Sources in Phototransducing Circuits......Page 253
8.3.1 Temporal Noise......Page 254
8.3.2 Pixel and Photodiode Design and Noise Optimization......Page 255
8.4.1 SOS APS System Overview......Page 256
8.4.2 SOS APS Testing and Characterization......Page 260
8.4.3 SOS APS Array with Phototransistor Detector......Page 265
8.4.4 Ultraviolet Testing......Page 268
8.5 Design of an SOS Digital Image Sensor Array......Page 269
8.5.1 Digital Pixel Design......Page 271
8.5.2 Photodiode Design and Characterization......Page 273
8.5.3 System Architecture......Page 275
8.5.4 SOS Digital Image Sensor Testing and Characterization......Page 279
8.6 Summary......Page 282
9.1 Introduction......Page 284
9.2 Noise and Sensing Limits......Page 285
9.2.2 Low-Current Measurements Limits......Page 286
9.2.3 Voltage-Mode Biosensor Interfaces and Noise Performance......Page 289
9.2.4 Current-Mode Biosensor Interfaces and Noise Performance......Page 290
9.2.5 Measurement Setup......Page 298
9.3 SOS Current-Mode Biosensor Interfaces......Page 301
9.3.1 Integrating Current-Measuring Interfaces......Page 302
9.3.2 SOS Continuous-Time Current-Mode Biosensor Interfaces......Page 319
9.4 SOS Voltage-Mode Biosensor Interfaces......Page 335
10.1 Introduction......Page 342
10.2 Isolation Circuits in SOS......Page 343
10.2.1 Monolithic Isolation Techniques......Page 344
10.2.2 Capacitively Isolated Circuits in SOS......Page 345
10.2.3 Digital Phase-Shift-Modulated Isolation Buffer in SOS......Page 366
10.2.4 Inductively Coupled Isolated Circuits......Page 371
10.3 Three-Dimensional Circuits in SOS......Page 382
10.3.1 Three-Dimensional Interdie Capacitive Data Communication and Power Transfer......Page 383
10.3.2 Three-Dimensional Integrated Sensors in SOS......Page 392
10.4 Summary and Conclusions......Page 397
References......Page 400
D......Page 410
N......Page 411
S......Page 412
Y......Page 413