Shrimps: Their Diversity, Intriguing Adaptations and Varied Lifestyles

Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: The Shrimps: An Overview
	1.1 What Are Decapod Shrimps?
	1.2 Highly Adapted Swimmers
	1.3 Reduction of the Caridoid Facies in the Decapoda
	1.4 Systematic Position of the Decapod Shrimps Within the Crustacea
	1.5 Biological Success of Shrimp Groups
	1.6 Which Group of Shrimps?
	References
Chapter 2: Structure and Function
	2.1 From Stem to Stern
	2.2 Cephalothorax and Carapace
	2.3 Gills
	2.4 Eyes
	2.5 Appendages
	2.6 Antennules
	2.7 Second Antennae
	2.8 Mouthparts
	2.9 Maxillipeds
	2.10 Pereopods
		2.10.1 Chelae: Shrimp Pincers
		2.10.2 Walking Legs
	2.11 The Abdomen and Its Appendages
	References
Chapter 3: The Families of Decapod Shrimps
	3.1 Taxonomic Considerations
	3.2 Suborder Dendrobranchiata
	3.3 Superfamily Penaeoidea
		3.3.1 Aristeidae
		3.3.2 Benthesicymidae
		3.3.3 Penaeidae
		3.3.4 Sicyoniidae
		3.3.5 Solenoceridae
	3.4 Superfamily Sergestoidea
		3.4.1 Luciferidae
		3.4.2 Sergestidae
	3.5 Infraorder Caridea
	3.6 Superfamily Alpheoidea
		3.6.1 Alpheidae
		3.6.2 Hippolytidae (s.l.) Families
		3.6.3 Barbouriidae
		3.6.4 Bythocarididae
		3.6.5 Hippolytidae (s.s.)
		3.6.6 Lysmatidae
		3.6.7 Merguiidae
		3.6.8 Thoridae
		3.6.9 Ogyrididae
	3.7 Superfamily Atyoidea: Atyidae
	3.8 Superfamily Bresilioidea
		3.8.1 Family Agostocarididae
		3.8.2 Family Alvinocarididae
		3.8.3 Family Anchialocarididae
		3.8.4 Family Bresiliidae (s.s.)
		3.8.5 Disciadidae
		3.8.6 Pseudochelidae
	3.9 Superfamily Campylonotoidea
		3.9.1 Bathypalaemonellidae
		3.9.2 Family Campylonotidae
	3.10 Superfamily Crangonoidea
		3.10.1 Crangonidae
		3.10.2 Glyphocrangonidae
	3.11 Superfamily Nematocarcinoidea
		3.11.1 Eugonatonotidae
		3.11.2 Lipkiidae
		3.11.3 Nematocarcinidae
		3.11.4 Rhynchocinetidae
		3.11.5 Xiphocarididae
	3.12 Superfamily Oplophoroidea
		3.12.1 Oplophoridae and Acanthephyridae
	3.13 Superfamily Palaemonoidea
		3.13.1 Desmocarididae
		3.13.2 Euryrhynchidae
		3.13.3 Palaemonidae (s.l.)
		3.13.4 Typhlocarididae
	3.14 Superfamily Pandaloidea
		3.14.1 Pandalidae
		3.14.2 Chlorotocellidae
	3.15 Superfamily Pasiphaeoidea: Pasiphaeidae
	3.16 Superfamily Physetocaridoidea: Physetocarididae
	3.17 Superfamily Processoidea: Processidae
	3.18 Superfamily Psalidopodoidea: Psalidopodidae
	3.19 Superfamily Stylodactyloidea: Stylodactylidae
	3.20 Amphionides reynaudii: Taxon Inquirendum or Pandalidae?
	3.21 Infraorder Procarididea: Procarididae
	3.22 Infraorder Stenopodidea
		3.22.1 Stenopodidae
		3.22.2 Spongicolidae
		3.22.3 Macromaxillocarididae
	3.23 Last Word
	References
Chapter 4: Shrimp Hygiene: Antifouling Adaptations
	4.1 Fouling and Antifouling Countermeasures
	4.2 Grooming of Chemosensory Appendages
		4.2.1 Antennular Grooming
		4.2.2 Adaptive Value of Antennular Grooming
		4.2.3 Cleaning of the Antennal Flagellum: The Pereopod 1 Carpal-Propodal Brush
	4.3 Gill-Cleaning Mechanisms
		4.3.1 Reversal and Filtering of the Respiratory Current
		4.3.2 Setiferous Epipods
		4.3.3 Epipod-Setobranch Complexes
		4.3.4 Scaphognathite Gill Cleaning
		4.3.5 Gill Cleaning by Chelipeds
		4.3.6 Passive Versus Active Gill Cleaning
	4.4 General Body Grooming
		4.4.1 Morphology and Behavior
		4.4.2 Adaptive Value of General Body Grooming
	4.5 Embryo Care
	4.6 Behavioral Aspects of Grooming
	4.7 Other Antifouling Adaptations
	References
Chapter 5: Coloration, Color Change, and Camouflage
	5.1 Adaptive Value of Coloration
	5.2 Types and Sources of Color
	5.3 Color and Camouflage
	5.4 Mechanisms of Color Change
	5.5 Rapid Color Change
	5.6 Day-Night Color Change
	5.7 Morphological Color Change
	5.8 Applied Value of Color Change Studies
	5.9 Color Polymorphism and Camouflage
	5.10 Warning Coloration
	5.11 Color and Depth
	5.12 Bioluminescence and Photophores
	5.13 Defensive Bioluminescence
	References
Chapter 6: Reproduction
	6.1 Complexity of Shrimp Reproductive Morphology
		6.1.1 Female Gonads: Ovaries
		6.1.2 Male Gonads and Spermatophores
		6.1.3 Male Gonadal System: Caridea, Stenopodidea, and Procarididea
		6.1.4 Male Gonadal System: Penaeoidea and Sergestoidea
	6.2 Secondary Sexual Characters: Genitalia
		6.2.1 Genitalia of the Procarididea, Stenopodidea, and Caridea
		6.2.2 Genitalia of Dendrobranchiata: Thelyca, Petasmata, and Appendices Masculinae
	6.3 Mechanics of Copulation and Insemination
	6.4 Eggs, Sperm, and Fertilization
		6.4.1 Eggs
		6.4.2 Sperm
		6.4.3 Sperm Meets Egg: Fertilization
	6.5 Temporal Cycles of Molting, Mating, Spawning, and Incubation
	6.6 Spawning, Parental Care, and Breeding Dress
	References
Chapter 7: Sexual Systems
	7.1 Sexual Systems and Hermaphroditism
	7.2 The Direction of Sex Change and the Size Advantage Model
	7.3 Types and Variations in Sexual Systems
		7.3.1 Pure Protandry
		7.3.2 Partial Protandry with Primary and/or Early-Maturing Females
		7.3.3 Partial Protandry with Primary Males, Primary Females
		7.3.4 Partial Protandry with Primary Males
		7.3.5 Protandric Simultaneous Hermaphroditism
		7.3.6 Pure Simultaneous Hermaphroditism?
	7.4 Identification of Protandrous Sexual Systems
		7.4.1 Size-Frequency Distributions
		7.4.2 Transitional Characters
		7.4.3 Direct Observation of Sex Change
	7.5 Taxonomic Distribution of Hermaphroditism in Shrimps
		7.5.1 Dendrobranchiata (Sergestoidea and Penaeoidea)
		7.5.2 Alpheidae
		7.5.3 Atyidae
		7.5.4 Campylonotidae
		7.5.5 Crangonidae
		7.5.6 Hippolytidae
		7.5.7 Merguiidae
		7.5.8 Pandalidae
		7.5.9 Processidae
		7.5.10 Rhynchocinetidae
		7.5.11 Thoridae
		7.5.12 Lysmatidae/Barbouriidae: Protandric Simultaneous Hermaphroditism
	7.6 Role of the Androgenic Gland in Protandrous Sexual Systems
	7.7 Environmentally Determined Sex Change (ESD)
	7.8 Evolution of Protandrous Sexual Systems
		7.8.1 Female-First or Male-First Origin of Protandrous Sexual Systems?
		7.8.2 The Dendrobranchiate/Palaemonid Paradox
		7.8.3 Evolution of Protandric Simultaneous Hermaphroditism (PSH)
		7.8.4 Final Thoughts
	References
Chapter 8: Mating Systems
	8.1 Sexual Tactics and Strategies
	8.2 Mate Attraction and Recognition
		8.2.1 Visual Cues
		8.2.2 Tactile Cues
		8.2.3 Sex Pheromones
		8.2.4 Olfactory Pheromones
		8.2.5 Contact Sex Pheromones
		8.2.6 Chemical Composition of Sex Pheromones
	8.3 Shrimp Mating Systems
		8.3.1 Pure Searching
		8.3.2 Temporary Mate (Female) Guarding Systems
		8.3.3 Search and Attend
		8.3.4 Neighborhoods of Dominance (NOD)
		8.3.5 Monogamy
	8.4 Female Choice, Multiple Paternity and Sperm Competition
	References
Chapter 9: Life Histories
	9.1 What Is a Life History?
	9.2 Embryonic Development and Hatching
	9.3 Larval Development: Costs and Benefits
	9.4 Extended Larval Development
		9.4.1 Dendrobranchiata: Penaeoids and Sergestoids
		9.4.2 Carideans
		9.4.3 Stenopodideans
	9.5 Abbreviated and Direct Larval Development
	9.6 Developmental Strategies of Freshwater Species
		9.6.1 Freshwater Abbreviated Larval Development and Direct Development Species
		9.6.2 Amphidromous Species
		9.6.3 Freshwater Extended Larval Development Species
	9.7 Abbreviated and Direct Development in Marine Species
		9.7.1 High-Latitude Species
		9.7.2 Deep-Sea Species
		9.7.3 ALD/DD in Shallow-Water Marine Species
	9.8 Reproductive Investment, Output, and Fecundity
	9.9 Variation of Fecundity with Female and Egg (Embryo) Size
	9.10 Fecundity (Brood) Loss
	9.11 Parasitic Castration by Bopyrid Isopods
	9.12 Life Cycles, Seasonality, and Latitudinal Trends
		9.12.1 Tropical and Warm-Temperate Shallow-Water Species: Dendrobranchiates
		9.12.2 Tropical and Warm-Temperate Shallow-Water Species: Pleocyemates
		9.12.3 Freshwater Carideans
		9.12.4 Cool-Temperate and Boreal/Austral Species
		9.12.5 Polar Species
	9.13 Within Taxon Latitudinal Variation in Life-History Traits in Neritic Marine Species
	9.14 Deep-Sea Species
	9.15 The Life-History Continuum of Shrimps
	9.16 Global Warming and Climatic Effects on Life-History Patterns
	References
Chapter 10: Symbioses
	10.1 Symbioses in Shrimps
	10.2 Taxonomic and Geographic Distribution of Shrimp Symbioses
	10.3 Common Adaptations of Symbiotic Shrimps
	10.4 Sponge Dwellers
		10.4.1 Caridean Sponge Associates
		10.4.2 Spongicolid Sponge Associates
		10.4.3 Social Organization in Synalpheus Sponge Inhabitants
	10.5 Shrimps Associated with Cnidarians
		10.5.1 Shrimp Associates of Corals and Related Colonial Anthozoans
		10.5.2 Anemone Shrimps
		10.5.3 Jellyfish Shrimps
	10.6 Shrimp Residents of Echinodermata
		10.6.1 Echinoidea (Sea Urchin) Associates
		10.6.2 Crinoid Shrimps
		10.6.3 Other Echinoderm-Shrimp Associations
		10.6.4 Host Recognition and Fidelity
	10.7 Molluscan Hostels
	10.8 Ascidian Homes
	10.9 Shrimp Associations with Burrow Dwellers and Other Crustacea
	10.10 Shrimps as Hosts: Goby Fish-Alpheid Shrimp Symbioses
	10.11 Shrimps That Clean Fishes: Cleaning Symbiosis
	10.12 Evolution of Symbioses in Shrimps
	References
Chapter 11: Fisheries and Aquaculture
	11.1 A Desirable Food Product
	11.2 Facts and Figures
	11.3 Shrimp Fisheries and Aquaculture Production: Economic Value
	11.4 Composition of the World´s Shrimp Fisheries
	11.5 Life-History Traits and Shrimp Productivity
	11.6 Globally Important Fishery Species
		11.6.1 Sergestidae
		11.6.2 Penaeoidea
		11.6.3 Caridea
	11.7 Top Shrimp Fishing Countries
	11.8 Fishing Techniques
		11.8.1 Catchability and Behavior
		11.8.2 Otter and Beam Trawls
		11.8.3 Skimmer and Butterfly Nets
		11.8.4 Fyke Nets and Traps (Pots)
	11.9 Management of Shrimp Fisheries
		11.9.1 Overfishing
		11.9.2 Shrimp Fishery Forecasting and Regulation
	11.10 Environmental Impacts of the Shrimp Fishing Industry
		11.10.1 Bycatch and Discards
		11.10.2 Trawling Disturbance of the Sea Bottom and Its Communities
		11.10.3 Loss of Coastal Wetlands and Shrimp Fisheries
	11.11 Scale and Growth of Shrimp Aquaculture
	11.12 Penaeid Aquaculture
		11.12.1 Some History
		11.12.2 Principal Species
		11.12.3 Principal Countries
		11.12.4 Techniques
	11.13 Freshwater (Macrobrachium) Shrimp Aquaculture
		11.13.1 Principal Species
		11.13.2 Principal Countries and Some History
		11.13.3 Techniques
	11.14 Shrimp Diseases
		11.14.1 Penaeids
		11.14.2 Macrobrachium Species
	11.15 Biosecurity
	11.16 Monosex Populations in Shrimp Aquaculture
	11.17 Environmental Impacts of Shrimp Aquaculture
	11.18 Ornamental Shrimps
	11.19 Climate Change: Impacts on Fisheries and Aquaculture
	11.20 Past, Present, and Future State of Shrimp Fisheries and Aquaculture
	References
Chapter 12: Evolutionary History and Relationships of Shrimps
	12.1 Shrimp Chronicles
	12.2 The Fossil Record
	12.3 Classification and Systematics
	12.4 Morphological Characters and Their Evolutionary Polarities
	12.5 Origin of Shrimps from a Decapod Ancestor
	12.6 Relationships Among Major Shrimp Groups and Other Decapods
	12.7 Chronological Estimates of Taxa Origins
	12.8 Relationships Within the Major Shrimp Taxa
		12.8.1 Dendrobranchiata
		12.8.2 Sergestoidea
		12.8.3 Penaeoidea
		12.8.4 Caridea and Procarididea
		12.8.5 Traditional Views of Caridean Relationships
		12.8.6 Christoffersen´s Cladistic Phylogeny
		12.8.7 Molecular Tests of Caridean Phylogeny
		12.8.8 Stenopodidea
	References
Subject Index
Taxonomic Index