Short-range Wireless Communication

Cover
Short-range Wireless
Communication
Copyright
Dedication
Engineering Worksheets
	Complex_numbers.mcdx: Complex numbers
	Conversion.mcdx: Impedance transformations
	diffraction.mcdx: Diffraction
	diversity.mcdx: Transmit diversity
	Helical.mcdx: Helical antenna
	Intermodulation.mcdx: Intermodulation distortion
	Loop.mcdx: Loop antenna
	Loop_match.mcdx: Coupling loop match
	Matching.mcdx: Impedance matching
	Microstrip.mcdx: Microstrip transmission lines
	MIMO.mcdx: MIMO spatial multiplex
	Patch.mcdx: Microstrip patch antenna
	PLL.mcdx: Charge pump PLL
	Probability.mcdx: Probability
	Radiate.mcdx: Radio wave propagation
	range.mcdx: Open field path gain
	RFID_FF.mcdx: RFID far field
	RFID_NF.mcdx: RFID near field
	Sensitivity.mcdx: Noise figure and sensitivity
	Translines.mcdx: Transmission lines
Preface
Abbreviations
1
Introduction
	Historical perspective
	Reasons for the spread of wireless applications
	Characteristics of short-range radio
	Short-range radio applications
	Elements of wireless communication systems
		Data source
		Radio frequency generating section
		RF conduction and radiation
		Radio channel
		Receivers
		Power supplies
	Overview of chapters
	Summary
2
Radio propagation
	Mechanisms of radio wave propagation
	Open field propagation
	Diffraction
	Scattering
	Path loss
	Link budget
	Multipath
	Rayleigh fading
	Diversity techniques
		Space diversity
		Frequency diversity
		Polarization diversity
		Diversity implementation
		Statistical performance measure
	MIMO
	Beam forming
	Spatial diversity
	Spatial multiplex
	Summary
	Appendix
		Maxwells equations
	References
3
Antennas and transmission lines
	Antenna characteristics
		Antenna impedance
		Directivity and gain
		Effective area
		Polarization
		Bandwidth
		Antenna factor
	Types of antennas
		Dipole
		Ground plane or monopole antenna
		Inverted F antenna (IFA)
		Loop
		Helical
		Patch
		Metamaterial antennas
			Ultra wideband patch antenna
			Metamaterial dielectric substrates
			Metamaterial inspired small antennas
	Impedance matching
		Transmitter output impedance
		Transmission lines
		Smith chart
		Microstrip
		Mutual inductance matching
	Measuring techniques
	Summary
	References
4
Communication protocols and modulation
	Baseband data format and protocol
		Change-of-state source data
		Address field
		Code-hopping addressing
		Data field
		Parity bit field
		Baseband data rate
		Supervision
		Continuous digital data
		Analog transmission
	Baseband coding
		Digital systems
			Non-return to zero (NRZ)-Fig. 4.7A
			Manchester code-Fig. 4.7B
			Biphase Mark-Fig. 4.7C
			Pulse width modulation-Fig. 4.7D
			Freescale MC145026-145028 coding
		Analog baseband conditioning
	Choice of RF frequency and bandwidth
	Modulation
		Modulation for digital event communication
		Continuous digital communication
		Phase shift keying
		Comparing digital modulation methods
		Analog communication
		Advanced digital modulation
		Spread spectrum
			Frequency hopping
			Direct sequence
		OFDM
	Summary
	References
5
Signal generation and transmitters
	RF source
		LC control
		SAW resonators
			Crystal oscillators
		Synthesizer control
		Fractional-N synthesizer
		Direct digital synthesis
	Modulation
		ASK
		FSK
	Amplifiers
	Filtering
	Antennas
	Summary
	References
6
Receiver and digital radio architectures
	Tuned radio frequency (TRF)
	Superregenerative receiver
	Superheterodyne receiver
	Direct conversion receiver
	Software defined radios
	Cognitive radio
	Repeaters
	Summary
	References
7
Radio system design
	Introduction
	Range
	Sensitivity
		Sensitivity Pmin
		Input noise power density N0
		Noise figure NF
			Noise temperature
		Bandwidth B
		Predetection signal-to-noise ratio
		Sensitivity calculations: Example
		Finding range from sensitivity
	External noise
	Internal receiver noise
	Superheterodyne image and spurious response
	Intermodulation distortion and dynamic range
		Gain compression
		Third-order intermodulation distortion
		Minimum discernible signal (MDS) and dynamic range
		Second-order intermodulation distortion
		Automatic gain control
	Demodulation
		ASK
		FSK
			Digital methods for frequency shift keying
		PSK
		Data comparator
	Transmitter design
		Spurious radiation
	Bandwidth
	Antenna directivity
	The power source
	Summary
	References
8
System implementation
	Introduction
	Wireless modules and chips
		Circuit design, Japan
		Radiometrix, UK
		Linx, USA
	Systems on a chip
		Microchip
		Murata
		Nordic
		Melexis
		Texas Instruments
		Maxim
	Chips for wireless connectivity standards
		Texas Instruments
		Microchip
		Murata
	Summary
	References
9
Introduction to information theory and coding
	Basics of probability
		Axioms of probability
		Definition of a field F [2]
		Independent events
		Conditional probability
		Density and cumulative distribution functions
		Average, variance, and standard deviation
	Information theory
		Uncertainty, entropy, and information
		Capacity
	Shannon-Hartley theorem
	Coding
		Noiseless coding
		Error detection and correction
			Forward error correction (FEC)
		Convolutional coding
	Summary
	References
10
Regulations and standards
	Introduction
	FCC regulations
		Part 2-Frequency allocations and radio treaty matters: General rules and regulations
		Part 15-Radio frequency devices
			Paragraph 15.209 radiated emission limits: General requirements
			Paragraph 15.229 operation within the band 40.66-40.70
			Paragraph 15.231 periodic operation in the band 40.66-40.70 and above 70 MHz
			Paragraph 15.235 operation within the band 49.82-49.90 MHz
			Paragraph 15.237 operation in the bands 72.0-73, 74.6-74.8, and 75.2-76
			Paragraph 15.241 operation in the band 174-216 MHz
			Paragraph 15.242 operation in the bands 174-216 and 470-668 MHz
			Paragraph 15.247 operation within the bands 902-928, 2400-2483.5, and 5725-5850 MHz
			Paragraph 15.249 operation within the bands 902-928, 2400-2483.5, 5725-5875, and 24.0-24.25 GHz
			Subpart E-Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure devices (U-NII)
			Subpart F-Ultra-wideband (UWB) operation
		Part 74 experimental radio, auxiliary, special broadcast and other program distributional services
		Part 95 personal radio service
			Subpart B-Family radio service (FRS)
			Subpart C-Radio control radio service
			Subpart G-Low power radio service
			Subpart H-Medical services
		Test method for Part 15
	European radiocommunication regulations
		CEPT/ERC recommendation 70-03
		ETSI specifications
			EN 300 220-1 technical characteristics and test methods for radio equipment to be used in the 25-MHz to 1000-MH ...
			EN 300 220-2 non-specific radio equipment [6]
			EN 300 440 short range devices (SRD); radio equipment to be used in the 1 GHz to 40 GHz frequency range [7]
			ETS 300 328 wideband transmission systems operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM band [8]
			EN 301 893 5 GHz RLAN (radio local area networks) [9]
			EN 302 065-1 ultra-wideband [10]
			ETSI EN 302 208 RFID equipment [11]
		Directive 2014/53/EU [12]
	Summary
	Terms and definitions (FCC Part 2 subpart A Section 2.1)
	Restricted bands of operation for emissions from intentional radiators (FCC Part 15 Section 15.205)
	References
11
Wireless local area networks
	Introduction
	Network architecture
	Medium access
		Hybrid coordination function
		Mesh coordination function (MCF)
	Physical layer
		IEEE 802.11 basic
			Infrared PHY
			FHSS PHY
			DSSS PHY
		High rate DSSS
		802.11a and OFDM
			HIPERLAN/2
		IEEE 802.11 throughput improvements
		MIMO in 802.11
			Estimating channel state at the receiver
			Transmitter channel state information (T-CSI)
			Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO)
		IEEE 802.11ax
		IEEE 802.11ah
	IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi certified location
	Wi-Fi security
		WEP
		WPA
		WPA2
	Summary
	References
12
Wireless personal area networks
	Bluetooth
		Legacy Bluetooth
			Active mode
			Sniff mode
			Hold mode
			Park mode
			Packet format
			Error correction and encryption
			Inquiry and paging
		Enhanced data rate
		High speed operation
		Bluetooth low energy
		Bluetooth 5
		Bluetooth profiles
			Serial port profile (SPP)
			Hands-free profile (HFP)
			Generic object-exchange profile (GOEP/OBEX)
			Personal area networking profile (PAN)
			Health device profile (HDP)
			Human interface device profile (HID)
			Advanced audio distribution profile (A2DP)
	Conflict and compatibility between Bluetooth and Wi-Fi
		The interference problem
		Methods for improving Bluetooth and Wi-Fi coexistence
			Power control
			Adaptive frequency hopping
			Packet fragmentation
	IEEE 802.15.4
		Architecture
		Communication characteristics
		Device types and topologies
		Frame structure, collision avoidance, and reliability
		Zigbee applications
	Other wireless personal area networks
		6LoWPAN
		Thread network protocol
		WirelessHART
		Z-Wave
		DASH7
		ANT/ANT+
	Ultra-wideband
		Ultra-wideband technology
		IEEE 802.15.4 UWB PHY
			LRP UWB
			HRP UWB
		OFDM UWB
	Summary
	References
13
Radio frequency identification (RFID)
	Introduction
	Frequencies
	RFID operation and classifications
		Near field RFID
		Far field RFID
	Communication protocols
		UHF protocols
			Class 1 generation 2 (ISO 18000-6C) interrogator to tag communications
			Class 1 generation 2 (ISO 18000-6C) tag to interrogator communications
			Multi-tag inventory operation
		13.56 MHz protocols
			Proximity-coupling smart cards
				ISO/IEC 14443 type A
				ISO/IEC 14443 type B
			Vicinity-coupling smart cards [9]
	Security
	Near field communication (NFC)
	Summary
	References
14
Technologies and applications
	Wireless ad hoc networks
		Routing protocols
			Proactive routing (table driven)
			On demand or reactive protocols
	Wireless mesh networks
	Wireless sensor networks
		Protocols and algorithms
	The Internet of things
		Standardization
		Security
	Optical wireless communication
	Millimeter wavelength communication
	Location awareness in short-range networks
		Proximity location
		RSSI distance measurement
		The fingerprinting method
		Time-of-flight methods
			Time of arrival (TOA)
			Time difference of arrival (TDOA)
			Phase of arrival (POA)
		Angle of arrival method
	Wireless body area networks
		IEEE 802.15.6
			Network topology
			Narrow band PHY
			Ultra wideband PHY
			Human body communications PHY
			WBAN security
	Energy harvesting
		Solar and artificial lighting
		Thermoelectric energy
		Kinetic energy
		Ambient radio frequency radiation
		Energy harvesting management circuit
	Summary
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	Z
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