Shepherds Who Write: Pastoral graffiti in the uplands of Europe from prehistory to the modern age

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Of Related Interest
Acknowledgements
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface
Introduction. Shepherds who write. A new frontier for ethnoarchaeology
	Bibliography
1. Petroglyphs and graffiti in the Syunik highlands/Armenia – summer pasture for thousands of years
	1.1. Rock art and geology in the Syunik high steppe
	1.2. Depictions, distribution and presumable age of the petroglyphs
	1.3. Transhumance and highland pastoralism during the course of time
	1.4. Traces of shepherds and flocks/herds in Syunik
	1.5. Trying the big picture: Land use, exploitation and rock art as a part of the pastoral life
	Acknowledgements
	Bibliography
2. Caves and shepherds’ engravings on the Majella mountains
	2.1. The places of the engravings
	2.2. Interpreting the engravings
	2.3. A particular representation
	Bibliography
3. Trial of the distribution of the shepherds’ writings in the Mont Bego region (Tende, Alpes-Maritimes, France)
	3.1. Introduction
	3.2. Description
	3.3. Postulate
	3.4. Methodology
	3.5. The distribution of historical and pastoral engravings
	3.6. Conclusion
	Bibliography
4. Moving beyond the Bego God
	4.1. Introduction
	4.2. Presentation of the site
	4.2.1. Geographical, geological and geomorphological contexts
	4.2.2. Archaeological furniture and palaeoenvironmental data
	4.2.3. Corpus and chrono-cultural attributions of prehistoric engravings
	4.3. Historiography
	4.3.1. Hypothesis no. 1: ex-voto and/or a sacred ‘stone-book’?
	4.3.2. Hypothesis no. 2: pasture boundaries and/or pastoral path markings?
	4.3.3. Hypothesis no. 3: the marks of male rites of passage?
	4.4. Critical analysis
	4.4.1. Recording methodology
	4.4.2. Use of the chrono-cultural context and apprehension of diachrony
	4.4.3. The qualitative, the quantitative, and comparisons proposal
	4.5. Discussion
	4.5.1. The pastoral function of the site
	4.5.2. Engraving in modern alpine pastoral universe
	4.5.3. Back to the hypothesis of male rites of passage
	4.6. Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	Bibliography
5. Igniting fire under mobile conditions and other Late Neolithic–Bronze Age shepherding traces
	5.1. Introduction
	Acknowledgements
	Bibliography
6. Rock art in relation to pastoral villages in medium and high-altitude sites, in Valcamonica and in the Alps
	6.1. Introduction
	6.2. The relationship between man and environment was economic but was, most importantly, religious
	6.3. The expressions of man in the Alps
	6.4. Institutionalised ‘language’ and ‘minor manifestations’
	6.5. Conclusions
	Bibliography
7. Pastoral Graffiti in the Val Grande National Park and in the areas of Natural Parks of Ossola Valley. Results of a first mapping
	7.1. Geography and environment of the mapped areas
	7.2. Inscribed surfaces and techniques
	7.3. Conclusions
	Bibliography
8. Pastoralism and quarrying: possible typological divergences in the production of historical rock art in accordance with the sites intended use
	8.1. Camuna historic rock art
	8.2. The function of historical etchings
	8.3. The Camuni sites
	8.3.1 Campanine di Cimbergo
	8.3.2 The Monticolo di Darfo
	8.3.3 Archaeological area of Pisogne and Piancamuno
	8.3.4 Other minor sites
	8.4 ‘Schematic’ and ‘figurative’ rock art: a reading proposal
	Bibliography
9. Beyond cup-marks: Writings, engravings and ethnography in Val Malenco: a first glimpse (Sondrio, Italy)
	9.1. Introduction
	9.2. Geography of Val Malenco
	9.3. Settlements: Contrade and Quadre
	9.4. Mines, lathes and rock engravings
	9.5. Writings and engraved signs within the Contrade
	9.5.1. Monograms, dates and crosses in the Contrade
	9.5.2. Devotion
	9.5.3. Mountain pastures, woods and property rights
	9.5.4. Cup-marks
	9.5.5. Other engravings
	9.6. Writings on a soapstone oven: a unicum
	9.7. The Ca’: a permanence?
	9.8. Horns on barns: ancient protection for hay and crops
	9.9. Conclusions
	Bibliography
10. Ethnoarchaeology of pastoralism in Valcamonica high pastures
	10.1. Introduction (JB, MM)
	10.2. The area of study (JB)
	10.3. Methodology (JB)
	10.4. Results (JB)
	10.4.1 The structures
	10.4.1.1. Bait
	10.4.1.2. Enclosures
	10.4.1.3. Shelters
	10.4.1.4. Stone mounds
	10.4.1.5. Other structures
	10.4.1.6. Chronology
	10.4.2. Transformation of the landscape and resource exploitation (JB)
	10.5. Spatial analyses (JB)
	10.6. Pastoralism and rock art (JB)
	10.7. Comparison with the pastoral structures in the Lessini highlands (MM)
	10.7.1. The areas of study
	10.7.2. Breeders’ houses
	10.7.3. Shelters
	10.7.4. Enclosures
	10.8. Final remarks (JB, MM)
	Bibliography
11. Pastoralism without writing? The case of Monti Lessini
	11.1. Introduction
	11.2. The Lessini highlands: a pastoral world without graffiti
	11.3. The Illasi high valley: graffiti from a marginal landscape
	11.4. The Agno-Leogra ridge: graffiti from a minery district
	11.5. Discussion
	Bibliography
12. Compass-made circle engravings from Giau Pass and Mondeval (S. Vito di Cadore, Dolomites, Veneto region, NE Italy)
	12.1. The project and the area
	12.2. The method
	12.2.1. Historical data collection
	12.2.2. Survey strategy and methods
	12.2.3. Total archaeology and multiscale approach
	12.2.4. Data management and elaboration
	12.3. Results: human activities in the uplands
	12.3.1. The circles and other engravings
	12.3.2. Compass-made circle engravings
	12.3.3. Circles iconography
	12.3.4. Locational patterns and the landscape around the circles
	12.4. Analogues
	12.5. Discussion
	12.6. Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	Bibliography
13. A painted mountain: the figurative rock art of the shepherds of the Fiemme Valley
	13.1. The writings of the shepherds
	13.2. The writings database
	13.3. Writings and drawings
	13.4. The symbols of the valley floor
	13.5. The symbols of the mountain
	13.5.1. The animals
	13.5.2. The domestic animals
	13.5.3. The wild animals
	13.5.4. The deer
	13.5.5. The fantastic animals
	13.6. Discussion: an interpretative model
	13.7. Conclusion
	Bibliography
14. A sign for every shepherd, for every shepherd a family: The signs of the house in the inscriptions of the shepherds of Mount Cornón in Val di Fiemme
	14.1. Introduction about the writings
	14.2. Process
	14.3. Discussion of data
	14.4. Conclusions
	14.4.1. Successive steps
	Bibliography
15. The symbol of the cross on the rocks of Mount Cornón in the Fiemme Valley
	15.1. Introduction
	15.1.1. The context of the writings
	15.1.2. Writings and religion
	15.2. The symbol of the cross
	15.2.1. Chronology of the symbol
	15.2.2. Spatial distribution
	15.2.3. Position of the cross in the writings
	15.3. The Christogram
	15.3.1. Chronology of the symbol
	15.3.2. Position of the Christogram in the writings
	15.3.3. Typology
	15.3.4. Symbol and sentences
	15.4. The Sacred Heart
	15.4.1. Chronology of the symbol
	15.4.2. Position of the Sacred Heart in the writings
	15.4.3. Typology
	15.5. The Monogram of Mary
	15.5.1. Chronology of the symbol
	15.5.2. Typology
	15.5.3. Symbol and sentences
	15.6. Other representations of the cult
	15.6.1. Objects
	15.6.2. Churches
	15.7. Conclusions: the religion of the shepherds
	Acknowledgements
	Bibliography
16. The mountain and the cross as centre of the maso
	16.1. Written landscape, milèsimi and calvari
	16.2. Where? Zooming into the various spatial scales
	16.3. When? Long term and singular events
	16.4. What? Origins, shapes and ‘behaviour’ of the symbol
	16.5. Who? Between autonomous builders and specialists
	16.6. Why? Improvised answers
	Acknowledgements
	Bibliography
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