Sharing Economy at the Base of the Pyramid: Opportunities and Challenges

Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Overview of Sharing Economy at the Base of the Pyramid
	1.1 Sharing Economy Models for BOP Contexts
		1.1.1 3S Framework
			1.1.1.1 Scope of Sharing
			1.1.1.2 Possibility of Socialization
			1.1.1.3 Degree of Social Intermediation
		1.1.2 Reformative-Transformative Classification
	References
Part I: Theoretical Underpinnings: Creating Fairer Sharing Economy
	Chapter 2: Not Only For-Profit, Sharing Solidarity and Promoting Opportunities. A Case Study in Rome
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Literature Review
			2.2.1 Base of the Pyramid
			2.2.2 The Sharing Turn: A Twofold Perspective Analysis
			2.2.3 Sharing Economy at the Base of the Pyramid
		2.3 The Concept of Platform Cooperativism as a Social Way of Challenging the Crisis
		2.4 The Case Study Research Context
		2.5 Research Methodology
		2.6 Findings
		2.7 Discussion
		2.8 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3: Socially Oriented Sharing Economy Platform in Regional Australia: A Polanyian Analysis
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Literature Review
			3.2.1 Platform Capitalism Versus Platform Cooperativism
		3.3 Method: Research Context
		3.4 The Case: bHive Bendigo
			3.4.1 Business Model
			3.4.2 Operational Model
				3.4.2.1 Village Hive
				3.4.2.2 Car Sharing Cooperatives
				3.4.2.3 Participant Incentives: Social Cohesion
		3.5 Discussion
			3.5.1 Collaborative Approach
			3.5.2 Localisation Approach
			3.5.3 Decentralisation Approach
		3.6 Conclusion: Challenges and Future Research Directions
		References
	Chapter 4: The Sharing Economy Platforms in Rural China: Bridging Institutional Voids Through Institutional Entrepreneurship
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Sharing Economy Concept and Definition
			4.2.1 Sharing Economy in China: Two Interpretations
				4.2.1.1 Definition of Sharing Economy in China
		4.3 Sharing Economy and BoP: Institutional Voids
			4.3.1 China: Rural Poverty and Institutional Voids
		4.4 Research Method
		4.5 Findings: Definitions of Sharing Economy
		4.6 Case 1: Pinduoduo
			4.6.1 Bridging Institutional Voids
			4.6.2 Bridging Institutional Voids: Operating Model
			4.6.3 Group Buying to Aggregate the Scattered Demand
		4.7 Case 2: NSB
		4.8 Discussion and Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5: Social Intermediation Using Sharing Economy in India: A Case Study of Farmizen
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Literature Review
			5.2.1 Sharing Economy in Resource-Constrained Environments
			5.2.2 Social Intermediation and Social Value Creation at the BoP
		5.3 Method
			5.3.1 Research Context
				5.3.1.1 Farmizen Model
			5.3.2 Research Methodology
		5.4 Findings
			5.4.1 Sharing Economy Characteristics of the Farmizen Model
				5.4.1.1 Digital Stack of Farmizen
				5.4.1.2 Providing Access Without Ownership
				5.4.1.3 Co-creation by Consumers
				5.4.1.4 Temporality of Access
			5.4.2 Social Intermediation Using the Sharing Economy Model
				5.4.2.1 Lowering of Transaction Costs
				5.4.2.2 Risk Mitigation
				5.4.2.3 Rise in Income Level
				5.4.2.4 Beyond Economic Value
		5.5 Discussion
		5.6 Conclusion and Future Research Directions
		References
Part II: Context Based Challenges in Sharing Economy Models
	Chapter 6: Participation in the Sharing Economy for Refugees in Malaysia: A Solution that Bypasses Legal Constraints?
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Background
			6.2.1 Theoretical Context
			6.2.2 Sharing Economy in Malaysia
			6.2.3 Forced Migrants in Malaysia
		6.3 Methodology
		6.4 Findings
			6.4.1 The Legality of Work and Employment in Malaysia
			6.4.2 Refugees and Asylum Seekers (i.e. Potential Workers)
			6.4.3 Potential Employers
			6.4.4 Founder of an Online Marketplace
		6.5 Discussion
		6.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 7: Leveraging the Power of Sharing: The Case of a Social Enterprise at the Base of the Pyramid
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Theoretical Background
			7.2.1 Resource Mobilization Challenges of Social Enterprises
			7.2.2 Sharing Economy at the BoP
			7.2.3 Leveraging Sharing Economy for Resource Mobilization
		7.3 Research Methodology
			7.3.1 Empirical Setting
			7.3.2 Data Collection
			7.3.3 Data Analysis
		7.4 Findings
			7.4.1 Business Model
				7.4.1.1 FF-Agri
				7.4.1.2 FF-Vegi
				7.4.1.3 FF-Sani
			7.4.2 Resource Challenges
			7.4.3 Leveraging Sharing Economy Model
			7.4.4 Empirically Grounded Model
		7.5 Discussion
		7.6 Limitation and Future Research Direction
		References
	Chapter 8: Sharing Economy in India: Looking Base of the Pyramid Through Critical Infrastructure
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Literature Review
			8.2.1 Research Context
		8.3 Conceptual Framework for Sharing and Infrastructure Linkages Impact
		8.4 Discussion
			8.4.1 Decontextualisation: Theoretical Considerations
			8.4.2 Recontextualisation the Circular Shared Economy
		8.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9: Resourcing and Value Creation: A Case of Sharing Economy Model at the Base of the Pyramid
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Literature Review
			9.2.1 Sharing Economy: An Alternative to Transform BoP
			9.2.2 Resourcing in Sharing Economy at the BoP
		9.3 Methodology
			9.3.1 Research Context
			9.3.2 Research Methodology
		9.4 Findings
			9.4.1 Characteristics of Sharing Economy Models – Loop and Farmstack
				9.4.1.1 Temporary and Customised Resource Access
				9.4.1.2 Platform-Mediated Peer-to-Peer Transactions
				9.4.1.3 Mission
				9.4.1.4 Ownership
			9.4.2 Role of Individuals and Organisations in Fostering Specific Resourcing Activities
				9.4.2.1 Assurance of Data Privacy and Security
				9.4.2.2 Bridging the Divide Between the Institutional Offering and Community Need
				9.4.2.3 Building Market Linkages
				9.4.2.4 Resourcing Through Local Actors
			9.4.3 Resourcing Through Other Organisations
				9.4.3.1 Market Access by Restructuring Supply Chain
				9.4.3.2 Precision and Climate-Resilient Customised Agricultural Practices
				9.4.3.3 Bringing Comfort and Safety Assurance
				9.4.3.4 Regulatory and Legal Compliance
				9.4.3.5 Quick and Organised Economic Transaction and Equitable Treatment to the Marginals
				9.4.3.6 Trust Building Through Ethically Just Practices
				9.4.3.7 Improving Quality of Life
				9.4.3.8 Improving Business Performance by Reducing Operational Cost
				9.4.3.9 Mitigating Risk Through a Stable Operational Regime
				9.4.3.10 Better Supply to the Market and Emerging Microentrepreneurial Opportunities
		9.5 Discussion
			9.5.1 Limitations and Research Directions
		9.6 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Inclusion and Exclusion in Sharing Economy at BOP
	Chapter 10: Digital Discrimination in Sharing Economy at the Base of the Pyramid
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Theoretical Background
			10.2.1 Base of the Pyramid
			10.2.2 Sharing Economy at the Base of the Pyramid
			10.2.3 Discrimination in Organizational Settings
		10.3 Discrimination on Digital Platforms for BoP
			10.3.1 Age
			10.3.2 Caste
			10.3.3 Gender
			10.3.4 Physical Disability
			10.3.5 Race
			10.3.6 Religion
			10.3.7 Sexual Orientation
			10.3.8 Socio-economic Status
			10.3.9 Spatial/Locational
		10.4 Consequences of Discrimination
			10.4.1 Psychosomatic Effects on Providers and Consumers
			10.4.2 Economic Costs to Providers and Consumers
			10.4.3 Organizational Consequences
			10.4.4 Social Consequences
		10.5 Strategies to Manage Digital Discrimination
			10.5.1 Organization Level – Values in Words and Action
			10.5.2 Industry Level – Awareness and Action
			10.5.3 Institutional Level – Act Against Discrimination
		10.6 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 11: Solidarity in the Sharing Economy: The Role of Platform Cooperatives at the Base of the Pyramid
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Literature Review
			11.2.1 The BoP Context
			11.2.2 The Contemporary Sharing Economy at the BoP
			11.2.3 Platform Cooperativism
		11.3 Typology of Platform Cooperatives at the Base of the Pyramid
			11.3.1 Sharing Assets
			11.3.2 Local Gig Work
			11.3.3 Remote Gig Work
			11.3.4 Online Market
			11.3.5 Cultural Services
			11.3.6 Financial and Insurance Services
			11.3.7 Agricultural Industry
			11.3.8 Data
			11.3.9 Software
		11.4 Discussion
			11.4.1 Contributions to Research
			11.4.2 Contributions to Practice
			11.4.3 Directions for Future Research
		11.5 Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Emerging Trends
	Chapter 12: Ethitrade: Countering Challenges of Sharing Economy at the Base of the Pyramid Using Technology
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Theoretical Background
			12.2.1 Sharing Economy and Challenges
			12.2.2 BoP Context and Challenges
			12.2.3 Sharing Economy at the BoP
		12.3 Methods
			12.3.1 Empirical Setting
			12.3.2 Data Collection and Analysis
		12.4 Findings
			12.4.1 Business Model of Ethitrade
			12.4.2 Challenges Faced by Ethitrade
			12.4.3 Leveraging Technology to Address the Challenges
		12.5 Discussion
		12.6 Limitation and Future Research Direction
		References
	Chapter 13: Social Sustainability at the BOP Through Building Inclusive Social Capital: A Case Study of Drishtee
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Literature Review
			13.2.1 The Base of the Pyramid
			13.2.2 Value Creation at the BOP
				13.2.2.1 Social Capital at the BOP
		13.3 Methods
			13.3.1 Research Setting
		13.4 Findings
			13.4.1 Barter System
			13.4.2 MIRI – Made in Rural India
				13.4.2.1 The MIRI Hub
			13.4.3 Hub-and-Spoke Model of Capability Building
		13.5 Discussion
		13.6 Conclusion and Future Research Directions
		References
	Chapter 14: Sharing Economy Model for the Base of the Pyramid: An Ecosystem Approach
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Literature Review
			14.2.1 Sharing Economy Model
			14.2.2 An Ecosystem Approach to Sharing Economy
				14.2.2.1 Initial Insights from Moving Feast
		14.3 Discussion
			14.3.1 Developing and Maintaining Sharing Activities
			14.3.2 Scaling Impact
		14.4 Conclusion and Future Research Directions
		References
	Chapter 15: Sharing Economy at the Base of the Pyramid-Research Framework and Future Directions
		15.1 Theoretical Underpinnings
			15.1.1 Sharing Dimension
			15.1.2 Socialization Dimension
			15.1.3 Social Intermediation Dimension
		15.2 Focus on Marginalized
		15.3 Geographic Context
		15.4 Methodological Contributions
		References
Index