Shaping the Digital Transformation in Latin America Strengthening Productivity, Improving Lives: Strengthening Productivity, Improving Lives

Preface
Foreword
Executive Summary and Key Policy Messages
	Enhancing access
	Fostering use, innovation and productivity
	Ensuring quality jobs for all
	Promoting an inclusive digital society
	Enhancing Trust
	Fostering Market Openness
	Towards inclusive, people-centred digital strategies
1.  Introduction
2.  Setting the Scene
	Table 2.1. Snapshot of performance in science, reading and mathematics, 2015
		Figure 2.1. A look at the online and offline population in LAC, 2017
		Figure 2.2. Fixed broadband penetration in LAC (2015 and 2017)
		Figure 2.3. Mobile broadband and telephone penetration in LAC (2015 and 2017)
		Table 2.2. SDGs and ICTs
3.  Understanding the Digital Transformation
	3.1. The digital transformation
	3.2. Digital divides
	3.3. Data as a fundamental enabler
	3.4. Key properties of the digital transformation
4.  Digital transformation and productivity
	Laggards firms and stalling diffusion
	Figure 4.1: The divergence in multi-factor productivity growth
	SMEs and productivity
	Structural factors for digital adoption
5.  Policy Making in the Digital Age - Towards an Integrated Approach
	Figure 5.1. An integrated policy framework for making digital transformation work
6.  Key Areas for Policy Action in LAC countries
	6.1. Ensuring affordable access
		Figure 6.1. Structure of the Broadband Policies for Latin America and the Caribbean Toolkit
		Figure 6.2. Prices for fixed and mobile broadband access, 2017
		Figure 6.3. LAC countries lag in connection speeds to internet infrastructure
	6.2. Fostering use, innovation and productivity
		Figure 6.4. Household use of Computers and the Internet at Home, 2017 (or latest available year)
		Figure 6.5. Enterprises with a website or home page, 2010 and 2017(1)
		The use of digital technologies and productivity growth
		Figure 6.6. Productivity growth in key LAC economies, 1950-2017
		Figure 6.7. Labour productivity levels in Latin America, OECD, China and Korea, 1950-2018
		Opportunities for SMEs and start-ups
		Figure 6.8. Relative internal productivity of MSMEs in Latin America and the European Union
		Figure 6.9. Percent of firms identifying an inadequately educated workforce as a major constraint
		The role of structural factors for digital adoption
		Figure 6.10. Average Management Scores by Country
		Policies to strengthen digital adoption and productivity growth
		Figure 6.11. Expenditure on Research and Development, as a % of GDP, 2017*
	6.3. Jobs and skills in the digital world
		Digital transformation both creates and eliminates jobs
		Figure 6.12. A significant share of jobs could be affected by automation
		Figure 6.13. Activities at high risk of automation (in %)
		Supporting skills development
		Figure 6.14. Education enrolment by levels of education and income quintiles in Latin America and the Caribbean
		Figure 6.15. Public spending on training programmes, LAC
		Non-standard work and informality
	6.4. Digital transformation for a more inclusive society
		Figure 6.16. National online portals and digital recognition mechanisms
	6.5. Enhancing trust: security, privacy and consumer protection
	6.6. Fostering trade and market openness in the digital economy
		Moving towards a more holistic approach to market openness
		Measures affecting digital trade
		Competition in the digital economy
		Implications for LAC countries
		Figure 6.17. Export structure by technology level, world regions (1990-2016)
		Figure 6.18. Intra and extra-regional participation in GVCs
	6.7. Strategies for digital transformation
		National Digital Strategies
		Using digital technologies to improve policy making
7.  Concluding remarks
Annex I: OECD Policy Guidance on the Digital Economy
	Existing OECD Guidance on Access
	Existing OECD Guidance on Innovation
	Existing OECD Guidance on Society
	Existing OECD Guidance on Trust
	Existing OECD Guidance on Market Openness
	Other OECD Guidance on Digital Transformation
Annex II: Measuring the Digital Transformation
	Methodologies and resources
	Implementation challenges
	Resources