Shaping Medan: The Role and Impact of Prominent Chinese 1890-1942

Front Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyrights Informations
Dedication Page
Contents
Acknowledgements
Illustrations
Notes on the Author
Introduction
	1 Research Questions
	2 The Thesis
	3 Studies about Colonial Towns
	4 Studies about Chinese Communities and Plural Societies
	5 East Sumatra’s Conflict Model
	6 Outline of This Study
	7 Explanation, Sources and Interviews
	8 Spelling
1 East Sumatra: the Formation of a Plantation Economy
	1 East Sumatra: Historical Overview
		1.1 East Sumatra until circa 1870
		1.2 From Tobacco to Oil and Rubber
		1.3 Migrant Workers
			1.3.1 Recruitment, Repatriation and Those Who Stayed
			1.3.2 Totok, Singkeh and Peranakan
		1.4 Frontier Society
		1.5 Labour Conditions on the Plantations
		1.6 Van den Brand’s Manifesto
		1.7 Labour Inspection
	Summary
2 The City of Medan: the Emergence of an Urban Centre
	1 Colonial Character, Layout and Urban Symbols
		1.1 Layout
		1.2 Urban Symbols and Demography
	2 Town Quarters
	3 Medan as a Regional Infrastructural Centre
	4 Town Planning, Health, Housing and Land Rights
		4.1 Hygiene and Housing
		4.2 Land Rights
	5 Security and Justice
	Summary
3 Chinese Business in Medan 1890–1942
	1 General Characteristics of Chinese Business in Medan
	2 Monopolies and Revenue Farms
		2.1 Opium
			2.1.1 Comparisons of the Opium Farms in East Sumatra with British Malaya
		2.2 Other Tax Farms: Gambling, Liquor and Pawn Houses
			2.2.1 Gambling
			2.2.2 Liquor
			2.2.3 Pawn Houses
		2.3 Bagan Si Api Api and the Salt Monopoly
	3 The Chinese Chamber of Commerce in Medan 1910–1942
	Summary
4 The Prominent Chinese of Medan 1890–1942
	1 Leadership Categories
		1.1 Comparisons with Chinese Leadership in Singapore and Java
	2 Prominent Chinese: the Chinese Majors
		2.1 Tjong Yong Hian (1850-1911)
			2.1.1 Family
			2.1.2 Business Career
			2.1.3 Public Office
			2.1.4 Philanthropy
			2.1.5 The Passing Away of Tjong Yong Hian
		2.2 Tjong A Fie (1860–1921)
			2.2.1 Early Life
			2.2.2 Family
			2.2.3 Business Career
			2.2.4 Public Office
			2.2.5 Philanthropy
			2.2.6 Opinions about Tjong A Fie
			2.2.7 The Passing Away of Tjong A Fie
		2.3 Khoe Tjin Tek (1876–1969)
			2.3.1 Early Life
			2.3.2 Business Career
			2.3.3 Public Office
			2.3.4 Social Life and Opinions about Khoe Tjin Tek
	3 Other Prominent Chinese
		3.1 Tjong Hau Liong (Chang Pu Ching) (1885–1963)
			3.1.1 Early Life
			3.1.2 Business Career
			3.1.3 Consulship and Social Activities
		3.2 Tan Tang Ho (circa 1860–1918)
			3.2.1 The Seng Hap Company
			3.2.2 Social- and Family Life
		3.3 Tan Boen An (ca. 1890–1950)
			3.3.1 Political and Social Activities
		3.4 Gan Hoat Soei (circa 1890–1967)
		3.5 Hiu Ngi Fen (1902–1977)
			3.5.1 Economic and Political Career
		3.6 Thio Siong Soe (1889–1967)
	Summary
5 Social Life of the Chinese in Medan
	1 Family Life
		1.1 The Chinese Women of Medan
			1.1.1 Women and Marriage
			1.1.2 Footbinding, Drowning and Being Sold
			1.1.3 Women Trafficking
			1.1.4 Emancipation of Women
	2 Religion
		2.1 Chinese Beliefs: Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism
			2.1.1 Chinese Temples in Medan and Surroundings
			2.1.2 Ancestor Worshipping and Superstition
		2.2 Christian Religion among the Chinese of Medan
	3 Chinese Non-religious Organizations
		3.1 Clan and Professional Associations
		3.2 Political, Cultural, and Other Associations
	4 Chinese Education in Medan
		4.1 Tiong Hoa Hwe Koan Schools
		4.2 The School of Khoe Tjin Tek
		4.3 Education, Clan, Language and Politics
		4.4 The Su Tung School
	5 Public Health Care in Medan
		5.1 The Chinese Hospital
		5.2 Epidemics and Hygiene
	6 Entertainment: Sport, Music, Theatre and Cinemas
		6.1 Soccer
		6.2 Other Sports
		6.3 Music on the Esplanade
		6.4 Chinese Theatre
		6.5 Cinemas
	Summary
6 Politics, Press and Perceptions
	1 Political Developments in the Netherlands Indies
		1.1 Ethical Policy
		1.2 Chinese Nationalism
	2 Local Politics: Medan Councils
		2.1 The Town Council
			2.1.1 More Democracy
		2.2 Town Council Meetings
		2.3 Chinese in Politics
		2.4 Polarisation in the Netherlands Indies and in Medan
	3 The Press in Medan 1890–1942
		3.1 Dutch Newspapers in Medan
			3.1.1 Deli Courant
			3.1.2 De Sumatra Post
		3.2 Chinese and Malay Language Newspapers in the Netherlands Indies and in Medan
		3.3 Anti-Japanese Sentiments in the Press
	4 Censorship and Press Violations
		4.1 Articles against the Colonial Government
		4.2 Moesa against the Chinese Officers
		4.3 Sumatra News against Japan
		4.4 Press Violations in the 1930s
	5 Europeans and Chinese in the Press: Mutual Perceptions
		5.1 Western Perceptions about the Chinese
			5.1.1 From Rags to Riches in Dutch Prejudice
		5.2 Chinese Perceptions of Europeans
	Summary
Conclusions
	Medan as a Colonial Town
	Prominent Chinese in Medan 1890–1942
	Chinese Business in Medan
	Social Life
	Politics, Press and Perceptions
	The Prominent Chinese in Medan Compared to the Chinese in Singapore, Malaya and in Java
	Conflict and Harmony in Medan
Appendices
	Appendices Chapter 1
	Anchor 3
	Appendices Chapter 2
	Appendices Chapter 3
	Appendices Chapter 4
		Real estate Tjong A Fie, Plantation companies Tjong A Fie, Donations and Social Projects by Tjong A Fie and Tjong Yong Hian
	Appendices Chapter 5
		Institutions Social Life
			Temples, Associations, Hospitals, Schools and Sports 1920–1942
	Appendix Chapter 6
Old and New Streetnames in Medan
Glossary
References
	Archives Printed Matters
	Archives Letters and Reports
	Mailrapporten (Mail Reports)
	Memories van Overgave (Memorandum of transfer) (MvO)
	Archive Bank Indonesia
	Newspapers, Periodicals
	Interviews
	Letters
	Books and Articles
	Films
	Internet
Subject Index
Person Index
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