Shame and Gender in Transcultural Contexts: Resourceful Investigations

Contents
Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
Contributors
List of Figures
Chapter 1: Gender-Specific Facets of Shame: Exploring a Resource Within and Between Cultures
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Shame Occurs and Is Constructed in Socio-Cultural Contexts
		1.2 Shame Is Interwoven with Gender-Related Subjectification and Normative Gender Binaries
		1.3 Transformation: Gender Facets of Shame as a Resource
	2 Overview of the Chapters
	References
		The translation of this chapter was facilitated by the utilisation of ChatGPT.
Part I: Structural Dimensions of Gender-Specific Facets of Shame
	Chapter 2: Is Shame a Female Emotion? The Role of Social Power
		1 Introduction
		2 Social Power: A Criterion for Distinguishing Between Two Triggers Corresponding to Two Expressions of Shame
			2.1 A Shame Related to Subordination, Appeasing and Close to Embarrassment?
			2.2 A Shame Related to Dominance, Hostile and Close to Humiliation?
		3 Role of Power in the Allegedly Feminine Character of Shame
			3.1 Shame, a Feminine Emotion?
			3.2 Gender and Triggers of Shame: The Role of Power
			3.3 Gender and Expressions of Shame: The Role of Power
		4 Conclusion
		5 Needs for Future Research
		References
	Chapter 3: Body Shame and Gender
		1 Introduction
		2 Conceptualizations of Body Shame
			2.1 Definition of Body Shame
			2.2 Theoretical Considerations
				2.2.1 Sociocultural and Critical Theories
					Biopower and Healthism
					Appearance Ideals
					Objectification Theory
					Body Capital
				2.2.2 Biopsychological Theories
			2.3 Visible Difference and Ability
			2.4 The Role of Gender
		3 Empirical Work
			3.1 Gender Differences in Body Shame
			3.2 Correlates of Body Shame
				3.2.1 Disordered Eating
					Women
					Men
					Indirect and Conditional Relationships Between Other Factors, Body Shame, and Disordered Eating
						Age
						Cognitive-Behavioral Factors
						Race, Ethnicity, and Associated Factors
						Social and Interpersonal Factors
				3.2.2 Psychological Functioning and Behavioral Outcomes
			3.3 Prevention and Intervention
		4 Future Directions
			4.1 Developing and Testing Theoretical Models of Body Shame
			4.2 Research to Inform Causality, Directionality, Mechanisms, and Moderators
			4.3 Expanding and Refining Gender Considerations
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 4: Political Use of the Negative Affects: Positivity of Shame in Intersectional Feminism
		1 Introduction
		2 The Philosophical Background of the Politics of Emotion
		3 The Distinction Between Affect and Emotion
		4 The Revalorization of the Negative Affects: The Case of Shame
		5 Intersectional Feminism and Shame
		References
	Chapter 5: Women’s Experience of Shame, Poverty and Gender: An Empirical Investigation
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Shame in the Context of the Experience of Poverty
			1.2 Shame as an Obstacle to Coping with and Overcoming Poverty
			1.3 Gender as a Factor in Poverty Risk
		2 Methodology
			2.1 Research Design, Paradigm, Approach and Quality Criteria
			2.2 Sample
			2.3 Data Collection
			2.4 Data Analysis
			2.5 Limitations
		3 Findings and Discussion
			3.1 Case 1: Anna’s Life in an Urban Area in Germany
			3.2 Case 2: Susan’s Life in Gauteng, South Africa
		4 Conclusion
		5 Need for Future Research
		References
	Chapter 6: The Key to the Lock of Shame: Shame in Educational Contexts as Resource for Women’s Empowerment
		1 Introduction
		2 Gender Facets of Shame
		3 Methodology
			3.1 Research Design, Paradigm, Approach, and Strategy
			3.2 Sample
			3.3 Data Collection
			3.4 Data Analysis, Reporting, and Qualitative Criteria
			3.5 Limitations
		4 Findings
			4.1 Case 1
			4.2 Case 2
			4.3 Case 3
			4.4 Case 4
		5 Discussion
		6 Conclusion
		7 Future Research Needs
		References
Part II: Gender-Specific Facets of Shame Within Specific Cultural Contexts
	Chapter 7: Investigating Shame and Gender while Studying Abroad
		1 Introduction
		2 The Cultural Contact Zone
		3 Shame and Gender in Cultural Contact Zones
		4 Research Methodology
			4.1 Sample and Sampling Procedure
			4.2 Data Collection, Analysis, and Interpretation
			4.3 Quality Criteria
			4.4 Ethical Considerations and Limitations
		5 Findings
			5.1 Shame and Inadequate Behaviour
				5.1.1 The Forbidden Date
			5.2 Shame and Gendered Lifestyle
				5.2.1 Fingernails
			5.3 Shame in the Context of Begging
			5.4 Misinterpretation of Intercultural Situation
			5.5 Surprise at Shamelessness
			5.6 Shame and Scamming
		6 Discussion
		7 Conclusion and Recommendation
		References
	Chapter 8: Female Activism, Tribalism, and Shame in the Arabian Gulf
		1 Introduction: Shame and the Female Body in Gulf and Muslim Societies in the Twentieth Century
			1.1 Political Construction of Shame in the Gulf
		2 Gulf Women Challenge the Cultural Politics of Shame
			2.1 Shaming Oppressive Authority: Gulf Feminist Activists Practicing “the Personal is the Political”
		3 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9: Izzat: Analysis of the Concept as a Category of Positive Psychology
		1 Introduction
		2 Izzat: Lost in Translation
			2.1 Virtues in a Collectivist Society
			2.2 Identity: The Building Block of Diversity
		3 Methodology
		4 Stories of Protecting Izzat: Gendered Perspective
			4.1 Episodes 1 to 4
				4.1.1 Episode One: Draupadi
				4.1.2 Episode Two: Protest Against Breast Tax
				4.1.3 Episode Three: Story of Aram (Virtue)
				4.1.4 Episode Four: Autobiography of a Sex Worker
			4.2 Desire: Reinterpreting for Feminist Positive Psychology
			4.3 Responsibility: Potential to Ignite Human Flourishment
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 10: Dalit Women as “Sexual Carrions”: Multiple Jeopardy of Caste, Shame, Stigma, and Pollution
		1 Introduction
		2 Caste-Based Experiences of Shame, Stigma, and Pollution of Dalit Women
		3 Dalit Women and the Question of Shameful, Polluted Labour
		4 Caste, Manual Scavenging, Shame, and Dalit Women
		5 Conclusion
		6 Needs for Future Research
		References
	Chapter 11: Exploring the Gender Dimension of Shame in India: An Empirical Study of Shame and Its Gender Implications in the Indian Cultural Context
		1 Background
		2 Introduction
		3 Methodology
			3.1 Participants
				3.1.1 Data Collection
				3.1.2 Data Analysis and Reporting
				3.1.3 Ethical Considerations
				3.1.4 Limitations
		4 Findings and Discussion
			4.1 An Analysis of the Intersection of Gender and Shame: An Exploration of Adaptive and Maladaptive Behaviors
			4.2 An Investigation of the Intersection of Gender, Age, and Shame: An Analysis of Adaptive and Maladaptive Behaviors
			4.3 An Investigation of the Intersection of Gender, Religion, and Shame: An Analysis of Adaptive and Maladaptive Behaviors
			4.4 Forgiveness Styles and Its Relationship with Gender and Shame
			4.5 Analysis of the Relationship Between Culture, Age, and Gender on Adaptive Shaming Style Using Linear Regression
			4.6 Analysis of the Relationship Between Culture, Age, and Gender on Maladaptive Shaming Style Using Linear Regression
			4.7 Analysis of the Relationship Between Culture, Age, and Gender on Avoidance Shaming Style Using Linear Regression
			4.8 Analysis of the Relationship Between Culture, Age, and Gender on Withdrawal Shaming Style Using Linear Regression
			4.9 Analysis of the Relationship Between Culture, Age, and Gender on Attack Self Shaming Style Using Linear Regression
			4.10 Analysis of the Relationship Between Culture, Age, and Gender on Attack Other Shaming Style Using Linear Regression
		5 Conclusion
		6 Needs for Further Research
		Appendix 1: Structured Interview Questions
		Appendix 2: Story Titles
		References
	Chapter 12: “Trans”-Ness and Shaming: A Thematic Analysis of Shame Among South Asian Transmen/Transmasc
		1 Being “Trans”- What Does It Mean?
			1.1 Transgender and Binary
				1.1.1 Binary and His/Her Pronoun
			1.2 Transgender and Non-binary
				1.2.1 The Non-binary and Their Pronouns
		2 Shame and Non-binary Trans-Individuals
		3 Shame- Transgender and Intersex Individuals
		4 Being Transman in a Collectivistic Culture
			4.1 Transmen and Shaming
			4.2 Transmen and Unique Life Stressors
			4.3 “Abjection,” “Shaming,” and the “Self” in Trans-Ness
		5 Method
			5.1 Qualitative Approach and Research Paradigm
			5.2 Context and Rationale
			5.3 Sampling Strategy
			5.4 Data Collection Methods
			5.5 Ethical Issues
			5.6 Interview Schedule
			5.7 Research Objective
			5.8 Data Synthesis
		6 Synthesis and Interpretation
			6.1 Case Presentation
			6.2 Findings
				6.2.1 Gender Dysphoria in a Collectivistic Culture
				6.2.2 Shame as a “Tool” for Rectification
				6.2.3 Helplessness
				6.2.4 “Abjection” as Coping
				6.2.5 Chosen Families and Support System
		7 Discussion
		8 Summary
		9 Limitations and Future Directions
		References
	Chapter 13: Reconstructing Shame by the Wearing of Hijab: Experience of New Muslim Converts in Malaysia
		1 Introduction
		2 Contextual Background
			2.1 Shame and Sociocultural Influences
			2.2 Hijab and Islam
			2.3 Hijab and Muslim Women Identity
			2.4 Social Media and Online Identities
		3 Research Methodology
			3.1 Case Study Approach
			3.2 Selection Criteria
			3.3 Data Collection
			3.4 Data Analysis
		4 Findings and Discussion
			4.1 Reconstructing Shame: Hijab, Muslim Women Converts, and Social Media
				4.1.1 Case A: Amina
				4.1.2 Case B: Maryam
					Meaning of Shame
					Expression of Feelings and Behaviour
		5 Conclusion and Recommendation
		References
	Chapter 14: Gender Differences, Cancel Culture, and Shame as Resource
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Cancel Culture
		2 Cancel Culture and Gender Differences in Shame Experiences
		3 Honor Culture and Male Responses to Shame
		4 Gender Communication Pilot Study
			4.1 Participants
			4.2 Design and Statistical Procedures
			4.3 Procedure
			4.4 Instrumentation
		5 Results and Discussion
			5.1 Multivariate Analyses
		6 Study Discussion
		7 Conclusion
		8 Need for Future Research
		References
Part III: Gender-Specific Facets of Shame in Health Contexts
	Chapter 15: Shame, Men, and Addictions Recovery: Possibilities for Transformation
		1 Introduction
		2 Men and Shame
			2.1 What Drives Shame in Men?
				2.1.1 Shame, Dependency, and Loss of Control
				2.1.2 Shame and Productivity
				2.1.3 Shame and Weakness
			2.2 How Men Respond to Shame
		3 [Shame-Filled] Understandings of Addictions
			3.1 The Relationship Between Guilt, Shame, and Addictions
		4 Shame and Recovery from Addictions
			4.1 The Importance of Self-Reflection
			4.2 The Power of Peer Dialogue
			4.3 Transformative Learning and Shame: A Focus on Men Recovering from Addictions
				4.3.1 Some Insights from a Previous Study
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 16: South African Women’s Experience of Giving Birth: Guilt, Shame, Resilience, and Culture Related to the ‘Goddess Myth’
		1 Introduction
			1.1 The Goddess Myth
			1.2 Salutogenesis as a Theoretical Underpinning to the Study
			1.3 Culture and the Birthing Experience
		2 Research Method
			2.1 Participants and Setting
			2.2 Research Design
			2.3 Instrument
			2.4 Sampling Technique
			2.5 Research Questions
			2.6 Process
			2.7 Quality Criteria
			2.8 Data Analysis: Narrative Inquiry
		3 Participant’s Stories
		4 Discussion and Analysis
		5 Conclusion
		6 Need for Future Research
		References
	Chapter 17: Gender Facets of Organisational Shame as Transformational Resource for Health and Well-Being in the Fifth Industrial Revolution
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Problem Statement
			1.2 Objective of the Chapter
		2 Literature Review
			2.1 Key Theoretical Concepts
				2.1.1 Conceptualisation of the Fifth Industrial Revolution
					Key Drivers of the Fifth Industrial Revolution
					Comparison of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and Fifth Industrial Revolution
					Fifth Industrial Revolution Potential, Challenges, and Future Directions
				2.1.2 Conceptualisation of Organisational Shame in the Fifth Industrial Revolution
					Key Domains of Organisational Shame
				2.1.3 Culture and Organisational Shame in the Fifth Industrial Revolution
					Organisational Shame Domains
				2.1.4 Shame from a Gender Stance in the Fifth Industrial Revolution
		3 Method
			3.1 Study Design
			3.2 Study Eligibility Criteria
			3.3 Data Analysis
			3.4 Strategies Used to Ensure Data Quality
		4 Discussion and Practical Implications
			4.1 Organisational Shame, Culture, and Their Implications for Health
				4.1.1 Shame and Psychopathology
				4.1.2 Shame and Evolutionary Psychobiology
				4.1.3 Organisational Shame and Its Implications for Occupational Health
			4.2 Gender Facets of Organisational Shame as Transformational Resource for Health and Well-Being in the Fifth Industrial Revolution
			4.3 Practical Recommendations
			4.4 Future Research
		5 Chapter Conclusion
		References
Index