Service Oriented, Holonic and Multi-Agent Manufacturing Systems for Industry of the Future: Proceedings of SOHOMA 2022

Preface
Contents
Applications of Multi-Agent and Holonic Systems in Smart Manufacturing
A Review of Multi-agent Systems Used in Industrial Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Multi-agent Systems for Process Automation, Modelling and Simulation
		2.1 Manufacturing Control and Factory Automation
		2.2 Power and Energy Systems
		2.3 Building Automation
		2.4 Complex Networks
		2.5 Networking Analysis and Security
		2.6 Business Processes Automation (RPA Agent)
		2.7 ABMS Applications
	3 Agent Platforms
	4 Multi-agent Formalism in Industrial Control
		4.1 Optimization: Operation Scheduling on Resources
		4.2 Configuring Groups of Resources for Production
		4.3 Dynamic Routing of Work in Process
		4.4 Work in Process Traceability. Implementing the Intelligent Product Concept
	5 Discussion and Perspectives
	References
Alignment of Digital Twin Systems with the RAMI 4.0 Model Using Multi-agent Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Digital Twin Alignment with the Layers Dimension
	3 Digital Twin Alignment with the Hierarchy Levels
	4 Digital Twin Alignment with the Life-Cycle and Value Stream Dimension
	5 Developing Collaborative Agent-Based Digital Twins
		5.1 Agent-Based Principles to Create Digital Twins
		5.2 Main Research Challenges
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
A Design Process for Holonic Cyber-Physical Systems Using the ARTI and BASE Architectures
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Holonic Systems Fundamentals
		2.2 ARTI Architecture
		2.3 BASE Architecture
	3 Design Process
		3.1 Overview
		3.2 ARTI Architecture Design Process
		3.3 BASE Architecture Design Process
	4 Holonic Design Process Application: Healthcare Case Study
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
A Recommendation Strategy Proposal for an Energy Community Modeled as a Multi-agent System
	1 Introduction
	2 State-of-the-Art Review
	3 The Multi-agent Simulation Environment
		3.1 The Recommendation Strategy
		3.2 Members\' Reaction to Received Signals
		3.3 Performance Evaluation
	4 Case Study
	5 Conclusion
	References
Toward a Sawmill Digital Shadow Based on Coupled Simulation and Supervised Learning Models
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Description
	3 Proposal
	4 Experiments and Results
		4.1 Materials and Method
		4.2 Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Digital Twin Generic Architecture for Data-Driven Cyber-Physical Production Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Digital Twin Architecture
		2.1 Types of Digital Twin
		2.2 Digital Twin Integration Levels
		2.3 Digital Twin Levels of Complexity
		2.4 Digital Twin Integration Levels
	3 Digital Twin Applications
		3.1 Engineering
		3.2 Automotive
	4 Digital Twin Development Steps
		4.1 Step 1 - Related to the Manufacturing Process Chain
		4.2 Step 2 - Establishing the Digital Twin Functionality Needs
		4.3 Step 3 Choosing the Type and Level of Digital Twin
		4.4 Step 4 - Augmentation
	5 Experimental Digital Twin Platform
	6 Conclusions
	References
Digital Twins in Industrial Systems
Modelling Manufacturing Systems for Digital Twin Through Communicating Finite State Machines
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Simulation Models for DT
		2.2 Open-Source Code-Based Simulation Tools
		2.3 Communicating Finite States Machine-Based Models
	3 Research Objective
	4 Modelling Methodology
		4.1 Overview
		4.2 Communicating Hierarchical Finite State Machines
		4.3 Model Implementation
	5 Examples of Model Implementation
		5.1 Representation of a Single Server Queueing Model
		5.2 Simulation Model of a Manual Assembly Line
	6 Conclusion
	References
An Architecture for Integrating Virtual Reality and a Digital Twin System
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Virtual Reality and Digital Twin System Architecture
		3.1 User Requirements
		3.2 System Architecture
		3.3 Implementation
	4 Preliminary Evaluation and Results
		4.1 Latency
		4.2 Computational Power Usage
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Integrating Lean Data and Digital Sobriety in Digital Twins Through Dynamic Accuracy Management
	1 Introduction
	2 The Digital Twin, a Polymorphic Technology
	3 Usual Misconceptions About the Digital Twin
	4 Dynamic Accuracy Management
		4.1 Principle
		4.2 Battery Digital Twin
		4.3 Dynamic Accuracy Adjustment
	5 Conclusion
	References
Handling Uncertainties with and Within Digital Twins
	1 Introduction
	2 Types of Uncertainty
	3 Digital Twins and Uncertainty
		3.1 Uncertainty with Digital Twin in Dynamic Systems (Aleatoric)
		3.2 Uncertainty Within the Digital Twin Model (Epistemic)
	4 Methodology
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Requirements for a Digital Twin for an Emergency Department
	1 Introduction
	2 State of the Art
		2.1 ED Organisation and Management
		2.2 Review of Simulations and Digital Twins for Healthcare Systems
	3 Requirements for a DT
	4 Main Scientific Questions
		4.1 DT Architecture
		4.2 Hybrid and Non-intrusive Control
		4.3 DT Evolution Management
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Digital Twin System to Integrate Data Silos in Railway Infrastructure
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Proposed Digital Twin System Architecture
		3.1 Overview
		3.2 Architectural Components
	4 Case Study: Rail Infrastructure Maintenance Management
	5 Preliminary Evaluation
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Factory – Product Lifecycle Value Stream for Industry 4.0
Digital Twin Lifecycle: Core Challenges and Open Issues
	1 Introduction
	2 Digital Twin Features
	3 Digital Twin Lifecycle
	4 Digital Twin Core Challenges and Open Issues
		4.1 Design Stage
		4.2 Validation Stage
		4.3 Implementation Stage
		4.4 Service Stage
		4.5 Maintenance Stage
	5 Conclusion
	References
Distributed Control Architecture for Managing Internal Risks in Hazardous Industries
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Setup
	3 Proposed Control Architecture
	4 Reactive Behaviour Level
	5 Proactive Behaviour Level
	6 Conclusion
	References
Blockchain Adoption for Autonomous Train: Opportunities and Challenges
	1 Introduction
	2 Backgrounds
		2.1 Blockchain
		2.2 Smart Contracts
	3 Blockchain Applications: Short Overview
	4 Autonomous Train: Expectations and Challenges
	5 Blockchain Adoption for AT
		5.1 Blockchain Opportunities
		5.2 Blockchain Challenges
	6 Illustrative Example
	7 Short Discussion
	8 Conclusion
	References
Solving a Job Shop Scheduling Problem Using Q-Learning Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Problem Description
	4 Reinforcement Learning Implementation
		4.1 State Representation
		4.2 Action Selection
		4.3 Reward Function
		4.4 Learning Phase
		4.5 Final Model
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References s
Semantic Approach to Formalize Knowledge from Building Renovation Domain: Application to the IsoBIM Project
	1 Introduction
	2 Use of BIM and Semantic Technologies in the Construction Field
		2.1 Data-Driven Approaches
		2.2 Knowledge-Driven Approaches
		2.3 Challenges and Problem Statement
	3 A New Framework for Knowledge Formalization in the Building Renovation Sector
		3.1 Ontology Development Methodology
	4 Case Study
	5 Conclusion and Perspectives
	References
Physical Internet Supply Chain: Short Literature Review and Research Perspective on Strategic and Operational Levels
	1 Introduction
	2 Strategic Decisions in Physical Internet Supply Chain Network
		2.1 Single Plant Classical Supply Chain Network
		2.2 Multiple Plant Classical Supply Chain Network
	3 Operational Decisions in Physical Internet Supply Chain
		3.1 Classical Hubs
		3.2 PI-Hubs
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Education for Industry 4.0
A Systems Engineering-Oriented Learning Factory for Industry 4.0
	1 Introduction
	2 Foundational Technologies and Standards Integrated in the Reference Architectural Model Industry 4.0
	3 Key Skills and Formation Programs for Industry 4.0
	4 The SELFI4.0 Learning Factory for Industry 4.0 Training and Research
	5 Conclusions
	References
Exploring the Implications of OpenAI Codex on Education for Industry 4.0
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 GPT-3
		2.2 Codex
	3 Two Tests with OpenAI Codex
		3.1 Python Programming Paradigms
		3.2 An Industry 4.0 Programming Exercise
	4 Some Implications
	References
On Practical Activities for Education in Industry 4.0
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Practical Activities Needed for the Education in Industry 4.0
		3.1 Offline Learning for Ind4.0
		3.2 Interconnectivity for Industry 4.0
		3.3 Case Studies Regarding Education for Industry 4.0
		3.4 Learning Roadmap and Evaluation
	4 Conclusions
	References
The Immersive Mixed Reality: A New Opportunity for Experimental Labs in Engineering Education Using HoloLens 2
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 System Architecture
		3.1 Hardware Components
		3.2 Software
	4 Implementation of Pneumatic Circuits in Mixed Reality
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Performance, Ethics and Operations Management in Internal Logistics 4.0
Challenges of Material Handling System Design in the Context of Industry 4.0
	1 Introduction
	2 Material Handling System Design
	3 Field Studies
		3.1 Field Study Design
		3.2 Cross Analysis
	4 MHS Design Challenges in the Context of Industry 4.0
		4.1 Material Handling Needs Specification
		4.2 MHS Architecture Definition
		4.3 MHS Performance Analysis
		4.4 MHS Selection
		4.5 MHS Deployment
	5 Conclusion
	References
Integration of Ethical Issues in the 4.0 Transition of Internal Logistics Operations
	1 Introduction
	2 Ethics and Industry 4.0
		2.1 Industry 4.0, Ethical Dimension and Sustainability
		2.2 Tools of Industry 4.0 and Its Ethical Approach
	3 Building a Guideline for Ethics Analysis of MHS in I4.0
		3.1 Guideline Construction Based on the Literature
		3.2 Creation and Operation of a New Guide Model
	4 Example of Guideline Application
		4.1 Guideline for Voice Picking
	5 Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
Ethical Internal Logistics 4.0: Observations and Suggestions from a Working Internal Logistics Case
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of Ethics of Internal Logistics 4.0
	3 An Internal Logistics Use Case
	4 Ethical Issues and Challenges Encountered
		4.1 AI for Public Relations
		4.2 Overlooking or Misusing Technical Specifications and Product Warnings
		4.3 Deferring to the Technology Developer
		4.4 Lowering the Reliability Bar
		4.5 Lack of Access to Operators and Workers
		4.6 Responsibility for Errors
		4.7 Physiological and Psychological Issues
	5 Our Ethical Recommendations and Responses to Them
		5.1 Clarifying and Questioning
		5.2 Reviewing Product Specifications Thoroughly
		5.3 Direct and Early Contact with Operators
		5.4 Preparing for Inevitable Errors
		5.5 Pushing for Open Operator Developer Interaction
		5.6 Clarifying Who is Responsible and AI as a Tool
		5.7 Testing Under Real Conditions and Monitoring Effects
	6 General Discussion of Insights Gained and Pathways Forward
	7 Conclusion
	References
Predicting Medicine Demand Fluctuations Through Markov Chain
	1 Introduction
	2 State of the Art
		2.1 Influencing Factors in Hospitals
		2.2 Forecasting Methods
	3 Methodology
	4 Case Study
	5 General Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Industry 4.0 Technologies and Low-Cost Digitization
The Role of Low-Cost Digitalisation in Improving Operations Management
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Problem
		1.2 The Approach
		1.3 Article Structure
	2 Background
		2.1 Low-Cost Digitalisation
		2.2 Turning the Outputs of Digital Solutions into Benefits
		2.3 Summary and Opportunities
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Value-Added Activity Areas
		3.2 Approach to Developing the Conceptual Model
	4 Findings
		4.1 Value-Added Activities and Operational Benefits of Digital Solution Areas
		4.2 A Model of How Low-Cost Digitalisation Delivers Value to Operations
		4.3 Case Study
	5 Conclusions
	References
Function-as-a-Service on Edge for Industrial Digitalization: An Off-the-Shelf Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Deployment Architectures
	3 Experiments, Observations, and Discussion
		3.1 Experiment Setup
		3.2 Resource Consumption (CPU and Memory)
		3.3 Execution Latencies
	4 Key Insights
	5 Conclusion
	References
Control of Open Mobile Robotic Platform Using Deep Reinforcement Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Reinforcement Learning
		2.2 Open Hardware Mobile Robotic Platform
	3 Results
		3.1 Implementation
		3.2 Evaluation
	4 Conclusion
	References
Investigations on Real-Time Image Recognition with Convolutional Neural Networks on Industrial Controllers
	1 Introduction
	2 Neural Networks for Image Classification
	3 Application Example in Real-Time: The Production System
	4 General Process for Using Machine Learning
		4.1 Data Collection
		4.2 Preparation of the Data Sets for Training
		4.3 Training of the Models
	5 Network Execution on the Production System
		5.1 Integration of the Networks into the Runtime Environment of the PLC
		5.2 Pre-processing of Captured Images on the Production System
		5.3 Comparison of the Trained Networks on the Production System
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusion
	References
Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems
A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Solving Integrated Mass Customization Process Planning and Job-Shop Scheduling Problem in a Reconfigurable Manufacturing System
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Formulation
	3 Solution Approach
	4 Validation and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Generic Aggregation Model for Reconfigurable Holonic Control Architecture – The GARCIA Framework
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 The GARCIA Framework
		3.1 Definition of the Generic Control Architecture
		3.2 Meta-model of the Control Architecture
		3.3 Meta-modelling the Reconfiguration Process
	4 Instantiation on a Simplified Case Study
		4.1 Static Description of the Initial Control Architecture
		4.2 Evolution of the Control Architecture
	5 Conclusion and Perspectives
	References
Safety Design and Verification in Reconfigurable Assembly Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Reconfigurable Assembly Systems Safety
		2.1 RAS Structure and Safety Consideration
		2.2 Safety Bubble Concept and Methodology Adopted
		2.3 Case Study
	3 Modelling and Formal Verification of the Safety Bubble
		3.1 Petri Nets
		3.2 Safety Bubble Model Description
	4 Conclusion
	References
Designing a Multi-agent Control System for a Reconfigurable Manufacturing System
	1 Introduction
	2 Rationale
	3 System Design
		3.1 Reference Architecture
		3.2 Hardware Description
	4 Prototype Implementation
		4.1 Multi-agent Control System
		4.2 Software Implementation Details
	5 Discussion and Further Development
	References
Author Index