Second Language Speech Processing: A Guide to Conducting Experimental Research

Cover
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
Part 1 Research Synthesis
	1 Experimental Approaches to Second Language Speech Processing: A Psycholinguistic Perspective
		What Is this Book About?
			A Psycholinguistic Perspective
			Conceptual Foundations: Language in the Mind
			Using Language Knowledge During Processing
			Acquiring Language Knowledge
		Why Do We Need this Book?
		How Is this Book Structured?
		Summary
		Note
		References
	2 Phonological Knowledge in L1 and L2
		The Organization of Phonology in the Mind
		The Phonological Grammar
			Segmentals: Categories for Speech Sounds
			Syllable Structure and Phonotactics
			Suprasegmentals and Prosody
			Between-word Processes, Reduced Speech, Connected Speech
		Other Factors Impacting L2 Phonological Development
		Summary
		Notes
		References
	3 Phonology in the L2 Mental Lexicon
		The Mental Lexicon and Representations for Words
			What We Know About Words
			How We Recognize Spoken Words
			Phonolexical Representations for L2 Words
		Imprecise Representations for L2 Words
		The Evolution of Phonolexical Representations Over Time
		Factors Impacting the Precision of Representations
		Methodological Considerations
		Summary
		Notes
		References
Part 2 Practical Foundations
	4 Good Scientific Workflow and Open Science Practices
		Good Scientific Practices and the Responsible Conduct of Research
		Cumulative Research: How to Be Part of the Conversation
		Setting Up a Good Workflow
			Planning
			Organization and File Management
				Directory Structure
				File Naming
			Documentation and the Research Notebook
				What Should Be Recorded in a Research Notebook?
				How to Use this Laboratory Notebook
			Preserving Files, Data Storage, and Backup
				How to Back Up Files Simply
				Where to Store the Backed-Up Files
			The Open Science Movement
		Summary
			Suggested Activities
		Notes
		References
	5 Experimental Foundations
		Experimental and Non-Experimental Research
		Fundamentals of Measurement
		The Eight Components of an Experimental Methodology
			Step 1: Research Questions
			Step 2: Hypotheses
			Step 3: Rationale
			Step 4: Task Design
				Operationalizing Variables
				Choosing a Paradigm
				Outlining Materials
				Defining the Measure
			Step 5: Sampling and Participants
			Step 6: Procedure and Experimental Protocol
			Step 7: Predictions and Analysis
				Connecting the Analysis to the Predictions
				Types of Data and Variables
			Step 8: Interpretation
		Laying Out Your Methodology
		Summary
			Suggested Activities
		Notes
		References
	6 Key Behavioral Paradigms: The Researcher’s Toolbox
		Experimental Behavioral Paradigms: Generalities
		Discrimination and Categorization Paradigms
			Categories and Speech Perception Paradigms: A Brief Historical Background
			The Role of Categories in L2 Phonological Processing
			Task Properties and Processing Levels
				Task Difficulty and Stimulus Uncertainty
				Availability of Information
			Paradigms
				AX, Same-Different
				Four-interval AX (4IAX)
				ABX/AXB/XAB
				Oddity
				Oddball
				Sequence Recall
		Similarity Ratings
			Paradigms
				Free Classification
				Similarity Judgment
		Identification and Labeling
			Paradigms
				Identification
				Cross-language Mapping/perceptual Assimilation
				In Focus: Cross-Language Mapping
		Phoneme Monitoring and Word Spotting
			Paradigms
				Phoneme Monitoring
				Word Spotting
		Lexical Paradigms
			Paradigms
				Auditory Lexical Decision
				Forced-choice Lexical Decision (Variant of Lexical Decision)
				Word-picture Matching (Variant of Lexical Decision)
				Gating
				In Focus: Speeded Auditory Lexical Decision
				Priming
		Other Commonly Used Paradigms
			Paradigms
				Training Studies
				Rating and Transcription
				Production
				General Language Proficiency and Background Factors
		Summary
			Suggested Activities
		Notes
		References
Part 3 Implementation
	7 Experimental Design
		Elements of Experimental Design
		Structure of the Task
			From the Raw Data to the Dependent Variable
			Independent Variables: Experimental Conditions
			Trial Structure
			Number of Trials and Task Length
				How Many Trials Are Needed?
				How to Estimate Task Length?
		Materials
			Stimuli: Designing and Creating
				How Many Stimuli and Items Are Needed?
				What Kind of Stimuli Do I Need for My Task?
				Advice for Choosing Real Words
				Advice for Making Non-Words
			Stimuli: Recording
				General Procedure
				Presenting the Materials
				Interacting With the Speaker
				Technical Settings for Sound Files
			Stimuli Preparation and Other Considerations
				Naming Your Files
				Segmenting Your Files
				Normalizing the Amplitude
				Who Will You Test?
				What Are Your Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for Participants and Data Points?
				How Many Participants Will You Test?
				How Will the Participants Interact With the Task?
		Participants
		Procedure
		Multiple Tasks: The Whole Experiment
		Piloting and Debugging
		Summary
			Suggested Activities
		Notes
		References
	8 Experimental Controls
		Experimental Controls: Why and How?
		Controls at the Design Stage: Control Variables
			Control Groups
			Control Conditions
		Controls at the Design Stage: Controls Against Confounds
			Controls for Stimuli and Items
				Item Controls
				Acoustic Analyses, Stimuli Preparation, and Manipulations
			Randomization and Blinding
			Counterbalancing
				Counterbalancing Trials: Examples
				Blocking
				Incomplete Counterbalancing and Latin Square Designs
			Avoiding Response Strategies
			Participants’ Background and Individual Differences
				Background Questionnaires
				Audiometry
				Other Aspects of L2 Knowledge
				Data Safety and Management
		Summary
			Suggested Activities
		Notes
		References
	9 Connecting the Method to the Research Question
		Establishing Predictions and Outlining an Analysis Plan
			Visualization of a Single Task
			Multiple Tasks and Task Types
			Going Back to the Drawing Board Is Possible
		Statistical Design: How to Talk to Your Stats Expert
		Communicating Your Method to Others
		Preregistering Your Study
			What Is Preregistration?
			What Is an Embargo?
			Preregistered Reports
			Preregistering and Open Science Practices
		Summary
			Suggested Activities
		Notes
		References
	10 Collecting Data
		Collecting Data in the Lab
			The Experimental Protocol
			The Testing Log
			Discard Or Keep? What to Do With Atypical Datasets
		No Lab? No Problem. Challenges and Opportunities of Remote Data Collection
			Online Platforms for Psycholinguistic Experiments
			Design Considerations
				Consideration #1: Participants
				Consideration #2: Equipment
				Consideration #3: Conditions
				Consideration #4: Keeping Participants Motivated
				Consideration #5: Collecting Production Data Or Handwritten Responses
			Similarities to In-Person Testing
			Recommendations for Various Types of Studies
		Collecting Data in the Field: The Mobile Lab
		Summary
			Suggested Activities
		Notes
		References
	11 Preparing Data for Analysis
		Data Wrangling: Introduction
			What Is It and What Is It Good For?
			When to Do It
			How to Document It
			File and Variable Naming Guidelines
			Tidying and Automating Data Preparation
		Standard Wrangling Procedure
			Step 1: Gather and Organize the Data Files
			Step 2: Creating the Working Files
			Step 3: Explore the Data
			Step 4: Format the Data for Analysis and Identify Excluded Data
			Step 5: Identify Outliers
			Step 6: The Dataset Can Now Be Analyzed Using Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
		Summary
			Suggested Activities
		Notes
		References
	12 Preserving, Protecting, and Archiving Data
		Data Management and the Importance of Preserving Data
		Keeping Data Safe Daily
			Data Backups
			Corrupted Files
		Keeping Data Safe Long-Term: Documenting, Preserving, and Archiving Your Data
			Metadata: Documenting Contents, Organization, and Location
			Ensuring Access: Downloading Data Stored Online
			Preserving Readability
			Embracing Paper
			Compiling an Archive Once a Study Is Done
		Keeping Data Safe From Disclosure: Protecting Sensitive Data
			What Information Is Protected?
			Steps to Protect Files That Contain PII Information
			Responsibly Sharing Data With Collaborators and Advisors
		Collaborative Research Organization and Data Management Plans
			Data Management Plans
		Resources
		Summary
			Suggested Activities
		Notes
		References
	13 Conclusions and Future Directions
		References
Index