Seascape ecology

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 15
Foreword......Page 19
Preface......Page 23
Part I Spatial Patterning in the Sea......Page 27
  1.1 Introduction......Page 29
  1.2 Landscape Ecology and the Emergence of Seascape Ecology......Page 30
  1.3 What is a Seascape?......Page 32
   1.3.1 The Patch‐Matrix and Patch‐Mosaic Models of Seascape Structure......Page 34
   1.3.2 The Spatial Gradient Model of Seascape Structure......Page 37
   1.3.3 Combining Spatial Gradients and Patch Mosaics......Page 38
   1.3.4 Chemical Seascapes and Ocean Soundscapes......Page 39
  1.4 Why Scale Matters in Seascape Ecology......Page 40
  1.5 Seascape Ecology can Inform Marine Stewardship......Page 42
  1.6 Conclusions and Future Directions......Page 44
  References......Page 45
  2.1 Introduction......Page 53
  2.2 Defining Seascape Applications......Page 56
  2.3 Identifying Scales for Seascape Mapping......Page 57
  2.4 Sensor Selection for Seascape Mapping......Page 58
   2.4.1 Passive and Active Sensors......Page 59
   2.4.2 Environmental Conditions Limiting Passive and Active Sensors......Page 61
  2.5 Representing Patterns in Seascape Maps......Page 62
   2.5.1 The Continuous Gradient Concept......Page 63
   2.5.2 The Patch‐Mosaic Model......Page 66
   2.5.3 Spatial Surrogates (Proxies)......Page 68
   2.6.1 Sensitivity to Scale......Page 69
  2.7 Applications of Seascape Maps and Spatial Pattern Metrics......Page 71
  2.8 Conclusions and Future Research Priorities......Page 73
  References......Page 74
  3.1 Introduction......Page 83
   3.2.1 Broad‐scale Biogeographic Provinces......Page 84
   3.2.2 Finer Scale Patchiness and Patch Dynamics......Page 87
   3.2.3 Ecoclines and Ecotones in Pelagic Seascapes......Page 88
   3.2.4 Beneath the Surface: the Vertical Dimension of Pelagic Seascapes......Page 90
  3.3 Spatial Pattern Metrics for Pelagic Seascapes......Page 92
   3.3.2 Surface Model Metrics – Identifying Ecoclines and Ecotones......Page 93
   3.3.3 Lagrangian Approaches......Page 95
   3.4.1 Broad‐scale Migrations across Pelagic Seascapes......Page 97
   3.4.2 Linking Animal Movements to the Spatial Patterning of Pelagic Seascapes......Page 98
   3.4.3 Incorporating the Vertical Dimension in Spatial Ecoinformatics......Page 99
  3.5 Conclusions and Future Research Priorities......Page 100
  3.6 Glossary......Page 101
  References......Page 102
  4.1 Introduction......Page 115
   4.1.1 The Development of the Concept of Scale in the Twentieth Century......Page 116
   4.1.2 Prevalence and Usage of ‘Scale’ in the Scientific Literature......Page 117
   4.1.3 Definition of Scale......Page 119
   4.2.1 Graphical Expression of Scale......Page 120
   4.2.2 Graphical Expression of Scale in Research Planning......Page 122
   4.2.3 Formal Expression of Scale: Scope, Similarity and Power Laws......Page 125
   4.2.4 Scaling Manoeuvres......Page 127
   4.2.5 Ratio of Rates in Research Planning......Page 129
  4.3 Spatial and Temporal Scaling in Estimating Uncertainty......Page 132
  4.4 Spatial and Temporal Scaling in the Pelagic and Benthic Realms......Page 133
   4.5.2 From Comparative to Confirmatory Modes of Investigation......Page 134
   4.5.3 From Hypothesis Testing to Likelihood......Page 136
  4.6 From Ceteris Paribus to Dimensional Thinking......Page 137
  References......Page 138
Part II Linking Seascape Patterns and Ecological Processes......Page 145
  5.1 Introduction......Page 147
  5.2 Structural Processes and Change in Coastal Seascapes......Page 148
   5.2.2 Processes Creating and Maintaining Salt‐Marsh Seascapes......Page 151
   5.3.1 Seagrass Patch‐size Effects on Epifauna and Fish......Page 154
   5.3.2 Patch Edges: Conceptual Framework and Application......Page 156
    5.3.2.1 Seagrass Edge Effects on Faunal Recruitment and Distribution......Page 158
   5.3.3 Effects of Salt‐Marsh Patch Size, Edges and Connectivity on Faunal Patterns and Processes......Page 159
   5.3.4 Faunal Linkages between Salt Marshes and Seagrass Meadows......Page 161
  5.4 Challenges and Opportunities in Seascape Ecology......Page 164
  References......Page 166
  6.1 Introduction......Page 179
  6.2 From Patch Dynamics to Seascape Ecology......Page 181
  6.3 Scale......Page 184
  6.4 Factors Influencing Seascape Patchiness......Page 186
  6.5 Mapping and Quantifying Seascape Change......Page 189
   6.5.1 Habitat Mapping for Change Analysis......Page 190
   6.5.2 Characterization of Spatial Patterns......Page 192
    6.5.2.1 Continuous Metrics and Surface Analysis......Page 193
    6.5.2.3 Quantifying Seascape Change......Page 194
   6.5.3 Seascape Habitat Loss versus Fragmentation......Page 196
   6.5.4 Seascape Modelling......Page 199
  6.6 The Future of Seascape Dynamics Research......Page 201
  References......Page 203
  7.1 Introduction......Page 215
   7.1.1 Why Animal Movement is Central to Seascape Ecology......Page 217
   7.1.2 Advances in Movement Ecology and its Application in Marine Systems......Page 219
   7.1.3 Tracking and Mapping Capabilities......Page 220
  7.2 Using Animal Movements to Scale Ecological Studies......Page 222
    7.2.1.2 Component 2: Selecting Scale......Page 225
   7.3.1 Estimating and Mapping Utilisation Distributions......Page 227
   7.3.2 Analysing Spatiotemporal Utilisation Patterns......Page 230
   7.3.3 Visualizing Movement Patterns across Three Spatial Dimensions......Page 232
  7.4 Linking Animal Movement Patterns to Seascape Patterns......Page 234
   7.4.1 Linking Individual Movement Trajectories to Seascape Structure......Page 235
   7.4.2 Individual Movement and Seascape Connectivity......Page 237
   7.4.3 Linking Species Interactions and Physiology with Movements across Seascapes......Page 238
   7.4.4 Experimental Seascapes to Investigate Animal Response to Seascape Patterns......Page 240
  7.5 Implications of Animal‐Seascape Understanding for Marine Stewardship......Page 241
  References......Page 243
   8.1.1 What are IBMs?......Page 255
   8.2.1 The Effects of Habitat Structure on Populations are Consequences of Organismal Behavior......Page 257
   8.2.2 IBMs Allow for Extensive Manipulation of Seascapes......Page 261
   8.2.3 IBMs can be Used to Test for Ecological Effects of Habitat Configuration versus Habitat Amount......Page 265
   8.2.4 IBMs Allow Tests of How Seascape Change Influences Ecological Processes......Page 267
   8.2.5 IBMs Allow the Coupling of Processes Operating over Different Scales......Page 271
   8.3.1 Parameterization......Page 272
   8.3.2 Movement and Habitat Selection......Page 273
   8.3.3 Seascape and Habitat Structure......Page 274
  8.4 Challenges and Future Directions in Using IBMs to Explore Seascapes......Page 275
  References......Page 277
Part III Seascape Connectivity......Page 285
  9.2 Global Synthesis of Connectivity Research......Page 287
   9.2.1 Research Theme......Page 289
   9.2.2 Geographical Distribution......Page 290
   9.2.3 Biological and Functional Consequences......Page 292
   9.2.4 Connectivity is Scale Dependent......Page 293
   9.3.1 Tags and Telemetry......Page 294
   9.3.3 Genetics......Page 295
   9.4.1 Focal Topic 1: Fish Movements Connecting Tropical Coastal Seascapes......Page 296
   9.4.2 Focal Topic 2: Connectivity across the Land‐Sea Interface......Page 299
  9.5 Integrating Connectivity into Marine Spatial Planning......Page 301
  9.6 Conclusions and Future Research Priorities......Page 305
  References......Page 306
  10.1 Introduction......Page 319
   10.1.1 Structural Connectivity......Page 321
   10.1.3 Realised Connectivity......Page 322
   10.2.1 Defining Nodes and Links......Page 323
  10.3 Modelling Marine Population Connectivity......Page 326
   10.3.1 Empirical Estimates of Marine Population Connectivity......Page 327
  10.4 Network Analysis of Marine Population Connectivity......Page 329
   10.4.1 Node and Neighbourhood‐level Metrics......Page 331
   10.4.3 Graph‐level Metrics......Page 332
   10.4.4 Insights from Classic Networks......Page 333
   10.4.7 Scale‐free Networks......Page 334
  10.5 Case Study in Marine Connectivity: Hawaiian Islands......Page 335
  10.6 Conclusions and Future Research Priorities......Page 338
  References......Page 339
  11.1 Introduction......Page 345
  11.2 Landscape Ecology as a Guiding Framework for Integrated Land‐Sea Management......Page 348
   11.3.1 Measuring Threat Exposure from Land‐based Sources......Page 350
    11.3.2.2 Hydrological Models......Page 351
    11.3.2.3 Nearshore Dynamics......Page 352
    11.3.2.4 Ecological Response and Social‐Ecological Systems Models......Page 353
   11.3.3 Decision Analysis and Support......Page 355
   11.4.1 Hawai‘i......Page 356
    11.4.1.1 Estimating Spatial Patterns of Erosion from Land Cover Change and Exposure of Reefs in Maui......Page 357
    11.4.2.1 Summit to Sea Runoff Modelling for St John, US Virgin Islands......Page 360
    11.4.2.2 Land‐Sea Decision Support Modelling for the Northeast Marine Corridor, Puerto Rico......Page 362
   11.4.3 Australia......Page 365
    11.4.3.1 Edgecumbe Bay Receiving Waters (Gregory and Eden Lassie Creek Sub‐basins)......Page 368
  11.5 Towards Applying Landscape Ecology to Land‐Sea Modelling and Management......Page 373
  References......Page 376
Part IV People and Seascapes......Page 391
  12.1 Introduction......Page 393
   12.1.1 What can Landscape Ecology Offer?......Page 395
   12.1.2 A Shift towards a more Holistic Systems Approach for Marine Stewardship......Page 396
  12.2 People as Part of the Seascape......Page 399
  12.3 How Holistic Systems Science can Help Seascape Ecology......Page 401
   12.3.1 Properties of an Ecological Systems Approach......Page 402
   12.3.2 The Rise of Whole‐of‐System Modelling......Page 403
  12.4 Connecting Seascape Patterns to Human Health, Livelihoods and Wellbeing......Page 405
  12.5 Conclusions and Future Research Priorities......Page 407
  References......Page 410
  13.1 Introduction......Page 417
  13.2 Seascape Ecology, Spatial Patterns and Scale......Page 419
   13.2.1 Scale and Scaling......Page 421
  13.3 Human Use Data Types and Geographical Information Systems......Page 422
   13.3.1 Mapping Human Behaviour across the Seascape......Page 423
    13.3.1.1 Remote Sensing......Page 424
    13.3.1.2 Participatory Mapping and Spatial Analysis......Page 427
    13.3.1.4 Mapping Ecosystem Services......Page 428
  13.4 Modelling Human‐Seascape Interactions with a Systems Approach......Page 429
   13.4.1 Custom‐built Statistical Models......Page 431
   13.4.2 Predefined Statistical Routines......Page 432
   13.4.3 Discrete Choice Models......Page 433
   13.4.4 Simulation Modelling......Page 434
   13.4.5 Agent‐based Models......Page 437
   13.4.6 Pattern‐oriented Modelling......Page 438
  13.5 Conclusions and Future Research Priorities......Page 441
  References......Page 444
  14.1 Introduction......Page 455
  14.2 Applying Landscape Ecology Principles in the Marine Environment......Page 456
  14.3 Case Study: Applying Landscape Ecology to Evaluate a Network of MPAs in California......Page 464
   14.3.1 California Seafloor Data Sets......Page 465
   14.3.2 MPA Goal: Habitat Replication and Representativeness......Page 467
   14.3.3 MPA Goal: Protect Diversity and Abundance of Marine Life......Page 468
   14.3.4 MPA Goal: Reduce Movement across Boundaries......Page 470
   14.4.1 Mapping Technologies......Page 474
   14.4.3 Scale of Interaction between Species and Environment......Page 475
   14.4.5 Population Connectivity......Page 476
  14.5 Conclusions and Future Research Priorities......Page 477
  References......Page 478
  15.1 Introduction......Page 491
  15.2 Habitat Connectivity and Seascape Goods and Services......Page 493
  15.3 Valuing Seascape Goods and Services......Page 494
  15.4 Example of a Mangrove‐Coral Reef Seascape......Page 498
  15.5 Conclusions and Future Research Priorities......Page 502
  References......Page 504
Part V Epilogue......Page 509
   16.2 From Landscapes to Seascapes (and Back Again)......Page 511
   16.3 Seascape Ecology and Landscape Ecology: Distinct, Related and Synergistic......Page 513
   16.3.2 Seascape Ecology......Page 514
   16.3.3 How can Landscape and Seascape Ecology Interact with Each Other?......Page 515
   16.4 Seascape Ecology......Page 517
  References......Page 519
Index......Page 521
EULA......Page 528