Searching for Sustainability: Interdisciplinary Essays in the Philosophy of Conservation Biology

Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
General Introduction......Page 13
I Pragmatism as an Environmental Philosophy......Page 21
1 The Constancy of Leopold’s Land Ethic......Page 25
I......Page 26
II......Page 33
III......Page 35
IV......Page 38
NOTES......Page 40
LITERATURE CITED......Page 41
2 Thoreau and Leopold on Science and Values......Page 42
THOREAU'S TRANSFORMATIVE VALUES......Page 43
THE DYNAMICS OF NATURE AND THE DYNAMICS OF CONSCIOUSNESS......Page 46
THE ENVIRONMENTALISTS' DILEMMA REVISITED......Page 50
THOREAU'S SCIENCE......Page 51
ALDO LEOPOLD AND SCIENTIFIC CONTEXTUALISM......Page 53
REFERENCES......Page 57
INTRODUCTION: THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICISTS IN POLICY PROCESS......Page 59
PART 1: MONISM AND THE MISSION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS......Page 63
Callicott’s Dilemma......Page 64
Non-Anthropocentrism and the Land Ethic......Page 69
The Scope of Environmental Ethics......Page 71
Ontology and Epistemology......Page 72
PART 2: AN ALTERNATIVE TO ONTOLOGY......Page 75
Nature as a Multi-Scalar, Open System......Page 77
A Tri-Scalar Model......Page 79
CONCLUSION......Page 84
NOTES......Page 85
4 Convergence Corroborated......Page 90
NOTES......Page 97
INTRODUCTION......Page 100
1. 'CONFORM' VERSUS 'TRANSFORM' THEORIES OF TRUTH......Page 101
2. OBJECTIVITY, ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY......Page 104
3. PRAGMATISM AND SUSTAINABILITY THEORY......Page 110
NOTES......Page 113
REFERENCES......Page 115
II Science, Policy, and Policy Science......Page 117
6 What Is a Conservation Biologist?......Page 119
7 Biological Resources and Endangered Species......Page 122
Phase 1: Single-Species Protection (1800–1980)......Page 123
Phase 2: Biodiversity (1980–1988)......Page 126
Phase 3: Sustainability of Ecosystem Health (1988–present)......Page 127
WHY WE NEED THE (ANACHRONISTIC) ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT......Page 128
APPLYING THE U.S. EXPERIENCE TO GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY......Page 137
CONCLUSION......Page 138
REFERENCES......Page 139
8 Leopold as Practical Moralist and Pragmatic Policy Analyst......Page 142
NOTES......Page 147
INTRODUCTION: DO WE NEED NEW TERMINOLOGY FOR ECOLOGICAL COMMUNICATION?......Page 148
PART 1. ECOLOGY'S COMMUNICATION PROBLEM......Page 151
PART 2. SERIAL THINKING VERSUS INTEGRATED THINKING IN ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH......Page 155
PART 3. THE IMPACT OF ECOLOGISTS ON POLICY: THE CASE OF WETLANDS......Page 158
PART 4. SCALING AND VALUING IN SCIENCE AND POLICY......Page 164
PART 5. SOME CHARACTERSTICS OF AN INTEGRATED LANGUAGE OF MANAGEMENT......Page 168
1. Adaptive Management......Page 169
2. Perspective and Place......Page 170
5. Normative Content......Page 171
6. Communication Enhancement......Page 172
CONCLUSION: DO WE NEED NEW TERMINOLOGY?......Page 173
LITERATURE CITED......Page 174
III Economics and Environmental Sustainability......Page 177
10 Sustainability, Human Welfare, and Ecosystem Health......Page 180
PART I. SUSTAINABILITY AND HUMAN WELFARE......Page 181
PART II. A CLASSIFICATION OF RISKS......Page 183
PART III. SCIENTIFIC CONTEXTUALISM......Page 186
PART IV. HEALTH, INTEGRITY, AND SUSTAINABILITY......Page 188
CONCLUSION......Page 191
NOTES......Page 192
REFERENCES......Page 193
INTRODUCTION......Page 195
I. ECONOMICS AND THE STUDY OF PREFERENCES......Page 196
II. CONSUMER SOVEREIGNTY......Page 199
1. The Competitive Advantage Argument......Page 200
3. The Value Neutrality Argument......Page 201
4. The Democracy Argument......Page 203
5. The Positivist/Emotivist Argument......Page 204
III. CONCLUSION......Page 209
NOTES......Page 210
REFERENCES......Page 211
1. INTRODUCTION: ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND ANALYSIS: A SHARED CRISIS......Page 213
2. DEFINITIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY LOCATE A PARADIGMATIC SPLIT IN POLICY MODELS......Page 215
3. COMPETING PARADIGMS......Page 216
4. A NEUTRAL CONCEPTUAL GEOGRAPHY......Page 222
5. THE EXTRAPARADIGMATIC DEBATE ANALYSED......Page 229
6. CONCLUSION......Page 233
NOTES......Page 234
REFERENCES......Page 235
I. INTRODUCTION: ECOLOGISTS, ECONOMISTS, AND THE SEARCH FOR SUSTAINABLE POLICIES......Page 237
II. REVERSIBILITY AND SUBSTITUTABILITY......Page 239
III. VALUES, VALUATION, AND ACCOUNTING......Page 245
IV. A TWO-TIER DECISION MODEL......Page 248
V. SCALE-SENSITIVE EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES......Page 250
VI. CONCLUSION......Page 252
NOTES......Page 253
REFERENCES......Page 255
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 261
2. FIXED TASTES, PREFERENCES, AND CONSUMER SOVEREIGNTY......Page 263
3. FOUR DEGREES OF CONSUMER SOVEREIGNTY......Page 265
3.1. Degree 1: Unchanging Preferences......Page 266
3.3. Degree 3: Consumer Sovereignty as Commitment to Democracy......Page 268
3.4. Degree 4: Democratic Preference Change......Page 270
4. HOW PREFERENCES CHANGE......Page 272
6. CULTURAL VERSUS GENETIC EVOLUTION......Page 274
7. PROSPECTIVE: VALUES AND THE FUTURE......Page 277
8. CONCLUSIONS......Page 284
REFERENCES......Page 286
IV Scaling Sustainability......Page 289
15 Context and Hierarchy in Aldo Leopold’s Theory of Environmental Management......Page 292
CONCLUSION......Page 298
REFERENCES......Page 299
INTRODUCTION......Page 300
A THEORY OF SCALE FOR BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION......Page 301
Scale and Biodiversity Policy......Page 304
WHOLE ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT......Page 307
AUTOPOIETIC SYSTEMS......Page 309
THE VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY......Page 312
CONCLUSION......Page 313
REFERENCES AND NOTES......Page 315
INTRODUCTION: THE SEARCH FOR A TRANSDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE OF SUSTAINABILITY......Page 317
ADAPTIVE MODELING OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS......Page 320
INTEGRATING ECOLOGY AND ECONOMICS: CURRENT APPROACHES......Page 322
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AS PROBLEMS OF SCALE......Page 323
HOLLING’S PANARCHY AS A SCALE-SENSITIVE MODEL OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS......Page 327
DEFINING INTEGRITY......Page 328
SPATIO-TEMPORAL INTEGRITY AS A GUIDE TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY......Page 330
WIN–WIN STRATEGIES IN A MULTISCALAR SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT......Page 332
CONCLUSION......Page 335
REFERENCES......Page 337
18 Change, Constancy, and Creativity......Page 340
A. The Argument from Constant Change......Page 341
B. The Argument against Grand Theory......Page 342
C. Responses to the Arguments of the New Ecology......Page 343
II. RE-THINKING ECOLOGICAL CONSTANCY......Page 345
III. ORGANICISM: WEAK AND STRONG VERSIONS......Page 348
IV. RESPONDING TO ORGANICISM......Page 351
NOTES......Page 355
19 Democracy and Sense of Place Values in Environmental Policy......Page 357
AN EXAMPLE......Page 363
Locality......Page 366
Pervasiveness......Page 367
Partial Measurability......Page 369
A CLASSIFICATION OF PLACE-RELATIVE VALUES......Page 371
MEASURING AND AGGREGATING SENSE OF PLACE VALUES......Page 372
APPLICATIONS TO POLICY AND PLANNING......Page 376
REFERENCES......Page 379
V Some Elements of a Philosophy of Sustainable Living......Page 385
20 Caring for Nature......Page 387
WILD ANIMALS......Page 390
OBLIGATIONS TO SUSTAIN NATURAL PROCESSES......Page 391
WILD ANIMALS IN ZOOS......Page 395
ANIMAL ALTRUISM......Page 397
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 404
NOTES......Page 405
REFERENCES......Page 406
PART 1. VALUE THEORIES AND BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY......Page 408
PART 2. RE-THINKING THE PROBLEM OF CONSERVATION
 PRIORITIES/TARGETS......Page 413
PART 3. ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT: A PROCESS-ORIENTED APPROACH......Page 416
PART 4. ALTERNATIVES TO MONISTIC ASSUMPTIONS AND THE ENTITY ORIENTATION......Page 421
CONCLUSION......Page 427
NOTES......Page 428
INTRODUCTION: WHAT DO WE OWE THE FUTURE?......Page 432
1. The Trade-Offs Problem......Page 434
2. The Distance Problem......Page 435
4. The Typology of Effects Problem......Page 436
PART 2. SOLOW AND THE GRAND SIMPLIFICATION......Page 437
PART 3. THE SEARCH FOR STRONGER ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY......Page 440
1. Toxic Time Bomb Cases......Page 444
4. Severe but Gradual Ecological Declines......Page 445
PART 5. PASSMORE AND SHARED MORAL COMMUNITIES......Page 451
PART 6. WHAT DO WE OWE THE FUTURE (II)?......Page 455
NOTES......Page 459
VI Valuing Sustainability: Toward a More Comprehensive Approach to Environmental Evaluation......Page 469
23 Commodity, Amenity, and Morality......Page 472
REFERENCES......Page 478
24 The Cultural Approach to Conservation Biology......Page 479
REFERENCES......Page 488
1. INTRODUTION......Page 490
2. A DILEMMA......Page 491
3. OPTIONS VERSUS CONSTRAINTS AS A GUIDE TO LONGTERM MANAGEMENT......Page 493
4. OPERATIONALIZING THE OPPORTUNITIES/CONSTRAINTS INDEX......Page 496
5. THE RECONCILIATION PROBLEM......Page 501
6. CONCLUSION......Page 503
REFERENCES......Page 504
OUR BEQUEST TO THE FUTURE......Page 505
A QUESTION OF ECONOMICS?......Page 506
AN ECOLOGICALLY INFORMED SAFE MINIMUM STANDARD CRITERION......Page 512
BIODIVERSITY AND RESOURCES......Page 513
INTERPRETING “UNBEARABLE COSTS”......Page 517
REFERENCES......Page 524
INTRODUCTION......Page 526
PART I. ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT: AN EMERGING PARADIGM?......Page 530
PART II. AN EVALUATIVE APPROACH FOR ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT......Page 537
PART III. SOME HEURISTICS FOR PARTICIPANTS IN ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT PROCESSES......Page 543
A Process Heuristic......Page 546
An Evaluative Heuristic......Page 547
PART IV. EVALUATING DEVELOPMENT PATHS IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS: AN APPLICATION......Page 550
CONCLUSION......Page 555
NOTES......Page 556
REFERENCES......Page 557
Index......Page 561