Scott-Brown's Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery - Vol 3

cover page......Page 1
about......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 7
How to use this book......Page 33
Abbreviations......Page 35
PART 1: CELL BIOLOGY......Page 49
1: Molecular biology......Page 51
INTRODUCTION TO DNA AND ITS USE......Page 63
GENE INTERACTIONS......Page 64
WHAT IS THE CONTRIBUTION OF GENETICS TO HEARING IMPAIRMENT......Page 65
INHERITANCE......Page 66
MAPPING AND CLONING GENES......Page 67
WHAT LESSONS HAVE WE LEARNED FROM GENETIC RESEARCH SO FAR......Page 68
INTRODUCTION......Page 71
Plasmid DNA......Page 74
Retrovirus......Page 75
IMMUNE MODULATION......Page 76
SELECTIVE ONCOLYTIC VIRUS......Page 77
CELL CYCLE......Page 82
Tumour size......Page 84
according to mechanism......Page 85
CHEMOTHERAPY STRATEGIES......Page 88
INTRODUCTION......Page 95
FRACTIONATION......Page 96
RADIOSENSITIZERS......Page 97
BIOREDUCTIVE DRUGS......Page 98
ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY......Page 99
TARGETED THERAPIES......Page 100
OVERVIEW......Page 104
Summary of d!fferences between apoptosis and necrosis.......Page 105
Stimuli capable of triggering apoptosis......Page 106
Morphological cellular changes......Page 107
Biochemical identification......Page 108
APOPTOSIS IN DISEASE......Page 109
Apoptosis and carcinogenesis......Page 110
STEM CEllS......Page 114
ASYMMETRIC DIVISION......Page 115
STEM CELL HIERARCHIES......Page 116
CARCINOGENETIC POTENTIAL OF STEM CELLS......Page 117
PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS MAY BE ISOLATED FROM ADULT TISSUES......Page 118
STEM CELL MIGRATION......Page 119
BONE MARROW HAS TWO POPULATIONS OF MULTIPOTENT CELLS......Page 120
THERAPEUTIC USE OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS......Page 121
CQCHLEAR HAIR CELLS......Page 123
PART 2: WOUND HEALING......Page 133
INTRODUCTION......Page 135
Inflammation......Page 136
LATE INFLAMMATION......Page 137
RE-EPITH ELlALIZA TION......Page 138
Fibroplasia......Page 139
remodelling......Page 141
REPAIR OF BONE TISSUE......Page 142
Pressure ulcers......Page 145
DEFINITION......Page 158
SKIN FLAP DESIGN......Page 159
Surgical delay......Page 162
Leeches......Page 163
INTRODUCTION......Page 166
Metals......Page 167
Ceramics......Page 168
Polymers......Page 169
Characteristics of scaffolds......Page 170
Bioactive glasses......Page 171
PART 3: IMMUNOLOGY......Page 179
11: Defence mechanisms......Page 181
12: Allergy: basic mechanisms and tests......Page 192
13: Evaluation of the immune system......Page 215
14: Primary immunodeficiencies......Page 222
15: Rheumatological diseases......Page 231
PART 4: MICROBIOLOGY......Page 241
16: Microorganisms......Page 243
17: Viruses and antiviral agents......Page 252
18: Fungi......Page 261
19: Antimicrobial therapy......Page 276
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS......Page 286
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 287
INNER EAR......Page 288
NOSE AND PARANASAL SINUS......Page 289
ORAL CAVITY......Page 290
PHARYNX AND LARYNX......Page 291
OESOPHAGUS......Page 292
SALIVARY GLANDS......Page 293
NECK......Page 294
DERMATOLOGIC......Page 295
PART 5: HAEMATOLOGY......Page 299
21: Blood groups, blood components and alternatives to transfusion......Page 301
22: Haemato-oncology......Page 313
23: Haemostasis: normal physiology, disorders of haemostasis and thrombosis and their management......Page 326
COAGULATION INHIBITORS......Page 327
PART 6: ENDOCRINOLOGY......Page 341
24: The pituitary gland: anatomy and physiology......Page 343
25: The pituitary: imaging and tests of function......Page 351
Embryology......Page 362
Macroscopic anatomy......Page 364
Microscopic anatomy......Page 367
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE THYROID......Page 369
Parafollicular cells (C cerls)......Page 372
27: The thyroid gland: function tests and imaging......Page 375
Imaging investigations......Page 376
INVESTIGATION OF ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE......Page 380
INVESTIGATION OF STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES WITH ABNORMAL FUNCTION......Page 382
THYROTOXICOSIS......Page 386
Graves\' disease......Page 388
Toxic adenoma......Page 393
The treatment of thyrotoxicosis......Page 394
Subacute (granulomatous/DeQuervain\'s) thyroiditis......Page 399
HYPOTHYROIDISM......Page 401
Treatment of hypothyroidism......Page 405
POST-PARTUM THYROIDITIS......Page 406
GRAVES\' DISEASE IN PREGNANCY......Page 407
Nodular thyroid disease......Page 408
INVESTIGATION OF NODULAR THYROID DISEASE......Page 409
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF NODULAR THYROID DISEASE......Page 410
New approaches to the management of solitary nodules......Page 411
DEVELOPMENT OF PARATHYROID GLANDS......Page 415
ANATOMY OF PARATHYROID GLANDS......Page 417
PHYSIOLOGY OF PARATHYROID GLANDS......Page 421
Summary of calcium homeostasis......Page 423
Calcium......Page 427
PTH......Page 430
DUAL ISOTOPE SUBTRACTION SCANS......Page 431
Indications for parathyroid imaging......Page 432
31: Parathyroid dysfunction: medical and surgical therapy......Page 435
PTH......Page 436
PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM......Page 437
Sestamibi scintiscan......Page 439
Positron emission tomography scanning......Page 440
Conventional parathyroidectomy......Page 441
Radio-guided parathyroidectomy......Page 442
SECONDARY AND TERTIARY HPT......Page 443
32: Head and neck manifestations of endocrine disease......Page 446
PART 7: PHARMACOTHERAPEUTI CS......Page 453
33: Drug administration and monitoring......Page 455
34: Corticosteroids I n otolaryngology......Page 466
35: Drug therapy in otology......Page 477
36: Drug therapy in rhinology......Page 484
37: Drug therapy in laryngology and head and neck surgery......Page 494
PART 8: PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT......Page 503
38: Preparation of the patient for surgery......Page 505
39: Recognition and management of the difficult airway......Page 515
40: Adult anaesthesia......Page 536
41: Paediatric anaesthesia......Page 555
42: Adult critical care......Page 574
43: Paediatric intensive care......Page 590
PART 9: SAFE AND EFFECTIVE PRACTICE......Page 597
44: Training, accreditation and the maintenance of skills......Page 599
45:\rCommunication and the medical consultation......Page 607
46: Clinical governance: Improving the quality of patient care......Page 616
47: MedicaI ethics......Page 629
48: Medical jurisprudence and otorhinolaryngology......Page 642
PART 10: INTERPRETATION AND MANAGEMENT OF DATA......Page 661
INTRODUCTION......Page 663
The concept of the determinant-occurrence relationship......Page 664
Essential components of a protocol for an epidemiological study......Page 666
Algorithm for classification of types of clinical research.......Page 667
three sources of random and systematic error......Page 669
Minimizing bias and confounding......Page 672
DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES......Page 673
CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES......Page 674
CASE-CONTROL STUD IES......Page 675
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS......Page 676
50: Outcomes research......Page 681
51: Evidence-based medicine......Page 693
52: Critical appraisal skills......Page 697
PART 11: RECENT ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY......Page 721
An overview of functional brain imaging methods......Page 723
Generation of image contrast in functional magnetic resonance imaging......Page 724
Perfusion functional magnetic resonance imaging......Page 725
Analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies......Page 726
Defining functional relations between brain regions......Page 728
CONCLUSIONS......Page 729
PRINCIPLES OF PET......Page 732
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA......Page 734
Recurrent/residual disease......Page 735
Post-treatment neck assessment......Page 738
OCCULT PRIMARY TUMOURS......Page 739
OTHER MALIGNANT TUMOURS......Page 740
ALTERNATIVE IMAGING METHODS FOR FDG UPTAKE......Page 742
NONONCOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS......Page 744
55: Image-guided surgery, 3D planning and reconstruction......Page 749
BASIC PHYSICS AND EQUIPMENT DESIGN......Page 759
PHYSICS OF ULTRASOUND......Page 760
TRANSDUCER SELECTION......Page 761
MICROBUBBLE CONTRAST AGENTS......Page 762
Lymph nodes......Page 763
Thyroid gland......Page 766
RELIABILITY OF ULTRASOUND EXAMINATION OF THYROID NODULES......Page 769
Salivary gland disease......Page 770
SIALOLITHIASIS......Page 771
Laryngoceles......Page 772
Ranulas......Page 773
Lymphangiomas......Page 774
INTRODUCTION......Page 779
Endovascular catheters......Page 780
LIQUID EMBOLIC AGENTS......Page 781
PERCUTANEOUS EMBOLIZATION......Page 782
Temporary and permanent large artery occlusions......Page 783
EMBOLIZATION FOR EPISTAXIS......Page 787
PRINCIPLES OF LASER ACTION......Page 790
LASER LIGHT DELIVERY DEVICES......Page 791
PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY IN OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY......Page 793
Photodynamic clinical reports in otorhinolaryngology......Page 794
59: Electrophysiology and monitoring......Page 796
PREDICTING POSTOPERATIVE FACIAL FUNCTION......Page 797
MONITORING AUDITORY FUNCTION......Page 798
EVIDENCE OF THE EFFICACY OF MONITORING AUDITORY FUNCTION......Page 799
INTRODUCTION......Page 803
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY: SYSTEM OPERATION......Page 804
POLARIZATION-SENSITIVE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY......Page 805
SUMMARY......Page 807
INTRODUCTION......Page 810
Abnormal appearance......Page 811
CONTACT ENDOSCOPY OF THE NASAL CAVITY......Page 812
CONTACT ENDOSCOPY OF THE NASOPHARYNX......Page 814
SUMMARY......Page 815
PART 12: PAEDIATRIC OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY......Page 817
62: Introduction......Page 819
63: The paediatric consultation......Page 824
64: ENT input for children with special needs......Page 831
65: Head and neck embryology......Page 840
66: Molecular otology, development of the auditory system and recent advances in genetic manipulation......Page 859
Screening......Page 869
Congenital permanent bilateral hearing loss......Page 871
Auditory neuropathy/dys-synchrony......Page 872
Late identification......Page 873
Current screening tests available......Page 874
Performance of universal newborn hearing screening......Page 875
THE EIGHT-MONTH lDT SCREEN......Page 876
SURVEILLANCE......Page 877
SURVEILLANCE FOR OTITIS MEDIA WITH EFFUSION......Page 878
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL TESTING......Page 882
BEHAVIOURAL OBSERVATION AUDIOMETRY......Page 883
THE DISTRACTION TEST......Page 884
VISUAL REINFORCEMENT AUDIOMETRY......Page 885
PERFORMANCE TESTI NG......Page 887
PURE TONE AUDIOMETRY......Page 888
AUDITORY SPEECH DISCRIMINATION TESTS......Page 889
EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 892
AETIOLOGY......Page 893
MUMPS......Page 895
Investigations......Page 898
Genetic counselling......Page 900
MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDERS WITH HEARING LOSS AS A POSSIBLE FEATURE......Page 901
Current status......Page 908
Prelingual deafness......Page 909
Post-lingual candidates......Page 910
Medical assessment......Page 911
Complications......Page 912
POSTOPERATIVE HABILITATION......Page 913
CONTROVERSIES IN MANAGEMENT......Page 914
CLASSIFICATION......Page 917
INCIDENCE......Page 918
Isolated stapes ankylosis......Page 919
Congenital aplasia or severe dysplasia of theoval and round windows......Page 920
Anomalous course of the facial nerve......Page 921
Aberrant internal carotid artery......Page 922
DEFINITION......Page 925
AETIO-PATHOLOGY......Page 926
EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 928
DIAGNOSIS......Page 932
OUTCOMES OF CHILDHOOD OME......Page 939
MANAGEMENT......Page 943
DEFINITION......Page 960
DIAG NOSIS......Page 961
AETIOLOGY......Page 962
Routes of spread of infection......Page 963
SYNDROMIC ASSOCIATIONS......Page 964
M EDICAL TREATM ENT......Page 965
Mx of recurrent AOM......Page 966
Extracranial......Page 969
Intracranial......Page 971
74: Chronic otitis media In childhood......Page 976
Resolution : new classification......Page 977
HISTOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA......Page 978
WHAT MAY PREVENT RESOLUTION OF OTITIS MEDIA?......Page 979
Classification......Page 980
Risk factors......Page 981
Clinical presentation......Page 982
MEDICAL TREATMENT......Page 984
SURGICAL......Page 986
TIMING OF TYMPANOPLASTY IN CHILDREN......Page 987
OUTCOMES OF SURGERY FOR TYMPANIC MEMBRANE PERFORATION......Page 988
pathology......Page 989
Definitions and classification......Page 990
Natural history......Page 991
STAGING THE RETRACTION POCKET......Page 992
REINFORCEMENT TYMPANOPLASTY......Page 993
Long term results......Page 994
Pathogenesis and classification......Page 995
Symptoms......Page 997
AUDIOLOGY......Page 998
SURGICAL......Page 999
PREVENTION OF RECURRENT CHOLESTEATOMA......Page 1001
OSSICULAR EROSION IN CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA......Page 1002
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1004
Pinna......Page 1013
Inner ear......Page 1014
Syndromic associations......Page 1015
What is normal......Page 1016
Tags......Page 1017
Prominent (\'bat\') ears......Page 1018
-Bumps\' and clefts......Page 1020
Cryptotia (,the hidden ear\')......Page 1021
Splintage......Page 1022
Classification of microtia......Page 1023
Classification of atresia......Page 1024
Principles of treatment......Page 1025
MICROTIA AND ANOTIA......Page 1027
ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT......Page 1028
Cholesteatoma in atretic ears......Page 1029
RECONSTRUCTIVE MIDDLE EAR SURGERY......Page 1030
THE BONE-ANCHORED HEARING AID......Page 1033
76: Disorders of speech and language In paediatric otolaryngology......Page 1038
CLASSIFICATION......Page 1044
EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 1045
NORMAL EMBRYOGENESIS......Page 1046
EMBRYOPATHY OF FACIAL CLEFTING......Page 1047
MANAGEMENT OF CLEFT LIP AND PALATE......Page 1049
General principles......Page 1050
Timing of surgery......Page 1051
Unilateral cleft lip......Page 1052
Alveolar cleft......Page 1053
Hard palate repair......Page 1054
Anatomy and function of the soft palate......Page 1056
Velopharyngeal insufficiency......Page 1058
78: Craniofacial anomalies: genetics and management......Page 1067
MATURATION OF THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM......Page 1088
causes of childhood vestibular symptoms......Page 1089
Investigations......Page 1090
Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood......Page 1092
Seizure disorders......Page 1093
Dehiscent superior semicircular canal syndrome......Page 1094
Drug-induced vertigo or imbalance......Page 1095
Surgery for vertigo......Page 1097
INTRODUCTION......Page 1100
History taking and examination......Page 1102
Familial facial paralysis......Page 1103
VIRAL INFECTIONS......Page 1104
Traumatic......Page 1105
Neoplasms......Page 1106
IDIOPATHIC......Page 1107
AETIOLOGY......Page 1111
ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT......Page 1112
CONTROVERSIES IN MANAGEMENT......Page 1113
CLINICAL GUIDELINES......Page 1115
CHOANAL ATRESIA......Page 1118
Congenital causes of nasal obstruction in children.......Page 1119
83: Paediatric rhinosinusitis......Page 1127
Acquired immune suppression......Page 1129
Immunotherapy......Page 1131
Turbinate reduction surgery......Page 1132
Endoscopic sinus surgery......Page 1133
Complications of paediatric rhinosinusitis.......Page 1134
Chandler\'s classification of orbital infection.......Page 1135
IMMUNE FUNCTION OF THE ADENOID......Page 1142
PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE ADENOID......Page 1143
examination......Page 1144
COMPLICATIONS OF ADENOIDECTOMY......Page 1145
DEFINITIONS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 1150
Children with increased risk of OSA.......Page 1151
Pulse oxymetry......Page 1153
Sleep nasendoscopy......Page 1154
Imaging......Page 1155
CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE......Page 1156
TREATMENT OPTIONS ACCORDING TO THE LEVEL OF OBSTRUCTION......Page 1157
The challenge of managing a stridulous child......Page 1162
ASSESSMENT......Page 1163
History......Page 1164
Examination......Page 1166
Endoscopy......Page 1167
BRONCHOSCOPY......Page 1170
MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION......Page 1171
Emergency tracheotomy......Page 1172
87: Acute laryngeal infections......Page 1175
CROUP......Page 1176
BACTERIAL LARYNGOTRACHEOBRONCHITIS......Page 1177
ACUTE EPIGLOTTITIS......Page 1178
Haemophilus influenzae type b immunization......Page 1179
Nasotracheal intubation......Page 1180
Tracheostomy......Page 1181
LARYNGOMALACIA......Page 1183
SACCULAR CYSTS AND LARYNGOCOELES......Page 1184
LARYNGEAL ATRESIA......Page 1185
VOCAL CORD PARALYSIS......Page 1186
CONGENITAL SUBGLOTIIC STENOSIS......Page 1187
SUBGLOTIIC HAEMANGIOMA......Page 1188
LARYNGEAL AND LARYNGOTRACHEOESOPHAGEAL CLEFr......Page 1189
Stenosis......Page 1190
Tracheomalacia and bronchomalacia......Page 1192
Tracheo-oesophageal fistula......Page 1193
VASCULAR SLING......Page 1194
Congenital cysts and tumours......Page 1195
89: Laryngeal stenosis......Page 1198
Imaging studies......Page 1199
Endoscopic airway evaluation......Page 1200
CONSIDERATIONS PRIOR TO LARYNGEAL RECONSTRUCTION......Page 1203
90: Paediatric voice disorders......Page 1215
AETIOLOGY......Page 1222
DIAGNOSIS......Page 1223
CO2 • KTP. ND:YAG AND PULSED-DYE LASER......Page 1224
Adjuvant therapy......Page 1225
ACYCLOVIR......Page 1226
TRACHEOSTOMY......Page 1227
MALIGNANT DISEASE......Page 1228
FOREIGN BODIES IN THE EAR CANAL......Page 1232
INGESTED FOREIGN BODIES......Page 1234
Trachea-bronchial tree......Page 1236
INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 1242
INDICATIONS FOR PAEDIATRIC TRACHEOSTOMY......Page 1243
TECHNIQUES OF TRACHEOSTOMY SPECIFIC TO CHILDREN......Page 1244
TRACHEOSTOMY CARE......Page 1245
TYPES OF TRACHEOSTOMY TUBE......Page 1247
COMPLICATIONS OF TRACHEOSTOMY......Page 1249
DISCHARGE AND HOME CARE......Page 1252
DECANNULATION......Page 1253
Persistent tracheocutaneous fistula......Page 1254
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT......Page 1258
EXAMINATION......Page 1259
VIRAL UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS......Page 1260
Retropharyngeal abscess......Page 1261
Mycobacterial infections......Page 1262
KIKUCHI-FUJIMOTO DISEASE......Page 1265
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION......Page 1267
INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF THE TONSIL......Page 1268
TONSILLITIS AND PSORIASIS......Page 1272
NONINFLAMMATORY DISEASE......Page 1273
THE EVIDENCE-BASE......Page 1277
\"Coid steel\" tonsillectomy......Page 1280
Diathermy tonsillectomy......Page 1281
Mortality......Page 1283
PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT......Page 1284
ALTERNATIVES TO SURGERY......Page 1285
TONSILS AND VARIANT CREUTZFELD-JAKOB DISEASE......Page 1286
CONGENITAL DISORDERS......Page 1290
Relapsing acute parotitis......Page 1291
GRANULOMATOUS DISEASES OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS......Page 1292
Salivary gland stones......Page 1294
SALIVARY GLAND TUMOURS......Page 1295
Malignant tumours......Page 1296
EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 1299
PRESENTATION AND ASSESSMENT......Page 1300
Non-Hodgkinls lymphoma......Page 1302
Rhabdomyosarcoma......Page 1303
Thyroid carcinoma......Page 1304
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma......Page 1305
Neuroblastoma......Page 1306
Miscellaneous tumours......Page 1307
FIRST BRANCHIAL ARCH (CERVICO-AURAL) FISTULA......Page 1312
SECOND BRANCHIAL ARCH FISTULA......Page 1314
Pre-auricular sinus......Page 1315
LINGUAL THYROID......Page 1316
LYMPHANGIOMA......Page 1317
100: Gastro-oesophageal reflux and aspiration......Page 1320
101: Diseases of the oesophagus, swallowing disorders and caustic ingestion......Page 1330
102: Imaging In paediatric ENT......Page 1343
103: Medical negligence In paediatric otolaryngology......Page 1353
Index......Page 1360
facial nerve monitoring......Page 542