Science of Spices and Culinary Herbs Volume 1

Cover
Title
Copyright
End User License Agreement
Contents
Preface
List of Contributors
Saffron: The Golden Spice
	Maryam Akaberi1, Zahra Boghrati2, Mohammad Sadegh Amiri3 and Seyed Ahmad Emami1,2,*
	BOTANY, TAXONOMY, AND DISTRIBUTION
	CHEMISTRY
	ETHNOBOTANICAL AND ETHNOMEDICINAL KNOWLEDGE
	SAFFRON IN ISLAMIC TRADITIONAL MEDICINE (ITM) VERSUS MODERN MEDICINE
		Temperament
		Gastro-Intestinal Activity
		Hepatoprotective Activity
		Cardiovascular Activity
		Respiratory Disorders
		Ocular Disorders
		Anti-Depressant Activity
		Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic and Anti-Nociceptive Activities
		Aphrodisiac Property
		Protective Effects on Urogenital System Disorders
		Oxytocic Activities
	SAFFRON MECHANISM OF ACTION
	TOXICITY AND ADVERSE EFFECTS
	PHARMACOKINETIC OF SAFFRON CONSTITUENTS
	ADULTERATION
	CONTRAINDICATIONS
	CONCLUDING REMARKS
	ABBREVIATIONS
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
The Effect of Crocus Sativous (Saffron) on the Respiratory System: Traditional and Experimental Evidence
	Mohammad Hossein Boskabady1,2,*, Zahra Gholamnezhad1,2, Vahideh Ghorani1,2 and Saeideh Saadat1,2
	INTRODUCTION
	CONSTITUENTS
	METHODS
	THE EFFECT OF C. SATIVUS EXTRACT AND ITS CONSTITUENTS ON RESPIRATORY DISEASES BASED ON TRADITIONAL EVIDENCE
		Therapeutic Effects of Saffron Described in Different Nations’ Traditional Medicines
			The Effects of Saffron on Respiratory Diseases Described in Traditional Medicine
			Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Saffron Described in Traditional Medicine and their Relation with Saffron’s Effects on Respiratory Disorders
			Toxicity and Side Effect of Saffron Described in Traditional Medicine
	THE EFFECT OF C. SATIVUS EXTRACT AND ITS CONSTITUENTS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS
		In Vitro Studies
		In Vivo Studies
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Nutraceutical Activities of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and its Bioactive Constituent Curcumin
	Krishnapura Srinivasan*
	DIGESTIVE STIMULANT ACTION
	ANTI-ATHEROGENIC AND CARDIO PROTECTIVE EFFECT
	PROTECTIVE EFFECT ON ERYTHROCYTE INTEGRITY
	PREVENTION OF CHOLESTEROL GALLSTONES
	ANTIDIABETIC EFFECTS
	ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY
		Amelioration of Oxidative Stress in Diabetes
		Antioxidant Effect in Diabetic Cataract and Experimentally Induced Senile Cataract
		Hepatoprotective Effect Through Antioxidant Influence
		Renal Protective Effect Through Antioxidant Influence
		Pulmonary protective Through Antioxidant Effect
		Neuroprotective Potential Through Antioxidant Effect
		Effectiveness in Wound Healing Through Antioxidant Effect
	ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTY
	ANTIMUTAGENIC AND CANCER PREVENTIVE PROPERTY
	SAFETY OF CONSUMPTION OF TURMERIC
	EFFECTIVENESS OF COOKED TURMERIC
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Antibacterial and Anticancer Activities of Turmeric and its Active Ingredient Curcumin, and Mechanism of Action
	Dev Bukhsh Singh1,*, Ajay Kumar Maurya2 and Dipti Rai2
	INTRODUCTION
		Curcuminoids
		Antibacterial Activity
			Antibacterial Action of Curcumin against Helicobacter pylori
			Antibacterial Action of Curcumin against Staphylococcus aureus
			Antibacterial Activity of Curcumin for some other Bacteria
		Anticarcinogenic Activity
			Gastric Cancer
			Prostate Cancer
			Ovarian Cancer
			Lung Cancer
			Head and Neck Cancer
			Liver Cancer
			Skin Carcinogenesis
			Pancreatic Cancer
			Colorectal Cancer
			Breast Cancer
		Antimetastatic Activity
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Strategies for Enhancement of Bioavailability and Bioactivity of Curcumin
	D. Nedra Karunaratne1,*, Geethi K. Pamunuwa2, Irosha H. V. Nicholas3 and Isuru R. Ariyarathna4
	INTRODUCTION
	POLYMERIC NANOPARTICULATE SYSTEMS FOR IMPROVING BIOAVAILABILITY
		Techniques for Curcumin Loaded Nanoparticle Formation
			Sol Gel Technique
			Emulsion Solvent Evaporation Technique
			Ionic Gelation
			Capillary Microdot Technique
			Nanoprecipitation Method
	EMULSIONS FOR CURCUMIN DELIVERY
		Curcumin Loaded Emulsions
		Optimized Curcumin Emulsion Formulations to Enhance Physicochemical Properties and Bioavailability
			Surfactants/Co-Surfactants
			Oil Phase
		Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SEDDS)
		Co-Delivery of Curcumin
	LIPOSOMES FOR CURCUMIN DELIVERY
		Preparation of Liposomes
			Conventional Methods
			Novel Methods
		Categorization of Liposomes
			Size
			Lamellarity
			Surface Charge
			Circulation In Vivo
		Applications
		Curcumin Encapsulated Liposomes
			Aqueous Solubility and Bioavailability
			Stability
			Sustained Release
			Skin Permeation
			Cellular Uptake
			Cytotoxic/Anticancer/Antitumor Properties
			Biodistribution and Targeted Delivery of Curcumin
			Effects Against Other Diseases
	CURCUMIN COCRYSTALS TO IMPROVE SOLUBILITY
		Overview of Cocrystals
		Methods of Preparation of Cocrystals
			Solution Methods
			Grinding Methods
		Cocrystals of Curcumin
	CURCUMIN DERIVATIVES FOR ENHANCING BIOAVAILABILITY
	CONCLUDING REMARKS
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Effect of Curcumin on the Diversity of Gut Microbiota
	Wissam Zam*
	TURMERIC
	GUT MICROBIOTA
		Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota in Disease
			Gut Microbiota During Lifestage
			Homeostatic Function
			Gut Dysbiosis
		Life Style and Dietary Effect on Gut Microbiota
			Polyphenols
	EFFECTS OF CURCUMIN ON GUT MICROBIOTA
	EFFECTS OF GUT MICROBIOTA ON CURCUMIN
	CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVE
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Turmeric and Inflammatory Diseases: An Overview of Clinical Evidence
	Roodabeh Bahramsoltani1,2, Samaneh Soleymani1,2, Roja Rahimi1,2 and Mohammad Hosein Farzaei3,4,*
	INTRODUCTION
	CLINICAL STUDIES OF TURMERIC AND CURCUMIN IN INFLAMMATORY DISEASES
		Gastrointestinal Diseases
			IBD
			IBS
		Joint Disorders
			Osteoarthritis
			Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Renal Diseases
		Diseases of Oral Cavity
			Oral Lichen Planus
			Periodontitis and Gingivitis
			Chemoradiotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis
		Dermatological Disorders
			Psoriasis
			Radiation-Induced Dermatitis
		Respiratory Diseases
			Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma
			Respiratory Complications of Sulfur Mustard Intoxication
	CONCLUDING REMARKS
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Pre-Clinical/Animal Studies Conducted on Turmeric and Curcumin and Their Formulations
	Rupesh K. Gautam*, 1, Disha Arora2 and Swapnil Goyal3
	1. INTRODUCTION
		Chemical Constituents of Turmeric
		Curcumin
		Bioavailability of Curcumin
		Safety of Turmeric
		Drug Interactions or Reactions
	2. PRE-CLINICAL/ANIMAL STUDIES CONDUCTED ON TURMERIC AND ITS CONSTITUENTS
		Curcumin in Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Diabetes
		Anti-inflammatory Activity
		Anti-Catabolic/Anabolic Effects
		Effect on Cell Survival and Anti-Apoptotic Potency
		Curcumin and Immune Function
		Ulcerative Colitis
		Pancreatitis
		Cancer Chemoprevention
		Anti-oxidant Effect
		Alzheimer’s Disease
		Curcumin Effects on Lipid Metabolism
		Stress Response Modulating Effects of Curcuminoids
		Cardiovascular Diseases
		Allergy, Asthma and Bronchitis
		Chronic Kidney Diseases
		Skin Diseases
		Liver Diseases
		Antimicrobial Activity
		Insecticidal and Larvicidal Activity
		Radioprotector
		Antidepressant Activity
		Anti-aging Activity
		Wound Healing
		Turmeric in Urinary Disorders
		Dyspepsia and Gastric Ulcer
		Anticoagulant Activity
		Anti-fertility Activity
		Analgesic Action
		Anthelmintic Activity
		Ophthalmic Care
		Oral Health
		Anti-diabetic Potential
	3. PRE-CLINICAL/ANIMAL STUDIES CONDUCTED ON TURMERIC BASED FORMULATIONS
		Anti-Inflammatory Activity
		Curcumin Nanoparticles as Anti-Tubercular Agent
		Turmeric Supplements as Anti-Arthritic Agent
		Curcumin Formulation as Anti-oxidant /Oxidative Stress
		Anti-Microbial Activity
		Anti-Cancer Activity
		Absorption of Curcuminoids from Formulated Turmeric Extracts
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Subject Index
Back Cover