Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics

Contents......Page 11
Note on Errata......Page 16
Preface to 5th Edition, 1993......Page 17
Preface to 4th Edition 1958......Page 27
Bibliographical Note 1958......Page 33
Preface to 3rd Edition 1948......Page 35
A. Recent developments and the founding of the Institute of General Semantics......Page 40
1. The attitudes of 'philosophers', etc.......Page 42
2. Perplexities in theories of 'meaning'......Page 45
3. Inadequacy of forms of representation and their structural revision......Page 48
4. Identifications and mis-evalutations......Page 49
C. Revolutions and evolutions......Page 51
D. A non-aristotelian revision......Page 55
E. New factors: the havoc they play with our generalizations......Page 58
1. Neurological mechanisms of extensionalization......Page 60
2. Neuro-semantic relaxation......Page 62
3. Extensional devices and some applications......Page 63
4. Implications of the structure of language......Page 65
G. Over/Under defined terms......Page 67
1. 'Maginot like mentalities'......Page 72
2. Wars of and on nerves......Page 74
3. Hitler and psycho-logical factors in his life......Page 76
4. Education for intelligence and democracy......Page 78
Conclusion......Page 83
Acknowledgements......Page 85
Supplementary Bibliography to 2nd Edition......Page 86
Preface to 1st Edition 1933......Page 91
Acknowledgement......Page 103
Book I - A General Survey of Non-Aristotelian Factors......Page 105
Part I - Preliminaries......Page 109
1. Aims, means and consequences of a non-aristotelian revision......Page 111
A. On semantic reactions......Page 123
B. On the un-speakable objective level......Page 138
C. On 'copying' in our nervous reactions......Page 140
3. Introduction......Page 142
Part II - General on structure......Page 157
4. On structure......Page 158
5. General linguistic......Page 169
6. On symbolism......Page 179
7. Linguistic revision......Page 188
Part III - Non-elementalistic structures......Page 202
8. General epistemological......Page 203
9. Colloidal behaviour......Page 213
A. Illustrations from biology......Page 225
B. Illustrations from nutrition experiments......Page 228
C. Illustrations from 'mental' and nervous diseases......Page 230
Part IV - Structural factors in non-aristotelian languages......Page 233
11. On function......Page 234
12. On order......Page 252
A. Undefined terms......Page 253
B. Order and the nervous system......Page 258
C. Structure, realtions, and multi-dimensional order......Page 262
D. Order and the problems of extension and intension......Page 272
E. Concluding remarks on order......Page 283
13. On relations......Page 289
14. On the notion of infinity......Page 305
15. The 'infinitesimal' and 'cause and effect'......Page 315
16. On the existence of relations......Page 321
17. On the notions of 'matter', 'space', 'time'......Page 324
A. Structural considerations......Page 325
B. The neurological function of abstracting......Page 336
C. Problems of adjustment......Page 340
D. Semantic considerations......Page 342
Part V - On the non-aristotelian language called mathematics......Page 346
18. Mathematics as a language of a structure simialr to the structure of the world......Page 347
A. Introductory......Page 368
B. General......Page 375
C. The psycho-logical importance of the theory of aggregates and the theory of groups......Page 380
D. Similarity in structure of mathematics and of our nervous system......Page 387
Part VI - On the foundation of psychophysiology......Page 412
20. General considerations......Page 413
21. On conditional reflexes......Page 424
22. On 'inhibition'......Page 439
23. On conditional reactions of higher orders and psychiatry......Page 456
Book II - A General Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems And General Semantics......Page 464
Part VII - On the mechanism of time-binding......Page 466
24. On abstracting......Page 467
25. On the structural differential......Page 482
26. On 'consciouness' and consciousness of abstracting......Page 508
A. General......Page 522
B. Multiordinal terms......Page 529
C. Confusion of higher orders of abstraction......Page 539
28. On the mechanism of identification and visualization......Page 548
29. On non-aristotelian training......Page 565
A. General......Page 587
B. Consciousness of abstracting......Page 595
C. Infantilism......Page 604
D. Constructive suggestions......Page 622
31. Concluding remarks......Page 633
Book III - Additional Structural Data About Languages And The Empirical World......Page 658
Prefatory Remarks......Page 659
Part VIII -  On the structure of mathematics......Page 664
A. Introductory......Page 665
1. General considerations......Page 666
2. Maxima and minima......Page 680
3. Curvature......Page 682
4. Velocity......Page 683
C. On the integral calculus......Page 684
1. Partial differentiation......Page 686
2. Differential equations......Page 687
3. Methods of approximation......Page 688
4. Periodic functions and waves......Page 689
33. On linearity......Page 695
A. Introductory......Page 707
B. On the notion of the 'internal theory of surfaces'......Page 713
C. Space-Time......Page 718
D. The application of geometrical notions to cerebral localization......Page 722
Part IX - On the similarity of empirical and verbal structures......Page 726
35. Action by contact......Page 727
36. On the semantics of the Einstein theory......Page 738
37. On the notion of 'simultaneity'......Page 749
38. On the 'world' of Minkowski......Page 755
39. General reflections on the Einstein theory......Page 763
Part X - On the structure of 'matter'......Page 772
40. The older 'matter'......Page 773
41. The newer 'matter'......Page 786
A. Introductory......Page 788
B. The nature of the problem......Page 790
C. Matrices......Page 793
D. The operator calculus......Page 799
E. The new quantum mechanics......Page 802
F. The wave mechanism......Page 808
G. Structural aspects of the new theories......Page 812
Supplement I - The Logic of Relativity......Page 817
Supplement II - The Theory of Types......Page 825
Supplement III - A Non-Aristotelian System And Its Necessity For Rigour In Mathematics And Physics......Page 835
Notes And References......Page 850
Bibliography......Page 853
Catalog......Page 868
Index......Page 876