Science, Technology and Innovation Diplomacy in Developing Countries: Perceptions and Practice

Foreword
Preface
Introduction
Contents
Abbreviations
STI Diplomacy and Developing Countries: Current Issues and Challenges
	1 Background
	2 Relevance and Importance of STI Diplomacy
	3 Leveraging International STI Cooperation
	4 Needs and Challenges
	5 Conclusions
	Reference
Concepts, Global Initiatives and Opportunities
Internationalization of Science and Diplomacy, Concepts and Practices: Lessons for Developing Countries
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of Concepts and Practices of Internationalization of Science and Science Diplomacy
		2.1 The Internationalization of Science and Scientific Collaboration
		2.2 Science Diplomacy
		2.3 A Particular Dimension of Science Studies: The Science of Science Diplomacy
		2.4 Other Dimensions of Science Diplomacy
	3 Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
International Science, Technology and Innovation Diplomacy: Global Initiatives
	1 Introduction
	2 Concept of STI Diplomacy
	3 Practicing STI Diplomacy
		3.1 Institutions and Initiatives
		3.2 Large International Collaborative Science Projects
		3.3 Regional and Multilateral Initiatives
		3.4 Other International Initiatives
	4 STI Diplomacy and Sustainable Development
		4.1 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—The Global Agenda
		4.2 Global Actions for Sustainable Development
	5 Summary and Conclusions
	References
Science, Technology and Innovation Diplomacy: Opportunities and Challenges at the Time of COVID-19 for Developing Countries
	1 Introduction
	2 International Cooperation in Global Health
	3 Covid-19 and the Imposed Global Challenges
	4 Iran’s Measures in Facing Covid-19 Challenges
		4.1 Non-pharmaceutical Measures
		4.2 Vaccination
	5 Conclusions
	References
State of STI Diplomacy in Developing Countries
Recent Developments in STI Diplomacy in the Republic of Mauritius
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Methodology
	2 Main Approaches Used by the Government
	3 International Collaboration in Science and Technology
		3.1 Partnerships
		3.2 Internationalization of Higher Education and Research
		3.3 Mauritius-European Union Partnership to Promote Smart Agriculture
	4 Enhancing Diplomatic Ties Through Science and Technology
	5 The Innovation Perspective in STI Diplomacy—A New Direction
		5.1 National Regulatory Measures to Promote Innovation Diplomacy
	6 Diplomacy for Science and Ecological Disaster
	7 Future Opportunities
	References
Science, Technology and Innovation Diplomacy in the Arab Region with Emphasis on the State of Palestine
	1 Introduction
	2 STI Diplomacy in the Arab Region
	3 STI Diplomacy in the State of Palestine
	4 Discussion of Findings
	5 Recommendations
	6 Conclusions
	References
Present Status of Science Diplomacy in Nepal
	1 Introduction
	2 Development of S&T Through Nepal’s History
	3 Status of Higher Educational Institutions and Universities
		3.1 Universities and Equivalent Institutions
		3.2 Human Resources
		3.3 Government S&T Organizations
	4 Foreign Policy and Diplomatic Relationships
	5 Role of Science and Technology Diplomacy
		5.1 Technology Transfer and Nepal’s Needs
		5.2 Adapting to Needs for Global and Regional Engagement
		5.3 Science Diplomacy and Sustainable Development
	6 Science and Technology Diplomacy Capacity Building Needs in Nepal
	7 Conclusions
	References
Role of S&T Status on STI Diplomacy
Development Paradigm of India as an Enabler for Practicing Science, Technology and Innovation Diplomacy
	1 Introduction
	2 Development of Science and Technology Base in India
		2.1 STI Administrative Structure
		2.2 Infrastructure for Research and Development
		2.3 Policy Approach
	3 Influencing Role of India in International Science, Technology and Innovation Diplomacy
		3.1 International Conventions and Treaties: Compliance and Contributions
		3.2 International Cooperation in Science and Technology
	4 Summary Observations and Conclusions
		4.1 India’s Global Role in S&T
		4.2 Success Factors
		4.3 Problems and Challenges
	5 Conclusions
	References
Science, Technology and Innovation (STI): Its Role in South Africa’s Development Outcomes and STI Diplomacy
	1 Introduction
	2 STI Development in the Republic of South Africa
		2.1 The 2019–2024 Medium-Term Strategic Framework (MTSF)
		2.2 Examples of Challenges in Critical Sectors
	3 Role of STI in South Africa’s Development: Outcomes and Outlook
		3.1 The White Paper on Science and Technology
	4 The Key Themes that Influence South African STI Policy
		4.1 Fourth Industrial Revolution
		4.2 The Green Economy
		4.3 Technology Transfer and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
	5 STI Diplomacy: The Role of the Agricultural Research Council (ARC)
		5.1 Eradication of Transboundary Animal Diseases
		5.2 Achievements Through Collaboration
	6 Conclusions
	References
Strengthening Science Diplomacy for Sustainable Development of Nepal
	1 Introduction
	2 Science Technology and Innovation Diplomacy
	3 Sustainable Development of Nepal
	4 Current and Planned S&T Cooperation: The NAST Perspective
	5 Opportunities and Challenges
		5.1 Strengthening Science Diplomacy
	6 Conclusions
	References
Assessing the Current State of Science, Technology, and Innovation in Mauritius for Improving Economic Growth and Development
	1 Introduction
	2 Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI)
		2.1 STI and Sustainable Economic Development
	3 STI in Africa
	4 STI Education in Mauritius
		4.1 Role of Academic Institutions
		4.2 Role of Science Centers
		4.3 Gender Balance
	5 Current Status of Student Enrollment and Subject Preferences
		5.1 Comparison of Academic Fields of Study of Students in Secondary Schools
		5.2 University Enrollment for Science and Technology Fields
	6 Research Outputs
		6.1 Research Publications in STI
	7 Recent Initiatives to Promote STI Education
		7.1 Role of Food and Agricultural Research and Extension Unit
	8 State of Innovation and Competitiveness
	9 Emerging Sectors for Economic Development of Mauritius
	10 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
Responsibilities of the Governments of Developing Countries in Building Up South–South STI Diplomacy
	1 Introduction
	2 What is STI Diplomacy?
	3 Standards of STI at Higher Education Level in South
	4 Methodology
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 South–South STI Diplomacy: Needs and Modes
	7 Conclusions
	References
Role of STID in Strengthening S&T Base
Role of India in South–South Cooperation to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals
	1 Introduction
	2 Why South–South Cooperation?
		2.1 Role of India in South–South Cooperation
	3 Building R&D Capacity, Strengthening of Institutions
	4 India-Africa: Special Initiatives
	5 Conclusions
	References
In Search for Scientific Collaboration: South Africa’s Science Diplomacy Towards Africa
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Mozambique
		3.2 Cote D’Ivoire
		3.3 Ethiopia
		3.4 Kenya
		3.5 Mali
		3.6 Uganda
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Case Studies in International Science Diplomacy: ASRT Contribution to Developing S&T in Egypt
	1 Introduction
	2 ASRT’s Role in STI Diplomacy
		2.1 The International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)
		2.2 Synchrotron-Light for Experimental Science and Application in the Middle East (SESAME)
		2.3 The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR)
	3 Conclusions
The Academy of Science of South Africa and Science Diplomacy
	1 International Cooperation
	2 Overseas Collaboration
	3 African Collaborations
	4 Young Scientists and Gender-Related Activities
	5 Conclusion
Experience from Regional and Bilateral Cooperation
Coordinating State, Academic, and Donor Stakeholders in an International Knowledge Sharing Program: A Perspective on Science and Innovation Diplomacy
	1 Introduction
	2 The Program
		2.1 The Process
		2.2 The Development Model
		2.3 The Seoul Workshop
		2.4 The Beijing Workshop
		2.5 The Kuala Lumpur and New Delhi Workshops
		2.6 The Summary Workshop at the ADB
	3 The Outcome
		3.1 The Training Programs in South Korea
		3.2 The Concluding Workshops in the DMCs
		3.3 The Final Report
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Mauritius in Regional Science Technology and Innovation Diplomacy: Case Study in Radio Astronomy
	1 Introduction
	2 The Square Kilometre Array (SKA)
		2.1 History
		2.2 Description
		2.3 The SA SKA Consortium
	3 South Africa’s Bid for the SKA
		3.1 University of Mauritius and SKA: Contact at Senior Officials’ and Ministers’ Meetings
		3.2 SKA-Related Projects of Mauritius and Related Path-Finder Initiatives
	4 Mauritius SKA Relevant Involvement
		4.1 Sarao HCD
		4.2 African Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) Network (AVN)
		4.3 SKA-Related Local Path-Finder Initiatives
	5 Benefits to Mauritius
	6 Regional Science and Diplomacy
		6.1 Mauritius Signing Cooperation in Radio Astronomy in Africa MoU
		6.2 Mauritian SKA Steering Committee
	7 Challenges and Future Perspectives
	8 Conclusion
	References
India’s S&T Cooperation with Japan and France: Initiatives and Partnerships
	1 Introduction
	2 Role of Science Departments in Strengthening India’s Foreign Policy
	3 Addressing Global Concerns Through Science Diplomacy
		3.1 India and Japan
		3.2 India and France
	4 North–South Cooperation in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI)
	5 Future Aspects
	6 Annexe 1: Some Important S&T Agreements Between India and Japan (Source https://www.indembassy-tokyo.gov.in/st_cooperation.html)
	7 Annexe 2: Some important S&T Agreements between India and France
	References
Science Diplomacy in North-South Partnerships
Reflecting on a Research Institute’s Role as a Tool for Ocean Science Diplomacy—ZMT’s Mission to Collaborate
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Ocean Science Diplomacy—History, Characteristics, and Trends
		3.2 Germany’s Approach to (Ocean) Science Diplomacy
		3.3 The Case of ZMT—Contributing to Science Diplomacy
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Co-designed Research Partnerships to Bridge the Gap Between Marine Research, Policy, and Management: The MeerWissen Initiative
	1 Introduction
	2 Co-designing Solution-Oriented Research for Sustainable Development
	3 Transforming Scientific Knowledge into Policy-Making and Practice
	4 Conclusion
	References
Research Networks and Novel Partnerships for Sustainable Development – How an EU Research Project on Innovative Wastewater Technology Developed to an International Network for Nature-Based Solutions
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview INNOQUA—Consortium, Technologies and Research
	3 Case Study: Cooperation with India
		3.1 INNOQUA System Configuration in the Indian Demonstration Site
	4 Science Diplomacy in the Project
	5 Future: NOVAQUA Alliance
	References
Epilogue
The Outlook for Science Diplomacy in Developing Countries