School Policy Reform in Europe: Exploring Transnational Alignments, National Particularities and Contestations (Educational Governance Research, 22)

Contents
Part I: Introduction
	Chapter 1: Introduction: School Policy Reform in Europe Between Transnational Alignment and National Contestation
		Introduction to the Challenges of School Policy Reform in Europe
		How Postwar Economic Transnational Collaboration Came to Include Education
		Transnational and Neoliberal Technologies to Reforming School, Education, and the Public Sector
		Digitalization of Education and Edubusiness
		The Transnational Turn Meeting New National(ist) Responses
		Alignment Vs. Diversity in Europe: The Unfolding of National School Policy Reform Narratives
		School Policy Reform in Eleven Nations Across the EU and England
		Conclusion
		References
Part II: National Cases: Northwestern Europe
	Chapter 2: Danish School Policy: Remaining Nordic While Going Transnational
		Nordic School and Teacher Education Policies: An Overview
		Danish School Policy and Its Postwar Roots
		The Neoliberal Turn, Accountability, and Standards-Based Education
		The Post-millennial Turn
		The OECD Country Report on Evaluation Culture and Danish School Reform
		The Merging of Transnational, National(First) and Commercial Agendas
		The School Reform of 2013
		At the Crossroads? Transnational Policy Meets National(First) Resistance
		References
	Chapter 3: England: Neo-Liberalism, Regulation and Populism in the Educational Reform Laboratory
		Introduction
			The Context for Post-welfarist School Reform
			Post-war School Reforms in England
			The Emergence of and Early Challenges to Comprehensive Schools
			Establishing Post-welfarist Reform in England (1979–1997)
			The 1988 Education Reform Act
			School Reform and the Conservative Administrations of the 1990s
			Regulatory Government and the Demise of Self-Regulation
			School Marketisation
			Embedding Post-welfarist School Reform in England (1997–2010)
				New Labour, Standards and Continuity
				Marketisation and Privatisation Under New Labour
				Schools and Performance Data
				Schools in Scotland and Wales and Devolution
				New Labour and the Mainstreaming of Privatisation and Marketisation
			Accelerating Post-welfarist School Reform in England (2010-Present Day)
				Rapid Growth of Academies
				Local Authorities Displaced, Multi-academy Trusts Emerge
				Centralising Tendencies Persist
				Populism and Educational Reform
		Discussion
		References
	Chapter 4: School Reform Policy and Governance in Germany Between National and Transnational Expectations: With Outlooks on Austria and Switzerland
		Introduction
		Historical, Sociological, and Cultural Contexts
		Germany: Main School Policy Reforms Since the 1990s; Key Transnational Agendas, Effects on School Policy, Contestations, and Recontextualizations
			Main School Policy Reforms Since the 1990s
			Key Transnational Agendas and Their Effects on School Policy in Germany
			Transnational Agendas and Their Influence on Global School Policymaking
				Transnational Agendas and Their Influence on School Policy in Germany
			Key Contestations and Conspicuous Recontextualizations of the School Policy Reforms in Germany
				Output Orientation: From Bildung to Qualification
				Decentralization: From Re-regulation to Increasing Regulation
				Economization, Market Orientation, and Competition: Changing Values
				Influence of Transnational Organizations and Their Agendas in the Field of Digitalization
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5: Transnational Forces in Dutch Educational Policies and Practices
		Introduction
		System Characteristics
			The Structure of the Dutch Educational System
			Constitution
			Control Mechanisms
			Governance
		Transnational Forces in Dutch Education
			New Public Management and Autonomy
			Equity in Education: Fighting Early Tracking
			What Counts as Evidence in Designing Education and Teaching
			Social Constructivism: A New Pedagogy in Secondary Education
			The Knowledge Society and Curriculum Content
			International Benchmarking
		Concluding Remarks
		References
Part III: National Cases: Southern Europe
Chapter 6: French Education Policies and the PISA Paradigm: The Strong Republican State Absorbing External Influences
	Introduction
	Seeing Like the State in Education. The French Republican Vision on Equality
		French Imaginary and Republican Nationalism in Education
		Policymaking from 1975 to 2001: The Cautious Move to Equality of Outcomes Throughout a Soft Accountability System
		After 2001. Some Heterogeneous Policy Responses to the Lisbon Strategy
	A Transnational Turn in French Policymaking Buffered by National Intermediary Actors
		Reformist Networks and Intermediate Actors Translating the European Strategy
		Public Policy Forums Legitimizing OECD/EU Indicators and International Surveys
		Arenas of National Expertise Buffering International Influences
		Invisible Colleges Promoting a “French Third Way” Policy Agenda
	Policy Studies on the International Turn in France: Limitations and Grey Areas
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Changing School Policies in Italy: From Welfare Equity Model to the New Public Management Instrumentations
	Introduction
	A Point of Departure: A Centralist, Bureaucratic, and Elitist Model of Schooling
	The Transnational Alignment of Italian School: New Policy Instrumentations
		Introduction of Large-Scale Assessment Testing
		The Sociomateriality of the Digital Governance of Education in Italy
	Conclusion. A Nuanced NPM Re-assemblage
		OECD and EU as Influencers
		Smooth Alignments
	References
Chapter 8: Multi-scalar Interactions and Educational Reform: The Trajectory of School Policy in Catalonia Within the Spanish State
	Introduction
	Theoretical Framework: The Politics of Education Policy in Multi-scalar Systems
		Education Policy Trajectories in Multi-scalar Settings
	Stage 1: Structural Reforms After the Democracy Restoration (1980s and 1990s)
		An Intermediate Decentralisation Process with a Large-Scale Public-Private Partnership
		Devolution of Educational Competencies in Catalonia: From Reform Fidelity to the First Conflicts
	Stage 2: Experimenting with New Public Management Ideas in Education (2000s)
		The Pendular Dynamic, Yet Equity-Driven Legacy, of Educational Reform in Spain
		A Historical Political Shift, and the First Catalan Education Law
	Stage 3: The Conservative-Modernisation Agenda (2010–2015)
		The Selective Implementation of NPM in a Period of Budget Cuts and Conservatism
		The Conservative Modernisation Agenda in Federal Reform
	Stage 4: Governing Schools Through Pedagogic Innovation (2016–Ongoing)
		A Bottom-Up Initiative that Became a Core Public Policy
		Re-aligning Education Policy, But Tensions Between Catalonia and Spain Do Not Vanish
	Conclusions
		Sui Generis Spanish Federalism and Education Policy
		A Policy Trajectory in Constant Search of Singularity
	References
Part IV: National Cases: Central & Eastern Europe and the Western Balkans
Chapter 9: School Policy and Reforms in Poland in the Light of Decentralisation: Between Democratisation and Centralisation
	Introduction
	Poland: A Contextualization
	The Polish Education System: Key Figures and Legislation
		Key Figures
		Key Legislation
	Post-1989 Decentralisation and the Education System
		The Legacy of the Past
		The Politics of Decentralisation: The 1990 Reforms and the Emergence of a Legal Basis for those Education Reform
		The Necessity for Comprehensive Reform of the School Education System in the 90s
		Schools Policy and School Education System Reforms in the 90s
		Governance and School Supervision
	Funding Poland’s Schools: The Challenge of Equitable Resource Allocation
		From a Block-Grant System to per Student Funding
		Sources of School Education Public Funding and Expenditures
		Funding: Achievements and Challenges
	Teacher Autonomy in the Light of Changing Education Law
	Prawo i Sprawiedliwość Driven Education Reform, Post-2017
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 10: Czech School Reforms: Between East and West
	Introduction
	Setting the Stage: Communist School Policy and Reforms
		Reforms Under Direct Soviet Influence
		The “New Concept of Education”
	Post-socialist Transformation
	Phases of School Policy Reforms After 1989
		Deconstruction
		Partial Stabilisation
			Decentralisation: Reasons and Consequences
			Top-Down Processes
			Bottom-Up Movement
		Donor-Driven Reforms and Europeanisation
		Post-Europeanisation
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 11: Education Policies and Reforms in Slovenia and Croatia: Shared History, Diverging Paths
	Introduction
	Development of the Education System in Slovenia and Croatia
	Internationalising National Agenda by Bilateral, Regional and Multilateral Policy Learning
		Bilateral Policy Learning
		Regional Policy Learning
		Multilateral Policy Learning
	Evidence-Based Policy Making
	Reservations to International Influences
	Conclusions
	References
Part V: Discussions
Chapter 12: Ever-Morphing Relations Between the Global, Supranational and the National in Schooling Policy: A Reflection on Some European Cases
	Introduction
	Background and Contexts
	Tracing Morphing Global, EU and National Relations in Education Policy
	Lessons from Some European National Cases
	Concluding Comments
	References
Chapter 13: Europe as the Exterior Interiorized in the Infrastructures of Policy
	The Nation as Fabrications of Collective Belonging and Anticipations of Potentialities
	Indigenous Foreigner and Traveling Libraries: Movements and Settlements in the Reason of Policy and Reforms
	Patterns of Recognition, Expectations of Experience and Belonging
		Memory/Forgetting
		The Non-polemic Homelessness of Numbers: The Cultural Logic of Equivalence That Distributes Differences
		The Alchemy of School Subjects
		Comparative Reasoning and Its Double Gestures
		Literacy as a Mode of Living Anticipating the Future
	Concluding Thoughts
	References
Chapter 14: Discussion: The Importance of Context in European School Policy Reforms
	Introduction
		Composition of the Discussion
		Comparison in Context
		Transnational Agencies and National Governance
	Interpretations of Power Relations Between Transnational Agencies and National Authorities
		Education Governance Reform: Central & Eastern Europe + Western Balkans (CEE + WB)
		Education Governance Reform: Southern Europe
		Education Governance Reform: Northwestern Europe
		Hierarchy of Regions
	Interpretations of National School Reforms and Institutional Reactions
		National School Reforms: Central & Eastern Europe + Western Balkans (CEE + WB)
		National School Reforms: Southern Europe
		National School Reforms: Northwestern Europe
	General Findings
		Local Interpretation and Implementation
		Sliding Through History
		Comparisons and Homogenization
	References