Schmidek and Sweet: Operative Neurosurgical Techniques

i - 0
i. - Front Matter
	SCHMIDEK & SWEET Operative Neurosurgical Techniques: Indications, Methods, and Results
ii. - Copyright
	Copyright
iii. - Dedication
	DEDICATION
ix - Section Editors
	SECTION EDITORS
v - In Memoriam
	IN MEMORIAM
vii. - About The Author_Editor
	ABOUT THE AUTHOR/EDITOR
viii. - Video and Content Associate Editor
	VIDEO AND CONTENT ASSOCIATE EDITOR
xi - Contributors
	CONTRIBUTORS
Xl - Content
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xlvii - Video Contents
	VIDEO CONTENTS
xxxix. - Preface
	PREFACE
1149 -  Section 6
1149 - Chapter 98 - Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Epilepsy
	98 - Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Epilepsy
		Introduction
		The Science of Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy
		Surgical Procedure
			Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
				Illustrative Case
			Nodular Heterotopias
			Illustrative Case
			Hypothalamic Hamartomas
			Illustrative Case
			Corpus Callosotomy
			Summary
		Key References
		References
1160 - Chapter 99 - Multidisciplinary Presurgical Evaluation for Epilepsy Surgery
	99 - Multidisciplinary Presurgical Evaluation for Epilepsy Surgery
		Introduction
			Clinical Diagnosis: Seizure Description
				Surface Electroencephalogram
					Continuous Video/Electroencephalogram Monitoring
			Neuropsychological Assessment in Surgical Candidates
			Hemispheric Dominance for Language
			Lateralization of Memory Deficits
			Imaging Studies
				Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
				Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
				Diffusion Tensor Imaging Tractography
				Positron Emission Tomography
				Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
			Invasive Studies
				Sphenoidal Electrodes
				Intracranial Electrodes
				Intracranial Electrodes and Brain Mapping
				Transoperative Versus Extraoperative Electrocorticography (ECO) and Brain Mapping
				Surgical Technique for Subdural Electrode Placement
				Surgical Technique for Intracerebral Electrodes
				Focal Epilepsy Detected Near Eloquent Areas
			Complications
				Paradigm of Surgical Treatment
		References
1173 - Chapter 100 - Temporal Lobe Operations in Intractable Epilepsy
	100 - Temporal Lobe Operations in Intractable Epilepsy
		Indications and Patient Selection
	Temporal Lobe Operations in Intractable Epilepsy
		ANTERIOR TEMPORAL LOBECTOMY
			Resection of the Uncus and Amygdala
				Resection of the Hippocampus
					Selective Amygdalohippocampectomy
					Trans-­Sylvian Approach to Amygdalohippocampectomy
				Seizure Reduction
				Complications
					Neuropsychological Morbidity
				Extent of Resection
					Tailored Resections
				Selective Mesial Resection
		Key References
		References
1183 - CHAPTER 101 - Surgical Management of Extratemporal Lobe Epilepsy
	101 - Surgical Management of Extratemporal Lobe Epilepsy
		History
			Hippocrates of Kos (460–370 BC)
	Surgical Management of Extratemporal Lobe Epilepsy
		Anterior Thalamic Nucleus Stimulation
			Centromedian Thalamic Stimulation
			Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation
			Other Deep Brain Targets
			Patient Selection
			Operative Technique
			Complications
			Closed-­Loop Stimulation
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
1192 - Chapter 102 - Multilobar Resection and Hemispherectomy in Epilepsy Surgery
	102 - Multilobar Resection and Hemispherectomy in Epilepsy Surgery
		Multilobar Resections
			Noninvasive Investigations
				Invasive Investigations
			Presurgical Planning
			Anesthetic Considerations
			Surgical Technique
			Outcome on Seizures
			Illustrative Case
			Hemispherectomy and Hemispheric Disconnection
			Indications
				Etiologies
					Acquired Conditions
					Congenital Conditions
				Electroclinical Features
				Neurologic Functions
			Preoperative Evaluation
				Peri-­Insular Hemispherotomy
				Technical Variations of Peri-­Insular Hemispherotomy
				Vertical Hemispherotomy
				Technique Selection
				Outcome on Seizures
				Functional Outcome
				Surgical Complications
			In Memoriam
		Key References
		References
1210 - Chapter 103 - Corpus Callosotomy_ Indications and Techniques
	103 - Corpus Callosotomy: Indications and Techniques
		Modern Indications
			Preoperative Evaluation
				Rationale
				Techniques
				Postoperative Complications
				Disconnection Syndrome
				Language Impairment
			Outcomes
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
1215 - Chapter 104 - Extratemporal Epilepsy and Neuromodulation
	104 - Extratemporal Epilepsy and Neuromodulation
		Vagal Nerve Stimulation
	Extratemporal Epilepsy and Neuromodulation
		Mechanism of Action
			Patient Selection
				Surgical Technique
					Outcomes
				Responsive Neurostimulation
					Patient Selection
					Surgical Technique
					Outcomes
				Deep Brain Stimulation
					Patient Selection
					Surgical Technique
					Outcomes
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
1223 - Chapter 105 - Implantation of Deep Brain Stimulation Electrodes Under General Anesthesia for Parkinson Disease and Essential Tremor
	105 - Implantation of Deep Brain Stimulation Electrodes Under General Anesthesia for Parkinson Disease and Essential Tremor
		Awake Versus Asleep Deep Brain Stimulation implantation
	Implantation of Deep Brain Stimulation Electrodes Under General Anesthesia for Parkinson Disease and Essential Tremor
		Safety of Asleep Deep Brain Stimulation
			Accuracy of Asleep Deep Brain Stimulation
			Outcomes of Asleep Deep Brain Stimulation
			Patient Satisfaction With Asleep Deep Brain Stimulation
			Technique of Asleep Deep Brain Stimulation
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
1229 - Chapter 106 - Cervical Dystonia and Spasmodic Torticollis_ Indications and Techniques
	106 - Cervical Dystonia and Spasmodic Torticollis: Indications and Techniques
		Epidemiology
			Classification and Etiology
			Classification of Dystonic Conditions
	Cervical Dystonia and Spasmodic Torticollis: Indications and Techniques
		Age at Onset
			Distribution of Affected Body Regions
				Temporal Pattern
					Associated Features
						Structural Pathology
						Inherited Dystonia
						Acquired Dystonia
						Idiopathic Dystonia
						Other Dystonia-­like Conditions
			Cervical Dystonia
			Treatment Strategies
			Surgery for Dystonic Conditions
			Deep Brain Stimulation for Dystonic Conditions
				Development
				Preoperative Assessment
				Surgical Considerations and Techniques
				Postoperative DBS Programming and Patient Management
			Clinical Overview of Globus Pallidus Internus Deep Brain Stimulation for Cervical Dystonia
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
1236 - Chapter 107 - Novel Targets and Techniques in Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders
	107 - Novel Targets and Techniques in Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders
		Introduction
			Physiology of the Motor System
				Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation
			Zona Incerta
				Rostral Zona Incerta
				Posterior Subthalamic Area/Caudal Zona Incerta
			Pedunculopontine Nucleus
			Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata
			Centromedian—Parafascicular Complex
			Conclusions
		References
1244 - Chapter 108 - Molecular Therapies for Movement Disorders
	108 - Molecular Therapies for Movement Disorders
		Drug/Chemical Infusions
			Growth Factors/Recombinant Proteins
			Gene Therapy
				Basic Science of Gene Therapy
				Viral Vectors
				Gene Therapy in Parkinson Disease
			Future
		Key References
		References
1253 - Chapter 109 - Lesion Procedures for Psychiatric Disorders
	109 - Lesion Procedures for Psychiatric Disorders
		Historical Background
	Lesion Procedures for Psychiatric Disorders
		Development of Psychiatric Lesion Procedures
			Obsessive-­Compulsive Disorder
				Capsulotomy for Obsessive-­Compulsive Disorder
					Cingulotomy for Obsessive-­Compulsive Disorder
					Limbic Leucotomy for Obsessive-­Compulsive Disorder
				Major Depressive Disorder
					Capsulotomy for Major Depressive Disorder
					Cingulotomy for Major Depressive Disorder
					Limbic Leucotomy for Major Depressive Disorder
					Subcaudate Tractotomy for Major Depressive Disorder
			Other Psychiatric Indications
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
1262 - Chapter 110 - Deep Brain Stimulation for Intractable Psychiatric Illness
	110 - Deep Brain Stimulation for Intractable Psychiatric Illness
		Introduction
			Obsessive-­Compulsive Disorder
			Depression
			Tourette Syndrome
			Issues and Future Directions
		Key References
		References
1272 - Chapter 111 - Brain-Computer Interfacing_ Prospects andTechnical Aspects of Functional CranialImplants
	111 - Brain-­Computer Interfacing: Prospects and Technical Aspects of Functional Cranial Implants
		Background
			Introduction
			Implantable Neurotechnologies
			Neuroprosthetics
			Neuroplastic and Reconstructive Surgery
			Neuro-­Biohacking
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
1283 - Chapter 112 - Thoracoscopic Sympathectomy for Hyperhidrosis
	112 - Thoracoscopic Sympathectomy for Hyperhidrosis
		Anatomy and Physiology
	Thoracoscopic Sympathectomy for Hyperhidrosis
		Patient Selection
			Anesthesia
				Instruments
				Positioning
				Procedure
			Outcomes
			Complications
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
1288 - Chapter 113 - Surgery for Intractable Spasticity
	113 - Surgery for Intractable Spasticity
1307 - Chapter 114 - Retrogasserian Glycerol Rhizolysis in Trigeminal Neuralgia
	114 - Retrogasserian Glycerol Rhizolysis in Trigeminal Neuralgia
		Probable Mechanisms of Action of Glycerol
	Retrogasserian Glycerol Rhizolysis in Trigeminal Neuralgia
		Morphologic Effects of Glycerol
			Indications
				Preoperative Evaluation
			Technique
				Anesthesia and Sedation
				Positioning
			Anatomic Landmarks and Important Structures
				Trigeminal Cisternography
				Specific Difficulties
				Contrast Evacuation
				Glycerol Injection
				Branch Selectivity
				Permanent Marking of the Cistern
				Special Considerations for Repeated Injection
				Postoperative Management
			Results
				Evaluation of Different Series
				Short-­ and Long-­Term Results
				Side Effects and Complications
					Postoperative Facial Sensory Disturbance
					Hypesthesia
					Dysesthesia
				Infectious Side Effects
					Herpes Activation
					Aseptic Meningitis
					Bacterial Meningitis
			Special Considerations in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis
			Glycerol Rhizolysis in the Treatment of Other Types of Facial Pain
			Retrogasserian Glycerol Rhizolysis Versus Other Operative Treatments for Trigeminal Neuralgia
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
1323 - Chapter 115 - Percutaneous Stereotactic Rhizotomy in the Treatment of Intractable Facial Pain
	115 - Percutaneous Stereotactic Rhizotomy in the Treatment of Intractable Facial Pain
		Cannulation, Stimulation, and Lesion Production
	Percutaneous Stereotactic Rhizotomy in the Treatment of Intractable Facial Pain
		Step 1: Cannulation of the Foramen Ovale
			Step 2: Stimulation of the Trigeminal Nerve
				Step 3: Lesion Production
			Results
				Recurrence of Trigeminal Neuralgia
					Sensory
					Ocular
					Motor Paresis
					Herpes Simplex
			Discussion
				Technique Refinement of Percutaneous Radiofrequency Rhizotomy
				Considerations for Other Approaches
			Summary
		Key References
		References
1333 - Chapter 116 - Neurovascular Decompression in Cranial Nerves V, VII, IX, and X
	116 - Neurovascular Decompression in Cranial Nerves V, VII, IX, and X
		Clinical Features
			General
				Clinical Presentation
					Multiple Sclerosis
					Other Diagnoses
	Neurovascular Decompression in Cranial Nerves V, VII, IX, and X
		Imaging
			First-Line Medications
				Surgical Indications
				Positioning
				Operative Technique
				Postoperative Care
					Operative Findings
					Outcomes
					Factors Associated with Outcome
					Repeat Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia
				Surgical Complications
				Conclusions
				Clinical Features
					General
					Clinical Presentation
					Electromyographic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
					Imaging
					Botulinum Toxin
					Other Medications
				Surgical Indications
				Preoperative Considerations
				Operative Technique
					Operative Findings
					Outcomes
					Factors Associated With Outcomes
					Repeat Microvascular Decompression for Hemifacial Spasm
				Surgical Complications
				Conclusion
			Trigeminal Neuralgia and Hemifacial Spasm
				Clinical Features
					General
					Clinical Presentation
					Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
					Imaging
				Medical Management
				Surgical Indications
				Preoperative Considerations
				Operative Technique
					Outcomes
				Surgical Complications
				Conclusion
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
1344 - Chapter 117 - Deep Brain Stimulation for Chronic Pain
	117 - Deep Brain Stimulation for Chronic Pain
		Introduction and History
			Deep Brain Stimulation Targets
				Patient Selection
				Operative Technique
				Efficacy
				Phantom Limb Pain
				Brachial Plexus Avulsion
				Poststroke Pain
			Neuropathic Facial Pain and Anesthesia Dolorosa
			Failed-­Back-­Surgery-­Syndrome
				Anterior Cingulate Cortex Stimulation
				Cluster Headache
				Definitions of Success
			Conclusion
		References
1348 - Chapter 118 - Mesencephalic Tractotomy and Anterolateral Cordotomy for Intractable Pain
	118 - Mesencephalic Tractotomy and Anterolateral Cordotomy for Intractable Pain
		Anatomic Background
			Current Indications for Stereotactic Mesencephalic Tractotomy
				Preoperative Preparation
				Operative Procedure
			Results and Complications
				Anatomic Background
				Historical Evolution
			Current Indications for Stereotactic Percutaneous Cordotomy
			Surgical Technique
				Preoperative Preparation
				Operative Procedure
			Results and Complications
			Future of Neuroablative Stereotactic Pain Procedures
			Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		Key References
		References
1359 - Chapter 119 - Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Pain
	119 - Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Pain
		New Spinal Cord Stimulation Algorithms
	Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Pain
		Conventional Spinal Cord Stimulation for Neuropathic Pain
			Peripheral Vascular Disease (Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease)
				Conventional Spinal Cord Stimulation for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
					Conventional Spinal Cord Stimulation for Angina Pectoris
				High-­Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation for Neuropathic/Nociceptive Pain
			Burst Spinal Cord Stimulation for Neuropathic/Nociceptive Pain
			Moderate Adaptation of Spinal Cord Stimulation Parameters
				Electrode Placement and Design
					Pulse Generators
					Computerized Methods
					Screening Protocols
			Indications for Spinal Cord Stimulation for Pain
				Neuropathic Pain
					Failed Back Surgery Syndrome
				Peripheral Nerve Injury
					Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease
					Angina Pectoris
					Neuropathic Pain
				Failed Back Surgery Syndrome
				Peripheral Nerve Injury
					High-­Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation
					Clinical Outcomes With Burst Spinal Cord Stimulation
					Intermediate Spinal Cord Stimulation Frequencies
					Peripheral Vascular Disease
					Angina Pectoris
					Cost Effectiveness
					Failed Back Surgery Syndrome
					Peripheral Nerve Injury
					Peripheral Vascular Disease
					Angina
					Miscellaneous Cost Studies
			Conclusion
		References
1378 - Chapter 120 - Spinal Cord Stimulation and Intraspinal Infusions for Pain
	120 - Spinal Cord Stimulation and Intraspinal Infusions for Pain
		Mechanism of Action and Device Characteristics
			Indications and Specific Selection Criteria
				Description of Technique
				Complications and Troubleshooting
				Summary
				Introduction and General Selection Criteria
				Drug Selection and Systems
				Trial, Implantation, and Complications
				Summary
		Key References
		References
1391 -  Section 7
1391 - Chapter 121 - Surgical Management of Severe Closed Head Injury in Adults
	121 - Surgical Management of Severe Closed Head Injury in Adults
		Epidemiology
		Classification Schemes for Traumatic Brain Injury
			Traumatic Brain Injury Classification Systems for Targeted Therapies
				Classification Schemes According to Injury Severity
					Classification Schemes by Pathophysiology
					Classification Schemes by Prognostic Modeling
			Biomechanics of Traumatic Brain Injury
			Neuropathology of Traumatic Brain Injury
				Specific Features of Traumatic Brain Injury in Elderly People
			Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhages
				Cerebral Contusions: Major Gray Matter Focal Lesions After Traumatic Brain Injury
				Surgical Treatment of Cerebral Contusions
			Diffuse Axonal Injury: Basic Concepts
				Diagnosis of Diffuse Axonal Injury
			Neuroradiologic Diagnostic Methods in Traumatic Brain Injury
				Computed Tomography Scanning
				Magnetic Resonance Imaging
					Advanced MRI Techniques
			Non-­Radiologic Diagnostic Methods in Traumatic Brain Injury
				Serum Biomarkers of Diffuse Axonal Injury
				Microdialysis in Traumatic Brain Injury
				Traumatic Brain Injury Monitoring
			Intracranial Pressure Monitoring: Indications and Methods
			Surgical Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury
				Surgical Treatment of Depressed Skull Fractures
				Posttraumatic Intracranial Hematomas: Surgical Versus Nonoperative Management
				Surgical Timing in Posttraumatic Lesions
			Acute Epidural Hematomas
				Surgical Technique for Evacuation of Epidural Hematomas
			Acute Subdural Hematomas
				Surgical Technique for Evacuation of Acute Subdural Hematomas
			Traumatic Parenchymal Lesions
				Hemorrhagic Progression of Contusion/Traumatic Intracerebral Hematoma
				Surgical Technique for Evacuation of Traumatic Hemorrhagic Parenchymal Lesions
			Posterior Fossa Hematomas
				Surgical Technique for Evacuation of Posterior Fossa Hematomas
			Decompressive Craniectomy
			Prognosis of Severe Head Injury
				Predictive Outcome Factors After Severe Head Injury
		Key References
	Neuroscience of Traumatic Brain Injury: Structural and Functional Properties of Brain Tissue Determining the Mechanisms of Traum...
		Cerebral Metabolism and Local Blood Flow Coupling
			Consciousness Impairment in Traumatic Brain Injury
				Neurophysiologic Systems Supporting Consciousness
				Ascending Arousal System
				Mechanisms of Structural Coma in Traumatic Brain Injury
				High Intracranial Pressure After Traumatic Brain Injury
				Brain Herniation Patterns Caused by Intracranial Mass Lesions
			Diffuse Axonal Injury: The Major White Matter Diffuse Lesion After TBI
				Axonal Transport: Physiologic Mechanisms
				Dynamic Process of Traumatic Axonal Injury
				Mechanisms of Traumatic Axonal Injury: The New Concept of Mechanoporation
				Axonal Membrane Repair as a Therapeutic Strategy for Diffuse Axonal Injury
			Traumatic Brain Edema: The Major Gray Matter Diffuse Lesion After Traumatic Brain Injury
				Types of Brain Edema
				Cellular Edema in Traumatic Brain Injury: The Role of Astroglia
				Roles of Aquaporins in The Development of Traumatic Brain Edema
				Treatment of Traumatic Brain Edema
			Secondary Brain Damage Caused by Cerebral Ischemia
			Molecular Cell Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury
			Neuronal Dysfunction in Traumatic Brain Injury
			Glial Dysfunction in Traumatic Brain Injury
				Reactive Astrogliosis After Traumatic Brain Injury
				Beneficial Roles of Glial Scar in Central Nervous System Repair
			Axonal Regeneration After Traumatic Brain Injury
				Axonal Regeneration Through Well-­Structured White Matter
		References
1419 - Chapter 122 - Perioperative Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Adults
	122 - Perioperative Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Adults
	Perioperative Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Adults
		Pupillary Examination
			Motor Examination
				Primary Brain Injury
				Secondary Brain Injury
				Pathophysiology
					Cerebral Blood Flow and Cerebral Perfusion Pressure
					Systemic Contributors to Ischemia: Hypotension and Hypoxia
				Monitoring
					Brain Oxygen Monitoring
					Assessment of Cerebral Blood Flow via Other Modalities
				Management Principles
				Pathophysiology
				Monitoring
					Intracranial Pressure Monitoring Devices, Indications, and Techniques of Usage
				Management Principles
					Positioning
					Cervical Collar Removal
					Maintenance of Normocapnia
					Sedation
					Hyperosmolar Therapy
						Osmotic Diuretics
						Hypertonic Saline
				Intracranial Hypertension Refractory to First-­Line Treatment Modalities: Second-­Line Treatments
					Neuromuscular Paralysis
					Hyperventilation
					Barbiturate-­Induced Burst Suppression
					Decompressive Craniectomy
						Surgical intervention is often performed to reduce ICP in the setting of severe TBI and medically refractory intracranial hypert...
					Adjunctive Therapy: Lumbar Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage
				Therapies to Avoid
					Steroids
					Prophylactic Hypothermia
			Management Paradigms
				The Use of a Brain-­Tissue Oxygen-­Directed Paradigm in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Patients
				Systemic Medical Management
					Electrolytes and Fluid Balance
					Glycemic Control
					Hyperpyrexia
					Altered Endocrine Function
					Nutrition
					Infections
					Pharmacologic Prophylaxis
					Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism
			Traumatic Brain Injury and the Elderly
			Neuroprotective Interventions in Traumatic Brain Injury
		Key References
		References
1438 - Chapter 123 - Decompressive Craniectomy for Traumatic Brain Injury
	123 - Decompressive Craniectomy for Traumatic Brain Injury
		Introduction
			Historical Perspective
			Current Evidence
			Indications and Timing
			Prognostic Factors
			Preoperative Evaluation
			Technique
				Decompressive Hemicraniectomy
				Bifrontal Craniectomy
				Dural Opening and Wound Closure
			Complications
				Cerebrospinal Fluid Absorption Disorders
				Expanding Hematomas
				Syndrome of the Trephined
			Future Directions
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
1445 - Chapter 124 - Management of Skull Base Trauma
	124 - Management of Skull Base Trauma
		Anesthesia and Perioperative Considerations
			Graft Repair Options
	Management of Skull Base Trauma
		Traumatic Skull Base Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistula
			Indications for Surgery
				Methods of Surgical Repair
					Perioperative Considerations
						Craniotomy for Open Repair of Traumatic Anterior Cranial Skull Base Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistula
			Skull Base Fractures: Types and Surgical Repair Options
				Anterior Skull Base Fractures
					Indications for Surgery
					Frontal Sinus Repair Options
				Details of Operative Technique and Surgical Pearls
					Extracranial Paranasal Repair of Traumatic Skull Base CSF Fistula
					Diagnosis and Clinical Signs/Symptoms
					Temporal Bone Surgical Repair Options
				Suboccipital Skull Base Fractures
				Suboccipital Decompression for Posterior Fossa Trauma
					Diagnosis and Clinical Signs and Symptoms
					Surgical Technique and Pearls
			Ancillary Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion Procedures
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
1458 - Chapter 125 - Surgical Management of Chronic Subdural Hematoma in Adults
	125 - Surgical Management of Chronic Subdural Hematoma in Adults
		Introduction
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
				Clinical Features
			Radiologic Evaluation
				Treatment
			Twist-­Drill Craniostomy
				Technique
				Burr-­Hole Craniostomy
					Technique
				Craniotomy
					Technique
					Comparison of Techniques
				Drains
					Irrigation
			Number of Burr Holes
			Postoperative Care
			Outcome
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
1465 - Chapter 126 - Principles of Neuroplastic Surgery_ Management of Scalp Defects and Neurocranial Reconstruction
	126 - Principles of Neuroplastic Surgery: Management of Scalp Defects and Neurocranial Reconstruction
		Scalp Anatomy
	Principles of Neuroplastic Surgery: Management of Scalp Defects and Neurocranial Reconstruction
		Soft Tissue Temporal Hollowing
			Neuroplastic Principles for Incision Planning
			Neurosurgical Scalp Closure
			Evaluation and Treatment Selection
			Neuroplastic Classification of Scalp Closure/Reconstruction
				Class 1: Small-­Size Defects (<10 cm2)
				Class 2: Medium-­Size Defects (10 to 50 cm2)
					Bi-­Pedicle Advancement Flap
					Rotational/Transposition Flap
				Class 3: Large-­Size Defects (50 to 200 cm2)
				Class 4: Denotes Scalp Closure in Combination With Skull Reconstruction
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
1478 - Chapter 127 - Management of Penetrating and Blast Injuries ofthe Nervous System
	127 - Management of Penetrating and Blast Injuries of the Nervous System
		Historical Overview
			Pathophysiology
			Primary Injury
				Ballistics
				Secondary Injury
			Initial Management: Basic Advanced Trauma Life Support Guidelines
				Classification Systems for Traumatic Brain Injury
			Penetrating Brain Injury: Specific Medical Management
				Initial Medical Management
				Intracranial Pressure
				Hyperventilation
				Seizure Prophylaxis
				Infection Prophylaxis
				Imaging and Endovascular Intervention
				Decision-­Making in the Patient With Poor Prognosis
				Surgical Management
				Bone Fragments
				Intracranial Pressure Monitoring
				Dural Sinus Injuries
				Cranial Stab Wounds
				Postoperative Management
				Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage
				Migration of Intracranial Fragments
				Post-­Traumatic Cerebrovascular Lesions
				Cranioplasty
				Outcomes
		Key References
		References
1497 -  Section 8
1497 - Chapter 128 - Management of Suppurative Intracranial and After Craniotomy Infections
	128 - Management of Suppurative Intracranial and After Craniotomy Infections
		Introduction
		Pathogenesis of Brain Abscess
		Clinical Considerations
		Bacteriology
		Clinical Presentation
			Laboratory Findings
				Computed Tomography
				Magnetic Resonance Imaging
				Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
				Positron Emission Tomography
		Treatment
			Medical Management of Brain Abscess
			Surgical Management of Brain Abscess
		Postcraniotomy Infections
			Postoperative Bacterial Meningitis
				Postoperative Aseptic Meningitis
				Postoperative Subdural and Brain Abscess
				Postoperative Bone Flap Infection
				Superficial Postoperative Cranial Wound Infection
			Osteomyelitis of the Skull
			Cranial Epidural Abscess
			Subdural Empyema
		Prognosis
		Summary
		Key References
		References
1512 - CHAPTER 129 - Spinal Infections_ Vertebral Osteomyelitis and Spinal Epidural Abscess
	129 - Spinal Infections: Vertebral Osteomyelitis and Spinal Epidural Abscess
		Introduction
			Epidemiology of Spinal Infection
				Pathogenesis And Pathophysiology
			Risk Factors for Vertebral Osteomyelitis and Spinal Epidural Abscess
				Microbiology Of Vertebral Osteomyelitis And Spinal Epidural Abscess
				Clinical Presentation
					Laboratory Findings
					Radiographic Studies
				Antibiotic Therapy
				Role Of Immobilization
				Surgery For Vertebral Osteomyelitis
				Surgery For Spinal Epidural Abscess
			Outcomes
		Key References
		References
1521 - Chapter 130 - Neurosurgical Management of HIV-Related Focal Brain Lesions
	130 - Neurosurgical Management of HIV-­Related Focal Brain Lesions
		Central Nervous System Involvement in HIV/AIDS Patients
			HIV Brain Lesions of an Infectious Etiology
				Toxoplasmosis
	Neurosurgical Management of HIV-­Related Focal Brain Lesions
		Clinical Manifestations
			Neuroimaging Findings
				Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination
					Treatment
				Chagas-­Mazza Disease
				Nocardiosis
				Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
				Cryptococcosis
				Tuberculosis
				Miscellanea Related to Infections in HIV Affected Patients
					Aspergillosis
					Cytomegalovirus
			HIV Brain Lesions of a Noninfectious Etiology
				Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
				Miscellanea Related to Tumors in Patients With HIV
			Discussion and Conclusions
		Key References
		References
1534 - Chapter 131 - Management of Neurocysticercosis
	131 - Management of Neurocysticercosis
		Introduction
			Historical Background
				Epidemiology
				Parasitic Life Cycle
				Pathogenesis and Microscopic Appearance
				Clinical Manifestations
				Diagnosis
			Laboratory Studies
				Neuroimaging Diagnosis
				Pharmacological Treatment
					Cysticidal Treatment
					Anti-­Inflammatory Therapy
					Symptomatic Therapy
				Surgical Treatment
					Case Illustration
				Prevention and Sanitary Recommendations
			Conclusions
		References
1547 - Chapter 132 - Management of Tuberculous and Fungal Infections of the Nervous System
	132 - Management of Tuberculous and Fungal Infections of the Nervous System
		Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Tuberculosis Coinfection
			Pathophysiology
	Management of Tuberculous and Fungal Infections of the Nervous System
		Tuberculous Meningitis
			Problems of Diagnosis
				Computed Tomography
					Magnetic Resonance Imaging
				Medical Treatment
				Surgery
				Results
				Incidence
				Location
				Pathologic Features
				Clinical Features
				Tuberculosis-­Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
				Neuroimaging
				Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
				Magnetic Resonance Imaging
					T2 Hyperintense Lesion
					T2 Hypointense Lesion
					T2 Hyperintense Center With Peripheral Hypointense Rim
				Lesion With Mixed/Heterogeneous Signal Intensity
				Therapeutic Response Assessment
				Antituberculous Drugs
					Drug Resistance
					Treatment of Drug-­Resistant Tuberculosis
					Duration of Treatment
					Anticonvulsant Medications
				Surgery
				Results
			Tuberculous Spinal Arachnoiditis
				Clinical Features
				Imaging
				Treatment
			Management of Fungal Infections of the Central Nervous System
				Introduction
			Historical Perspective
			Classification and Epidemiology
			Routes of Dissemination
			Host Susceptibility and Fungal Virulence
			Pathogenesis
				Clinical Spectrum of Central Nervous System Fungal Infections
				Meningeal Syndrome
					Intracranial Mass Lesions
					Rhinocerebral Syndrome
					Skull-­base Syndromes
					Stroke Syndromes
					Spinal Syndromes
				Radiology of Central Nervous System Mycoses
				Specific Central Nervous System Mycoses
			Pseudomycetes Causing Infections of the Nervous System
				Candidiasis
					Neuropathology
					Clinical Presentation
					Diagnosis
					Treatment
				Cryptococcosis (European Blastomycosis)
					Neuropathology
					Clinical Presentation
					Diagnosis
					Treatment
					Neurological Sequelae
			Septate Hyphae Causing Infections of the Nervous System
				Aspergillosis
					Neuropathology
					Clinical Presentation
					Diagnosis
					Treatment
				Chromoblastomycosis (Phaeohyphomycosis, Cladosporiosis)
				Risk Factors
					Neuropathology
					Clinical Presentation
					Diagnosis
					Phaeohyphomycosis in Transplant Patients
					Treatment
			Nonseptate Hyphae Causing Infections of the Nervous System (Phycomycosis, Zygomycosis, Mucormycosis)
				Clinical Presentation
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Management of Central Nervous System Fungal Infections
			Management of Clinical Syndromes Caused Due to Central Nervous System Fungal Infections
				Management of Meningeal Syndrome
				Management of Fungal Abscesses
				Management of Central Nervous System Fungal Granulomas
					Management of Intraparenchymal Cerebral Cysts
					Management of Orbitorhinocerebral Syndrome
					Management of Acute Cerebrovascular Events Secondary to Central Nervous System Mycoses
				Management of Spinal Fungal Infections
					Management of Fungal Infections Coexisting With Brain Tumors
			Surgical Management238
				Stereotactic Procedures
					Craniotomy
					Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion
				Surgery for PNS Disease
			Antifungal Chemotherapy
				Amphotericin-­B
				Liposomal Amphotericin-­B
				Flucytosine
				Azoles
				Echinocandins
				Antifungal Therapy in Intensive Care Units
				Novel Antifungal Therapies
			Summary
		Key References
		References for Management of Fungal Infections
		References
1593 -  Section 9
1593 - Chapter 133 - Treatment Evolution in Management of Cervical Disc Disease
	133 - Treatment Evolution in Management of Cervical Disc Disease
		Background
		Historical Development
		Laminectomy and Laminoplasty
			Posterior Foraminotomy
			Anterior Discectomy, Arthrodesis, and Arthroplasty
				Anterior Discectomy Without Graft
				Anterior Discectomy With Fusion
				Anterior Discectomy With Fusion and Plating
			Anterior Foraminotomy and Endoscopic Foraminotomy
			Cervical Arthroplasty
			Future Trends
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
1605 - Chapter 134 - Anterior Cervical Foraminotomy (Jho Procedure)_ Microscopic or Endoscopic
	134 - Anterior Cervical Foraminotomy (Jho Procedure): Microscopic or Endoscopic
	Anterior Cervical Foraminotomy (Jho Procedure): Microscopic or Endoscopic
		Surgical Indications and Preparation
			Surgical Instruments
				Endoscopes
				Endoscope Lens-­Cleaner
				Endoscope Holder
					Endoscopic Surgical Instruments
			Surgical Technique
				Positioning
				Surgical Exposure of the Uncovertebral Juncture
				Original Description of Microsurgical Anterior Cervical Foraminotomy
					Transuncal Approach (Jho Procedure Type 1)
					Upper-­Vertebral Transcorporeal Approach (Jho Procedure Type 2)
					Lower-­Vertebral Transcorporeal Approach (Jho Procedure Type 3)
					Anterior Cervical Foraminoplasty (Jho Procedure Type 4)
				Spinal Cord Decompression via an Anterior Cervical Foraminotomy
			Postoperative Management
			Results
			Discussion
		Key References
		References
1618 - Chapter 135 - Anterior Approaches for Multilevel Cervical Spondylosis
	135 - Anterior Approaches for Multilevel Cervical Spondylosis
		Diagnosis of Cervical Spondylotic Radiculopathy/Myelopathy
			Clinical Features
				Imaging Features
			Anterior Surgery for Multilevel Cervical Spondylosis
				Techniques for Anterior Decompression in the Treatment of Multilevel Cervical Spondylosis
					Exposure of the Anterior Cervical Spine
					Complications and Pitfalls with the Exposure of the Anterior Cervical Spine
					Multilevel Discectomy
					Plate-­and-­Screw Fixation
					Complications and Pitfalls in Multilevel Cervical Discectomy
					Corpectomy
					Complications and Pitfalls in Anterior Cervical Corpectomy
				Multilevel Discectomy Versus Corpectomy
					Limited Oblique Corpectomy According to Goel
					Oblique Partial Corpectomy According to George
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
1631 - Chapter 136 - Minimally Invasive Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy and Microdiscectomy
	136 - Minimally Invasive Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy and Microdiscectomy
		Patient Positioning
	Minimally Invasive Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy and Microdiscectomy
		Localization
			Minimally Invasive Posterior Cervical Approach
			Surgical Technique
			Closure
			Complications
			Conclusion
		References
1638 - Chapter 137 - Disc Replacement Technologies in the Cervical and Lumbar Spine
	137 - Disc Replacement Technologies in the Cervical and Lumbar Spine
		Background Considerations
			Stage 1: Dysfunction
				Stage 2: Instability
				Stage 3: Stabilization
				Interbody Stabilization and Fusion Procedures
			General Considerations
				ProDisc-­C ARTIFICIAL CERVICAL DISC PLACEMENT
					Milling for Keel Cut Preparation
					Inserting the Implant
					Postoperative Care
					Complications and Avoidance
				Lumbar Arthroplasty
					Estimating Size
					Exposing the Anterior Lumbar Spine
					Midline Approach for L5–S1
					Midline Approach for L4–5
					Pararectus Approach for L3–4 and L4–5
					Marking the Approach
					Mobilizing Blood Vessels
					Discectomy and Preparing the End Plate
					Closure
					Postoperative Care
					Complications and Avoidance
		Key References
		References
1650 - Chapter 138 - Management of Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy
	138 - Management of Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy
		Introduction
			Pathologic Anatomy and Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy
			Patient Presentation and Physical Examination
			Radiologic Evaluation
			Somatosensory and Motor-­Evoked Potential Monitoring
			Nonsurgical Treatment
				Ventral Approach
				Ventral Approach Options: Discectomy, Corpectomy, and Arthroplasty
				Cervical Arthroplasty
					Autograft Versus Allograft
				Instrumentation Versus Noninstrumentation
			Techniques of Ventral Approach to the Cervical Spine
				Discectomy
				Corpectomy
			Complications Associated With Ventral Approach to the Cervical Spine
				Neurologic Injury
				Vascular Injury
				Visceral Injury
				Infection
				Pseudarthrosis
				Instrumentation Failure
				Dorsal Approach to the Cervical Spine
					Contraindications
			Techniques of the Dorsal Approach to the Cervical Spine
				Laminectomy
				Laminoplasty
				Laminectomy
				Laminoplasty
				Complications Associated With Dorsal Approach to the Cervical Spine
				Combined Approach (Ventral And Dorsal) to the Cervical Spine
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
1664 - Chapter 139 - Cervical Laminoplasty_ Indications and Techniques
	139 - Cervical Laminoplasty: Indications and Techniques
		Historical Background
			Indications and Contraindications
			Preoperative Planning and Patient Positioning
			Dissection
			Laminoplasty Techniques
				Z-­Plasty Technique
				Open-­Door (Hirabayashi) Technique
				Double-­Door Or French-­Door Technique
				Muscle-­Sparing Techniques
				En Bloc Laminoplasty
				Maintaining the Final Laminar Position
			Pearls and Pitfalls
				Postoperative Care
				Surgical and Radiographic Outcomes
				Complications
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
1672 - Chapter 140 – Circumferential Cervical Spinal Fusion
	140 - Circumferential Cervical Spinal Fusion
		Pathophysiology
			The Rationale for Circumferential Surgery
			History
			Technique
				Imaging
				Anesthesia
				Neuromonitoring
				Patient Positioning
				Anterior Approach
				Repositioning the Patient
				Posterior Approach
			Complications
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
1681 - Chapter 141 - Surgical Techniques in the Management of Thoracic Disc Herniations
	141 - Surgical Techniques in the Management of Thoracic Disc Herniations
1691 - Chapter 142 - Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Discectomy_ Indications and Techniques
	142 - Video-­Assisted Thoracoscopic Discectomy: Indications and Techniques
	Video-­Assisted Thoracoscopic Discectomy: Indications and Techniques
		Spinal Endoscopy
			Thoracic Cavity Anatomy
				Thoracic Spinal Anatomy
			Preoperative Evaluation
			Surgical Indications
			Anesthesia
				Positioning
				Operating Room Setup
				Endoscopic Instruments
				Description of Procedure
			Outcomes and Complications
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
1700 - Chapter 143 - Posterior and Posterior Lateral Techniques for Thoracic Disc Herniations
	143 - Posterior and Posterior Lateral Techniques for Thoracic Disc Herniations
		Background
			Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
			Conservative and Surgical Management
			Historical Evolution of Surgical Technique
				Minimally Invasive Surgery Era
				Laminectomy With Facetectomy
			Transpedicular Approach
				Costotransversectomy
			Fusion
			Surgical Outcomes
				Transpedicular Approach
				Costotransversectomy
				Minimally Invasive Techniques
				Complications
				Posterior and Posterolateral Approaches Versus Anterior Approaches
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
1705 - Chapter 144 - Anterior and Lateral Approaches for Thoracic Discectomy_ Endoscopic and Mini-Open Techniques
	144 - Anterior and Lateral Approaches for Thoracic Discectomy: Endoscopic and Mini-­Open Techniques
1717 - Chapter 145 - Lumbar Microdiscectomy_ Indications and Techniques
	145 - Lumbar Microdiscectomy: Indications and Techniques
		History
			Pathophysiology
	Lumbar Microdiscectomy: Indications and Techniques
		Patient Evaluation
			Imaging
				Plain Radiographs
					Computed Tomography
					Magnetic Resonance Imaging
					Myelography
				Indications and Timing
				Principles of Surgery
				Positioning
				Localization
					Posterolateral Disc Herniation
					Central Disc Herniation
					Far-­Lateral Disc Herniation
				Postoperative Care
			Outcomes
			Complications
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
1730 - Chapter 146 - Minimally Invasive Lumbar Discectomy_ Indications and Techniques
	146 - Minimally Invasive Lumbar Discectomy: Indications and Techniques
		Introduction
			Indications
				Surgical Technique
				Postoperative care
				Pitfalls and Avoidance of Complications
				Indications
				Surgical Technique
				Postoperative Care
				Pitfalls and Avoidance of Complications
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
1735 - Chapter 147 - Management of Far Lateral Lumbar Disc Herniations
	147 - Management of Far Lateral Lumbar Disc Herniations
		Definition of the Far Lateral Compartment
			Incidence and Location of Far Lateral Discs
	Management of Far Lateral Lumbar Disc Herniations
		Clinical and Neurologic Parameters
			Other Pathology Contributing to Far Lateral Root Compromise
				Limbus Vertebral Fractures
				Stenosis and Spondylosis
				Degenerative Spondylolisthesis
				Spondylolisthesis With Spondylolysis
				Degenerative Scoliosis
				Magnetic Resonance Scans
				Computed Tomography and Myelo-­Computed Tomography Scans
			Conservative Management
			Critical Adjuncts to Far Lateral Disc Surgery
				Medial Facetectomy
				Full Facetectomy
				Trans-­Pars Technique
				Isolated Extraforaminal (Extreme Lateral) Approach
				Intertransverse Technique: Medial Facetectomy and Extraforaminal Exposure
				Endoscopic Techniques
				Anterolateral Retroperitoneal Approach
				Fusion Requirements
				Pedicle Fixation
				Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation Techniques
				Resorbable Posterior Interbody Fusion Devices
				Interbody Fusion Cages
				Resorbable Anterior Interbody Fusion Devices
				Beta Tricalcium Phosphate for Posterolateral Fusions
			Preoperative Psychometric Testing Used for Patient Selection
			Outcomes of Far Lateral Disc Surgery
				Clinical Data
				Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography Studies
				FLEXION AND EXTENSION X-­Rays DEFINED Instability and THE NEED FOR Secondary Fusions
				Surgical Procedures
			Outcomes
			Common Errors in Far Lateral Disc Surgery
			Outcome Study of Far Lateral Disc Surgery Using SF-­36
		Key References
		References
1747 - Chapter 148 - Lumbar Spinal Arthroplasty_ Clinical Experiences of Motion Preservation
	148 - Lumbar Spinal Arthroplasty: Clinical Experiences of Motion Preservation
		General Clinical Outcome Results
	Lumbar Spinal Arthroplasty: Clinical Experiences of Motion Preservation
		Radiographic Analyses: Range of Motion, Heterotopic Ossification, and Sagittal Balance Analyses
			Facets and Adjacent-­Level Degeneration
				Revision and Revision Strategies
				Surgical Technique
				Complications
				Special Patient Population Analyses
				Health Economics Evaluations
			Discussion
			Total Disc Replacement Surgery
			Revision Techniques
			Long-­Term Follow-­Up of Lumbar Total Disc Replacement Patients
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
1757 - Chapter 149 - Management of Degenerative Lumbar Stenosis and Spondylolisthesis
	149 - Management of Degenerative Lumbar Stenosis and Spondylolisthesis
		Decision Making in Surgical Intervention
			Surgical Intervention
	Management of Degenerative Lumbar Stenosis and Spondylolisthesis
		Surgical outcome for Spinal Stenosis
			Spinal Stenosis With Degenerative Spondylolisthesis
			Case Illustrations and Operative Procedures
				Case 1
				Case 2
				Operative Procedure
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
1765 - Chapter 150 - Posterior Lumbar Fusion by Open Technique_ Indications and Techniques
	150 - Posterior Lumbar Fusion by Open Technique: Indications and Techniques
		Indications for a Fusion
			Spondylolisthesis
	Posterior Lumbar Fusion by Open Technique: Indications and Techniques
		Instrumented Fusion
			Spondylolysis and Isthmic Spondylolisthesis
				Spinal Stenosis Without Spondylolisthesis
				Herniated Lumbar Disc
				Chronic Low Back Pain
			Assessment Before a Fusion Operation
				Smoking and Fusion
				Diabetes and Obesity
				End-­Stage Renal Disease
			Perioperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis
				Instrumented Cases
			Techniques
			Intraoperative Electrophysiologic Monitoring and Lumbar Fusion
			Mechanism of Spinal Arthrodesis
			Adjuvant Osteoinductive Biological Agents: Bone Morphogenetic Protein
			Adjunct External Bone Stimulation
			Complications After Fusion Surgery
				Mortality
				Perioperative Complications
				Long-­Term Complications From Fusion Operations
					Adjacent Segment Disease
					Pseudoarthrosis
					Chronic Donor Site Pain
					Sexual Dysfunction
					Heterotopic Ossification From Bone Morphogenetic Proteins
			Bracing Following Fusion
			Radiologic Assessment of Successful Fusion
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
1788 - Chapter 151 - Percutaneous Placement of Lumbar Pedicle Screws_ Indications and Techniques
	151 - Percutaneous Placement of Lumbar Pedicle Screws: Indications and Techniques
		Introduction
			Indications and Preoperative Assessment
				Patient Positioning and Operating Room Setup
				Initial Incision and Pedicle Identification
				Pedicle Screw Placement
				Rod Placement
				Study Design
				Outcome Assessment
				Surgical Technique
			Results
				Meta-­Analysis and Systematic Review of the Literature
			Case
			Discussion
		Key References
		References
1795 - Chapter 152 - Dynamic Stabilization of the Lumbar Spine_ Indications and Techniques
	152 - Dynamic Stabilization of the Lumbar Spine: Indications and Techniques
		Biomechanical Rationale
	Dynamic Stabilization of the Lumbar Spine: Indications and Techniques
		System Designs
			Dynesys
				Isobar
				Polyethylethylketone Rods
				Interspinous Devices
			Surgical Techniques and Complication Management
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
1804 - Chapter 153 - Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
	153 - Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
		Patient Selection
			Open Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
			Minimally Invasive Spine Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
			Complications of Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
			Conclusion
		References
1809 - Chapter 154 - Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion_ Indications and Techniques
	154 - Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Indications and Techniques
		Surgical Technique
			Positioning
				Exposure
				Decompression
				Pedicle Screw Placement and Disc Preparation
	Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Indications and Techniques
		Interbody Fusion
			Minimally Incisional Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion
			Postoperative Care
			Outcomes
		Key References
		References
1813 - Chapter 155 - Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion
	155 - Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion
		Patient Selection and Surgical Indications
	Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion
		Preoperative Planning
			Decompression Alone Versus Decompression With MI-­TLIF
				Patient Positioning
				Incision
				Lumbar Exposure and Decompression
				Interbody Fusion
				Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Instrumentation
				Postoperative Care
				Management Of Complications
			Illustrative Cases
			Conclusion
		References
1828 - Chapter 156 - Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion_ Indications and Techniques
	156 - Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Indications and Techniques
		Overview
			Advantages
			Indications
			Contraindications
			Preoperative Evaluation
				Operative Technique
			Complications
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
1835 - Chapter 157 - Lateral Transpsoas and Anteropsoas Interbody Fusion Indications and Techniques
	157 - Lateral Transpsoas and Anteropsoas Interbody Fusion Indications and Techniques
1847 - Chapter 158 - Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty
	158 - Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty
1859 - Chapter 159 - Management of Injuries of the Cervical Spine and Spinal Cord
	159 - Management of Injuries of the Cervical Spine and Spinal Cord
1868 - Chapter 160 - Transoral Approaches to the Cervical Spine
	160 - Transoral Approaches to the Cervical Spine
		Introduction
			Pathology
			Anatomy
			Preoperative Considerations
			Transoral-­Transpharyngeal Approach With or Without Palatotomy
				Technique
			Endoscopy in Transoral Surgery
			Transoral-­Transpharyngeal Plus Maxillary Osteotomy
				Technique
			Transoral-­Transpharyngeal Plus Transmandibular Circumglossal Approach
				Technique
			Transcervical Endoscopic Odontoidectomy
				Technique
			Discussion
		Key References
		References
1877 - Chapter 161 - Atlantoaxial Instability and Stabilization
	161 - Atlantoaxial Instability and Stabilization
	Atlantoaxial Instability and Stabilization
		Indications for Fixation
			Trauma
				Classification
					Traumatic Spondylolisthesis of the Axis (Hangman’s Fracture)
					Fractures of the Atlas
					Isolated Transverse Ligament Injury
					Ligamentous Injury
				Rheumatoid Arthritis
				Congenital Abnormalities
				Os Odontoideum
				Gallie Fusion
				Brooks-­Jenkins Fusion
				Sonntag’s Modified Gallie Fusion
				Interlaminar Clamp Technique (Halifax Clamps)
			Screw Fixation Techniques
				Magerl Transarticular Screw Technique
				C1-­C2 Rod Cantilever Technique
				C2 Laminar Screw Placement––Wright’s Technique
				Odontoid Screw Technique
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
1887 - Chapter 162 - Stabilization of the Subaxial Cervical Spine
	162 - Stabilization of the Subaxial Cervical Spine
		Biomechanics of Cervical Plates
	Stabilization of the Subaxial Cervical Spine
		Nonconstrained Plates
			Static Plates
				Dynamic Plates
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
				Indications
				Plate Placement
				Complications
				Interbody Cages
				Vertebral Body Cages
			Posterior Stabilization Techniques
				Indications
				Wiring Techniques
					Spinous Process Wiring (Rodgers) Technique
					Sublaminar Wiring Technique
					Bohlman Triple Wiring Technique
					Dewar Wiring Technique
					Facet–Spinous Process Wiring Technique
					Luque Rectangle Fixation Technique
				Laminar Hooks
				Lateral Mass Screw Fixation
					Connection with Plates or Rods
						Lateral Mass Plates
						Posterior Cervical Rods
					Complications
				Cervical Pedicle Screw Fixation
				Cervical Sagittal Balance and Fixation
		Key References
		References
1901 - Chapter 163 - Thoracolumbar Anterolateral and Posterior Stabilization
	163 - Thoracolumbar Anterolateral and Posterior Stabilization
		Clinical Evaluation
			Surgical Treatment
			Posterior Stabilization
	Thoracolumbar Anterolateral and Posterior Stabilization
		Anterolateral Approach
			Discussion
		Key References
		References
1910 - Chapter 164 - Management of Sacral Fractures
	164 - Management of Sacral Fractures
		Anatomic and Biomechanical Considerations
			Classification
				Denis Classification
				Transverse Sacral Fractures and the Roy-­Camille Classification
				Isler Classification
				Lumbosacral Injury Classification System
				Aospine Sacral Fracture Classification System
			Evaluation
				Sacral Insufficiency Fractures
				Stress Fractures of the Sacrum
				General Treatment Principles
				Nonoperative Treatment
				Operative Treatment
				Neural Decompression
				Reduction Techniques
				Fixation Techniques
			Direct Osteosynthesis
				Percutaneous Posterior Pelvic Ring Fixation
				Lumbopelvic Fixation
			Outcomes
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
1925 - Chapter 165 - Management of Penetrating Injuries to the Spine
	165 - Management of Penetrating Injuries to the Spine
		Ballistics and Pathophysiology
	Management of Penetrating Injuries to the Spine
		Clinical Evaluation
			Radiological Evaluation
				Antibiotic and Steroid Use
				Clinical Management
					Neurologic Deficit
					Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak
					Spinal Stability
				Surgical Approach
				Prognosis
				Late Complications
			Summary
		Key References
		References
1935 - Chapter 166 - Craniovertebral Abnormalities and Their Neurosurgical Management
	166 - Craniovertebral Abnormalities and Their Neurosurgical Management
		Embryology and Anatomy With Clinical Implications
	Craniovertebral Abnormalities and Their Neurosurgical Management
		Signs and Symptoms
			Diagnostic Investigations
				Treatment Algorithm for Craniovertebral Abnormalities
				Reducible Pathologic Conditions Requiring External Immobilization Only
				Reducible Lesions Requiring Internal Fixation
					Occipitoatlantoaxial Posterior Fusion With Autograft and Wiring
					Craniocervical Posterior Fusion With Polyaxial Screw and Occipital Plate Instrumentation
					Suboccipital Craniectomy and Upper Cervical Laminectomy
					Posterolateral Transcondylar Approach
					Transoral-­Transpharyngeal Approach
					Median Labiomandibular Glossotomy Approach
					Transcervical Extrapharyngeal Approach
		Key References
		References
1953 - Chapter 167 - Management of Chiari Malformations and Syringomyelia
	167 - Management of Chiari Malformations and Syringomyelia
	Management of Chiari Malformations and Syringomyelia
		Development
			Clinical Characteristics
			Diagnostic Evaluation
				Operative Treatment of Chiari I Malformation With and Without Syringomyelia
				Operative Treatment of Syringomyelia Associated With Spinal Conditions
				Avoiding Complications
				Postoperative Care
			Summary
		Key References
		References
1963 - Chapter 168 - Management of Occult Spinal Dysraphism in Adults
	168 - Management of Occult Spinal Dysraphism in Adults
		Presentation and Physical Examination
	Management of Occult Spinal Dysraphism in Adults
		Plain Radiographs
			Computed Tomography
				Magnetic Resonance Imaging
				Urodynamics
			Pathologic Subtypes of Occult Spinal Dysraphism
				Tight and Fatty Filum Terminale
				Split Cord Malformation
				Lipomyelomeningocele
				Neurenteric Cyst
				Dermal Sinus Tract/Dermoid
				Meningocele Manqué
				Terminal Syrinx
				Conus in “Normal” Position With Symptoms of a Tethered Cord
			Surgical Decision Making in Adult Tethered Cord Syndrome
			Surgical Outcome
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
1973 - CHAPTER 169 - Neurologic Problems of the Spine in Achondroplasia
	169 - Neurologic Problems of the Spine in Achondroplasia
	Neurologic Problems of the Spine in Achondroplasia
		Cervicomedullary Compression
			Thoracolumbar Kyphosis
				Spinal Stenosis
				Referral Criteria
				Cervicomedullary Compression
					Clinical Pathology and Presentation
					Evaluation
					Indication for Surgery
					Operative Management
					Outcome
				Spinal Stenosis
					Clinical Pathology and Presentation
					Evaluation
					Indication for Surgery
					Operative Management
					Outcome
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
1983 - Chapter 170 - Management of Degenerative Scoliosis
	170 - Management of Degenerative Scoliosis
1994 - CHAPTER 171 - Cervical Spinal Deformity
	171 - Cervical Spinal Deformity
2004 - Chapter 172 - Adult Thoracic and Lumbar Deformity
	172 - Adult Thoracic and Lumbar Deformity
2015 - Chapter 173 - Surgical Management of Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors in Adults
	173 - Surgical Management of Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors in Adults
2031 - Chapter 174 – Surgical Management of Intradural Extramedullary Tumors
	174 - Surgical Management of Intradural Extramedullary Tumors
2038 - Chapter 175 - Management of Spinal Cord Tumors and Arteriovenous Malformations
	175 - Management of Spinal Cord Tumors and Arteriovenous Malformations
2055 - Chapter 176 - Management of Cauda Equina Tumors
	176 - Management of Cauda Equina Tumors
2064 - Chapter 177 - Management of Primary Malignant Tumors of the Osseous Spine
	177 - Management of Primary Malignant Tumors of the Osseous Spine
2072 - Chapter 178 - Surgical Approaches to the Cervicothoracic Junction
	178 - Surgical Approaches to the Cervicothoracic Junction
2087 - Chapter 179 - Surgery for Metastatic Spine Disease
	179 - Surgery for Metastatic Spine Disease
2097 - Chapter 180 - Surgical Resection of Sacral Tumors
	180 - Surgical Resection of Sacral Tumors
2113 - Chapter 181 - Surgical Management of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage After Spinal Surgery
	181 - Surgical Management of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage After Spinal Surgery
2119 -  Section 10
2119 - Chapter 182 - Peripheral Nerve Injury
	182 - Peripheral Nerve Injury
		Introduction
		Nerve Anatomy
		Classification Systems of Peripheral Nerve Injury
			Neurapraxia
			Axonotmesis
			Neurotmesis
		Grade I
			Grade II
				Grade III
					Grade IV
					Grade V
				History and Physical
				Clinical Neurophysiologic Studies
					Electromyography
					Nerve Conduction Studies
				Radiology
					Magnetic Resonance Imaging
					Ultrasound
				Surgical Decision-Making
				General Considerations and Surgical Adjuncts
					Recordings of Nerve Action Potentials
					Intraoperative Ultrasound
					Operative Microscope
					External Neurolysis
					Internal Neurolysis
					End-­to-­End Repair
					Graft Repair
					Conduit Repair
					Allograft Repair
					Nerve Transfer (Neurotization)
			Mechanisms and Treatment of Specific Nerve Injuries
				Description
					Diagnostic Nuances
					Treatment
					Outcome
					Description
					Diagnostic Nuances
					Treatment
					Outcome
					Description
					Diagnostic Nuances
					Treatment
					Outcome
					Description
					Diagnostic Nuances
					Treatment
					Outcome
					Description
					Diagnostic Nuances
					Treatment
					Outcome
		Key References
		References
2131 - Chapter 183 - Imaging for Peripheral Nerve Disorders
	183 - Imaging for Peripheral Nerve Disorders
		Diffusion and Diffusion Tensor Neurography Techniques
	Imaging for Peripheral Nerve Disorders
		T2-­Based Neurography
			Classes of Image Findings
			Imaging in the Setting of Nerve Entrapment and Pain
				Thoracic Outlet Syndromes
				Brachial Plexus Neuritis
			Lumbar Foraminal Pathology
			Piriformis, Pudendal and Ilioinguinal Pelvic Entrapments
				Distal Entrapments
			Nerve Trauma
			Obstetric Brachial Plexus Injury
			Follow-­Up of Nerve-­Grafting Procedures
			Nerve Tumors
			Imaging of Denervated Muscle
			Open MR-­Guided Injections for Diagnosis and Treatment
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
2139 - Chapter 184 - Management of Adult Brachial Plexus Injuries
	184 - Management of Adult Brachial Plexus Injuries
		Spinal Nerves
	Management of Adult Brachial Plexus Injuries
		Trunks
			Divisions
				Cords
				History and Physical Examination
				Patterns of Injury
			Case Illustration: Diagnosis
			Diagnosis: Electrical and Imaging Studies
				Special Electromyographic Studies
					Sensory Nerve Action Potential Recording
					Plain Radiographs
					Angiography and Venography
					Myelography and Computed Tomography Myelography
					Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Contrast
					Ultrasound
				New Imaging Techniques
			Initial Management, Indications, and Timing of Surgery
				Closed Injuries
				Open Injuries/Lacerations
				Gunshot and Missile Injuries of the Brachial Plexus
				Iatrogenic Plexus Injuries
				Pain
				Goals of Surgery
				Types of Procedures
				Operative Technique and Use of Intraoperative Electrophysiology
			Case Illustration: Operative Treatment of Stretch Injury
				Supraclavicular Plexus
				Infraclavicular Plexus
			Complications
			Future Directions
		Key References
		References
2152 - Chapter 185 - Nerve Transfers_ Indications and Techniques
	185 - Nerve Transfers: Indications and Techniques
2163 - Chapter 186 - Management of Median Nerve Compression
	186 - Management of Median Nerve Compression
2176 - Chapter 187 - Management of Ulnar Nerve Compression
	187 - Management of Ulnar Nerve Compression
2187 - Chapter 188 - Management of Entrapment Neuropathies
	188 - Management of Entrapment Neuropathies
2196 - Chapter 189 - Nerve Sheath Tumors Involving the Spine
	189 - Nerve Sheath Tumors Involving the Spine
2205 - Chapter 190 - Peripheral Nerve Tumors of the Extremities
	190 - Peripheral Nerve Tumors of the Extremities
2215 - Chapter 191 - Management of Cranial Nerve Injuries
	191 - Management of Cranial Nerve Injuries
2225 - Chapter 192 - Management of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
	192 - Management of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
2235 - Chapter 193 - Nerve Reconstruction in Brachial Plexus Birth Injuries
	193 - Nerve Reconstruction in Brachial Plexus Birth Injuries
2249 - Chapter 194 - Robotics in Neurosurgery_ Applications, Techniques, and Clinical Benefits
	194 - Robotics in Neurosurgery: Applications, Techniques, and Clinical Benefits
	Robotics in Neurosurgery: Applications, Techniques, and Clinical Benefits
2251 - Index
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